<p>Buildings in Bosnia and Herzegovina are among the largest energy consumers, and deep energy renovation is a key pathway to reducing consumption and costs. This paper presents a case study of an educational building in Banja Luka, renovated in 2016 through envelope improvements and optimization of the heating system. Energy bills from 2013–2015 and 2022 were analyzed, and an energy audit evaluated the corresponding conditions (design values), which were then compared with actual consumption based on the energy bills. Total energy savings amounted to 94.18 kWh/m², or 74.96%, while economic savings reached 28.56%. The renovation also replaced coal as the heating medium with biomass, improving energy efficiency and supporting decarbonization goals. This study contributes by providing data on final energy use for heating in educational and cultural buildings, thereby supporting future improvements to national energy efficiency regulations.</p>

<p class="AGGAbstract"><span lang="sr-Cyrl-BA">The process of infill within the built environment represents a fundamental and increasingly indispensable approach to sustainable societal and environmental development. Although rooted in past practices and experiences of modern urbanization, its methodological frameworks must be continuously reinterpreted in response to climate change and contemporary modes of living. In this context, the re-examination of both architectural heritage and professional practice becomes essential, ensuring that sensitivity, creativity, and innovation remain central to design strategies.</span></p> <p class="AGGAbstract"><span lang="sr-Cyrl-BA">This paper examines the evolving approaches to integrating new structures within existing built environments, arguing that such integration should arise not only from aesthetic alignment with the surrounding context but also from the dynamic interplay between interior and exterior spaces, reflecting both everyday practices and environmental change. Focusing on three residential projects in small-scale urban environments, the study employs a methodological framework based on the analysis of ambient conditions, design principles, and spatial outcomes. The findings demonstrate how urban infill can simultaneously preserve the character of local communities while meeting contemporary functional and environmental demands.</span></p>

<p>Based on experimental and theoretical research, the stress-deformation state of the bond between Georgian-origin basalt composite reinforcement and concrete was studied. The bonding mechanism between basalt composite reinforcement and different classes of concrete was revealed, along with the stress-deformation state of structures reinforced with basalt composite reinforcement. The bond strength (stress) between concrete and reinforcement was determined, which, at the moment of failure, exceeded the cohesive strength of concrete in the boundary zone. The effectiveness of concrete structures reinforced with Georgian basalt composite reinforcement was also recorded. The results of the experimental-theoretical research will be applied in the calculations of real concrete structures, taking into account the bond stresses between basalt reinforcement and concrete. An empirical formula was derived for calculating the anchorage length of basalt-plastic reinforcement in concrete.</p>

<p>The term "Durmitor flysch" was first introduced into the geological literature in 1948 by [1]<sup>.</sup>. Under this term, he refers to a powerful geological formation, formed at the transition from the Upper Cretaceous to the Paleogene. Its distribution begins from the northern Albanian table and the so-called Cukali zone in the south, through the central part of Montenegro and northeastern Herzegovina, and extends to central Bosnia and Mount Vlašić [1]. It is named after the highly noticeable and extensive development of the southwest slopes of Mount Durmitor, while the best gradation of this formation and all modern geodynamic processes can be most clearly observed in the area of the Čemerno mountain pass in northeastern Herzegovina. The specific characteristics of this part of the Durmitor flysch complex will be the subject of this paper.</p>

<p>Geodesy and its high precision are important instruments for the study of active tectonics and the presentation of the movement of solid parts of the earth. Deformations caused by earthquakes represent essential information for defining seismogenic zones. Precise measurements must be made on the wall of the fault itself or the system of connected active faults to measure the rate of deformation of the earth's crust between, during, and after earthquakes. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the spatial density of GNSS stations used in modern geodynamic studies is low. The permanent GNSS station "SRJV" in Sarajevo is the only permanent GNSS station in the region. It is part of the EUREF Permanente GNSS network and, in that segment, has up-to-date available time series from GNSS coordinates.</p>

<p>The paper is dedicated to the modeling of tectonic movements based on GNSS coordinate time series, which were analyzed using the Kalman filter. The research area includes the territory of Japan, which is one of the most seismically active regions on Earth. The devastating Tohoku earthquake of 2011 was the result of subduction between the Pacific and North American plates. Different offsets were observed by analyzing the time series of GNSS coordinates. The intensity of the offset caused by the Tohoku earthquake is proportional to the distance of the observed station from the epicentre of the earthquake. The horizontal and vertical movements of Honshu Island are not homogeneous, which results from the fact that the GNSS stations are located on different tectonic plates.</p> <p class="Abstract"><br /><br /></p>

<p>On December 29, 2020, a shallow magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck northern Croatia near Petrinja. This earthquake was preceded by a strong foreshock with a magnitude of 5. In response to the Petrinja earthquake, a team of European geologists and engineers from Croatia, Slovenia, France, Italy, and Greece was promptly mobilized to conduct a thorough assessment of the environmental impact of the earthquake. Their observations in the Petrinja area revealed surface deformation, tectonic breaks along the earthquake source at the surface, liquefaction features in the fluvial plains of the Kupa, Glina, and Sava rivers, and slope failures caused by strong motion. However, with the analysis of geodetic data, the team concluded that the field measurements largely underestimated the total coseismic deformation at the surface: a large part has been distributed and diffused off the main fault. Liquefaction extended over nearly 600 km<sup>2</sup> around the epicenter, with the typology of liquefaction features including sand blows, lateral spreading phenomenon spreads along the road and river embankments, and sand ejecta of different grain sizes and matrices. After a series of investigations along the 2020 earthquake causative fault, we documented several paleo-ruptures during the Holocene and evidenced a cumulative strike-slip fault displacement all along the Petrinja Pokupsko Fault (PPF), including a few of those segments which did not rupture in 2020. Based on the Croatian experience of the last three years, we stress that further detailed studies, including neotectonics, paleoseismological and geophysical investigations, could bring new relevant information on the seismic activity and seismic hazards in the regional fault zone, the southern continuation of the PPF, along the related fault zone that stretches towards Kostajnica.</p>

<p>This study investigates how navigation strategies in virtual environments affect spatial memory formation and environmental understanding. As navigation plays a fundamental role in how people experience and interpret space, especially in enclosed architectural spaces, exploring the cognitive processes behind movement and orientation remains crucial. However, the relationship between navigation strategy and spatial memory is still not fully understood, particularly in virtual contexts. This research examines how different navigation strategies influence spatial comprehension and how these behaviors contribute to our understanding of human decision-making and movement through built environments. Fifteen architecture students participated in a virtual reality experiment, navigating a multi-room space to locate specific objects using Meta Quest 2 headsets. Participants explored a 54.67m² space with six distinctive rooms, then drew floor plans from memory and answered questions about spatial features. Analysis of movement patterns, verbal descriptions, drawing accuracy, and spatial perception revealed distinct navigation preferences: participants using primarily allocentric (environment-referenced) strategies demonstrated 21.5% better drawing accuracy and more comprehensive spatial understanding, while those employing egocentric (self-referenced) strategies showed superior sequential memory but poorer global spatial comprehension. The study identified an optimal exploration time (5–8 minutes) balancing task completion with environmental awareness. Results indicate that virtual spaces should incorporate features supporting both navigation strategies, with broader exploration promoting a shift from egocentric to allocentric processing. These findings have significant implications for architectural education, virtual environment design, and spatial cognition research, offering valuable insight into human behavior and decision-making in indoor spatial settings.</p>

<p>This paper portrays the room as the fundamental beginning of architecture, exploring how our earliest spatial memories shape the way we perceive and understand architectural space. Drawing on Louis Kahn's philosophical reflections on the room as architecture's elemental unit, the insights of Peter Zumthor and other architects on childhood memories, and empirical evidence from 78 architecture students' representations of their earliest spatial recollections, this paper explores the formative role of early spatial perception in the development of architectural consciousness. Our analysis identifies seven recurring themes in spatial memory that resonate with Kahn's theoretical framework: the primacy of light and openings, the significance of haptic experience, child-scale perception, the room as a refuge, the integration of organic elements, spaces defined by movement, and rooms activated by human presence. These findings suggest that architectural theory is rooted not merely in intellectual construction but in universal human experience. The room emerges as a complex constellation of memory, identity, and embodied experience—an elemental starting point from which architecture evolves both individually and collectively.</p>

<p>In many countries, reinforced concrete (RC) frames are widely utilized as the primary building structure. The infill is typically composed of traditional masonry (brick elements connected with mortar), commonly without isolation from the frame. It is noted that in engineering practice, seismic force calculations for RC frame buildings are often conducted on models that exclude masonry infill, even when the infill is not isolated from the frame through specific construction elements. In such cases, the walls are considered only as a permanent load. Consequently, the contribution of non-insulated (bonded) masonry infill to changes in bearing capacity, stiffness, and ductility of the RC frame, affecting stresses and horizontal movement during seismic activity, is frequently disregarded. To assess the consequences of prevalent calculation models, four representative types of RC frame models with masonry infill were analysed herein. The study demonstrated that differently conceptualized models of the same building impact dynamic characteristics, including forces and displacements of the main frame structure. The dynamic analysis revealed that inadequate treatment of the frame and non-insulated infill connection in the design phase can lead to dangerous phenomena such as "soft floors," significant torsion, and the effects of short columns going unnoticed. Therefore, this paper underscores the importance of appropriately addressing non-insulated infill in the calculation model in routine design practices. Additionally, it advocates for the issuance of precise instructions for special construction measures that would effectively isolate masonry infill from the frame when such a solution is justified.</p>