Shorea leprosula and Shorea johorensis do not live alone, but are associated with other plant species within a forest ecosystem. The relationships or associations of plants in the forest can be positive and negative. Positive association occurs when a plant species is present together with other plant species, while negative association occurs when a plant species is not present together with other plant species. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution pattern of tree species, the Important Value Index (IVI), the association between species, and the kinship value of S. leprosula and S. johorensis in the IUPHHK (Timber Forest Product Utilization Business Permit) area of PT. Kemakmuran Berkah Timber, West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The results showed that S. leprosula had an IVI (Important Value Index) of 15.89% - 42.02% and S. johorensis had an IVI of 28.56%. Based on the association of kinship values, there was a significant negative association between S. leprosula and Myristica sp. and Cinnamomum sp., with negative coefficients of 7.28% and 8.83%, respectively. As for the S. johorensis species, it was only found in plot 1, with one significant combination with the Palaquium sp. species with a positive coefficient of 5.63%. S. johorensis plays a significant role in plot 1, while S. leprosula shows complex interactions with significant negative species combinations in several plots.

Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the locusts known as important pests of food crops. Outbreaks of this species can cause catastrophic damage to maize, paddy, and many other crops. A species distribution model was used to identify the probability of the locust's current and future potential distribution in the Indonesian archipelago. The study relied on the machine learning method Maximum Entropy (Maxent) Model to forecast the future spread of the species in the Indonesian archipelago and to find the climate variable that influenced the distribution of Locusta migratoria. The results showed an Area Under Curve (AUC) value of 0.956 for the Locusta migratoria model, indicating a highly reliable model. The important variable for the distribution of this species was precipitation, especially during the dry season. A low amount of rainfall increases the possibility of the species existing and being distributed. Maxent prediction models showed the potential distribution in the southern part of the Indonesian archipelago under both middle and worst-case scenarios for 2070. This model can become one of the baselines for early warning systems, targeted monitoring and surveillance, and the use of specific pesticides or biological control agents to prevent or minimize the harm of Locusta migratoria outbreak to agricultural lands in the future.

Bamboo plays a vital role in preventing soil erosion and conserving water. In East Nusa Tenggara Province, many communities rely on bamboo species, making its cultivation a priority due to the region’s favorable biophysical conditions and available support from Non-Governmental Orgabization as facilitators. Approximately 387 villages have undergone assessment and socialization processes aimed at developing bamboo villages, including the Reok sub-district. One of the next steps in this process is conducting an inventory of bamboo standing stock in the area.This study aims to assess the species diversity and standing stock of bamboo in Reok sub-district. Research was carried out at 11 randomly selected sampling points across six villages, using the single circular plot method (radius of 17.9 m), with a total of 55 plots. Each plot was surveyed to identify and quantify clumps and culms, categorized by age (young, medium, and old). Four bamboo species were identified: Bambusa spinosa, Bambusa vulgaris, Gigantochloa atter, and Dendrocalamus asper. Gigantochloa atter was the most prevalent species, found at nearly all survey points, and had the highest number of clumps and culms. The estimated standing stock of bamboo in the Reok sub-district is 57,496 clumps, with a total of 3,692,890 culms. Gigantochloa atter accounted for the majority, with 35,526 clumps and 1,815,593 culms. This standing stock holds significant potential for further development, as bamboo is a key non-timber forest product (NTFP) in the region, with the potential to enhance the local economy.

Karst landscapes are characterized by unique relief and drainage patterns, which influence the types of vegetation that can inhabit these environments. Vegetation in karst ecosystems plays a crucial role in groundwater filtration. Plant species diversity within these communities contributes to structural variations across different habitats. This study evaluates the potential of vegetation in community forests in Tubokarto Village, Wonogiri Regency, by analyzing species composition and vegetation. Using a purposive sampling method, we selected areas with polyculture planting patterns and agroforestry, applying a sampling intensity of 2.2% with 20 × 100 m strip plots. The results showed that the species composition at the location consisted of 18 species in 7 families. The stand density for trees is 221 ind ha–1, poles 436 ind ha–1, saplings 1,144 ind ha–1, and seedlings 2,650 ind ha–1. Tectona grandis emerged as the dominant species, with the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) values: 142.79 at the tree level, 212.48 for poles, 197.84 for saplings, and 122.29 for seedlings. Species diversity indices were 1.53 for trees, 0.97 for poles, 1.36 for saplings, and 1.21 for seedlings. The species richness index showed values of 2.79 for trees, 1.49 for poles, 1.21 for saplings, and 1.80 for seedlings, while the species evenness index ranged from 0.43 to 0.76. The vegetation structure of Tubokarto Village spans strata B and C, with tree diameter class distribution resembling that of natural forests. Environmental factors, including climate and soil composition, are likely influencing species growth patterns.

Soil biological properties sometimes escape attention from environmental studies, especially regarding land use change. Several studies on diversity have been conducted in palm oil. However, most of the studies only focus on certain genera or order and have not yet depicted the micro-ecosystem in the soil. This study aims to analyze the interaction between soil biological properties and soil chemical properties through a correlation study using Randomized Block Design (RBD) to simplify the system in the micro-ecosystem. The result showed that most soil microbe parameters have complex and different interactions with soil chemical properties. Soil biological properties, such as the total microbes (TM) and Azotobacter (Az), significantly correlated toward phosphate and potassium, respectively. Furthermore, mesofauna and macrofauna have a negative and weak correlation with pH and a negative and moderate correlation towards Phosphate (P) content in the soil. This negative and moderate correlation strength happened due to increased soil acidity, leading to a higher chance of H2PO4- interacting with metal ions, resulting in a high risk of toxicity. Soil chemical properties have complex interactions with soil biological properties, and each will affect the others to balance the chemical cycling in the soil. Thus, this study showed the importance of preserving the natural balance of cultivated areas, in this case, palm oil plantations, so that the well-preserved ecosystem will give its benefits.

The Sumatran striped rabbit (Nesolagus netscheri) is a little-known lagomorph endemic to southwest Sumatra. Despite its taxonomic significance, limited sightings and a paucity of ecological data have hindered population assessments and conservation efforts. This study presents findings from camera trap surveys conducted in Batutegi Protection Forest (BPF), Lampung Province, Indonesia. The BPF, covering approximately 58,000 hectares, hosts diverse flora and fauna but faces threats from habitat loss and due to agricultural encroachment. The study was carried out in Way Sekampung and Rindingan Forests within BPF. Camera trapping between 2017 and 2023 yielded 42 independent photographs of solitary individuals. The majority of sightings were at elevations above 600m, but two occurred at 366 and 454 m. The rabbits exhibited nocturnal behavior, with peak activity observed between 19:00 and 21:00 and 02:00 and 03:00. Our sightings from BPF, which is situated at some distance from the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, provide new records of small but isolated populations of Sumatran striped rabbits in fragmented pockets of remnant forest. Conservation efforts by the Forest Management Unit (KPH) are underway in BPF, but further measures are necessary to preserve the forests rich biodveristy. This study emphasizes the need for continued monitoring and conservation efforts to protect the Sumatran striped rabbit and its habitat. Further research is warranted to assess population densities and ecological requirements, underscoring the importance of implementing effective and collaborative conservation measures in the region.

Tarsius fuscus is one of the conservation priority wildlife in the Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park (Babul National Park). This study aims to analyze the population and habitat characteristics of T. fuscus as one of the considerations in the conservation management of its population and habitat. This research was carried out in July 2021 in the forest around Bentenge Village and Samaenre Village, Resort Mallawa, Babul National Park. The method used was direct observation, calculation of the number of individuals for each group, and vegetation analysis at the meeting points of T. fuscus. Based on observations, the population size of 48 individuals from 13 groups was obtained with an overall population density of 0.109 individuals/Ha. The population density in the secondary dryland forest is higher than in the scrubland. The number of juvenile and infant in both land cover were low compared to the adults. T. fuscus was found in two types of habitat, there are secondary dryland forests (SDF) and scrubland with specific ranges of physical parameters. Based on vegetation analysis, SDF was dominated by the mana-mana tree (Blumeodendron kurzii) with an important value index (IVI) of 57.72%, while shrubland was dominated by kemiri tree (Aleurites moluccana) with an IVI of 40.75%. The two land covers are dominated by the Moraceae family and jambu air seedlings (Syzygium aqueum).