The article presents numerical characteristics of the spatial distribution of type and height of tides in the World Ocean according to the data of three global tidal models: EOT20, FES2014 and TPXO9. To obtain these estimates, a preliminary comparison of methods of determining tidal types was carried out. An algorithm for quickly pre-calculating tide heights for a long period of time for a grid area covering the entire World Ocean was also developed. Moreover, a method for calculating the probability density function of the spatial distribution of tidal characteristics was implemented. The characteristics of the tide were determined both in the entire World Ocean and in individual oceans. In addition, estimates of changes in tide characteristics depending on latitude, distance to the coast and sea depth were obtained. Mean, median and mode values ​​of tidal heights and types were calculated. Our results showed that the main patterns of distribution of tidal characteristics remain unchanged regardless of the chosen global tidal model. It was revealed that the semidiurnal type of tide dominates over the entire area of ​​the World Ocean. The distribution of frequencies of occurrence of various heights in the World Ocean and in its individual parts has been determined for the first time. It has been established that the probability density function of tide heights has a single-mode distribution with positive skewness. The most common are average tidal heights equal to 0.6 m and extreme tidal heights equal to 0.9 m. The dependence of the characteristics of tides on latitude is most clearly manifested. Nevertheless, this dependence is not symmetrical relative to the equator. The spatial distribution of tidal types does not depend on sea depth and distance to the coast, while tide heights decrease with distance from the mainland.

This work presents a combined analysis of the spatial distributions of oceanographic fields based on Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches. In the Eulerian approach, the fluid motion is considered as a function of coordinates and time, and the equations of motion are formulated for specific points in space. In contrast, the Lagrangian approach focuses on tracking individual particles in the ocean, representing water masses or other materials, as separate objects moving according to the equations of motion. The variability of oceanographic characteristics in the Northwest Pacific region is examined, specifically analyzing the spatial distributions of oceanographic fields on October 24, 2010. The AMEDA algorithm is used to identify mesoscale eddies. Within the Eulerian approach, it is shown that regions prohibiting the stretching of mesoscale eddies only partially correspond to areas where large-scale eddies are located. Vortical structures and elements of large-scale circulation are well manifested in the distributions of the Lyapunov exponent (Λ-maps) and maps characterizing the trajectories of advected particles (S-maps). Enhanced values of kinetic and available potential energy correspond to the main circulation structures in the region. However, for analyzing the evolution of circulation structures, they are less informative compared to Λ-maps and S-maps, which accumulate information from the previous period. Spatial distributions of relative and potential vorticity are constructed. Positive values of relative vorticity outline the Kuroshio current from the north, while negative values outline it from the south, which is typical of jet currents with a pronounced zonal component. Mesoscale eddies exhibit elevated values of vorticity and a shielding effect (shielded vortices). In the Lagrangian experiment with passive tracer patches, it is demonstrated that the most deformation-resistant patch spent most of the analyzed time interval in a domain where the stretching of eddies is prohibited.

This study discusses about approaches to using ground penetrating radar (GPR) techniques to characterize tree roots and to monitor their conditions in urban environments. For this purpose, our research was to map and determine the reliability of the root system of trees evaluating in their natural occurrence using the GPR method. As an object of research, a separate European spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) was selected, under which a testing area measuring 4×4 m was laid. To increase the detail, the field survey was performed with a GPR with a high-frequency antenna unit of 1,700 MHz. The influence of the observation networks on the GPR data on root architectonics was analyzed depending on their spatial orientation. Thus, surveying along a rectangular and diagonal network with a step of 25 cm showed different number diffraction hyperbolas. They were markers of separate roots. A pattern of distribution of diffraction hyperbolas in depth was discovered, corresponding to the growth characteristics of the tree under study. To verify the data, a complete excavation of spruce roots was conducted with a detailed manual description. In particular, it has been established that large roots have characteristic GPR patterns that can be traced on a series of parallel profiles. The reflected signal for the roots was analyzed and the relationship between their diameter and the length of the wave train was shown with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.87. Based on a survey of European spruce, GPR data made it possible to restore the root architecture in situ and determine criteria for searching for the largest coarse roots. Although there are problems associated with parameterization of roots, the results got show the possibility of obtaining new information about the structure and functioning of tree root systems.

Experimental modeling of physical processes associated with faults of the Earth's crust is important for studying earthquakes, rock burst and processes accompanying the deposit development. Laboratory experiments with the study of stick-slip sliding of rock blocks relative to each other on a fault slider model have become widespread. Stick-slip sliding manifests itself in the form of episodes of rapid displacement when load increases to a critical value. The paper investigated the reaction of the model under conditions of different fault humidity after increasing load to a subcritical value. After five days of fault wetting and three series of loads, small and fast displacements (microstick-slips) were detected by signals of a three-component high-frequency accelerometer. Microstick-slips are two orders of magnitude smaller than displacements during episodes of the traditionally observed stick-slip. After time has elapsed since the loading stopped, intervals between microstick-slips increase faster than according to the power law. Magnitude of displacement, amplitude of accelerations and pulses of acoustic emission gradually decreases with reaching the plateau. Possible qualitative mechanisms of the occurrence of microstick-slips are proposed, taking into account the gradual wetting and drying of the fault zone after water injection. The main hypothesis is competition of hardening and softening processes in the fault zone during the removal of water from the fault due to drying and action of capillary forces. Uneven propagation of these processes along the fault can create prerequisites for either small linear displacement on a limited section of the fault, or small displacement with rotation. These displacements manifest themselves as microstick-slips. General slow slippage along the fault and decrease in shear stress leads to decrease in frequency of microstick-slips and in their characteristic parameters.

Artificial freezing of soils is quite often used in complex engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions for the construction of underground structures. Due to the fact that the soil freezing works are hidden, operational control of the continuity of the ice-ground fence being erected is necessary. Such control is traditionally carried out using borehole thermometry and hydrogeological observations. The article considers the possibilities of the seismoacoustic method in the variant of downhole tomography for monitoring the continuity of ice-ground fencing in conditions of highly saturated soils. The main prerequisite for using seismic methods to control the formation of an ice-ground fence is a noticeable difference in the values of the propagation velocities of seismic vibrations in soils under natural conditions and soils at subzero temperatures. The studies were carried out through the same wells through which the refrigerant is pumped. The configuration of the work was carried out in such a way that for each position of the receiving spit, the source moves along the adjacent well parallel to the receiving well with outflows equal to half the length of the receiving spit, after which the spit is shifted to the next position and the process is repeated. The control was carried out in two stages — before the active freezing phase and after the formation of the ice-ground fence. As a result of the work performed, it was found that using the SME method it is possible to effectively assess the continuity of the ice-ground fence being created, and local areas in which the freezing process turned out to be insufficient can also be identified. The parameters obtained by the method of downhole seismoacoustic tomography are also necessary to clarify the technological regime for freezing soils.

During the observation period in 2003 – 2021, it was shown that the total concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon, represented in the water of Lake Ladoga mainly HCO3ˉ and CO2 has been increasing in recent years. The concentration of CO2 has a sufficiently large spatial and temporal variability and, in terms of carbon at the stations under consideration, can range from 0.6 to 47 % of the total concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon, depending on the change in the ratio of production and destruction processes in different seasons at different horizons. At the same time, a significant interannual trend of an increase in the total concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide and, accordingly, a decrease in the hydrogen index was revealed. Calculation of the balance of dissolved in water and atmospheric CO2 showed that, in general, CO2 concentrations in water exceed equilibrium, however, at the peak of the growing season, the surface layer of the lake in some cases, on the contrary, can absorb carbon dioxide from the air. This effect of the «biological pump» is most clearly manifested in the nutrient-rich and heated shallow part of the lake. However, in the main body of water, there is an interannual trend of increasing the calculated concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide relative to its equilibrium concentrations with the atmosphere. Due to the shortage of nutrients, primarily phosphorus, an increase in temperature does not lead to an increase in productivity and CO2 consumption. Stoichiometric ratios of apparent oxygen and carbon deficiency, in turn, demonstrate that the quantitative change in the content of dissolved carbon in water can be fully explained by oxidation or synthesis of organic matter in only a third of the cases considered. In the remaining 2/3 of cases, the increase in the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon may be associated with an increase in carbon runoff from the catchment area into Lake Ladoga, or with intra-reservoir processes associated with the peculiarities of accumulation and redistribution of CO2 in the water column.

The river basins of the northern Sikhote-Alin are unique, since most of the rivers are spawning for Pacific salmon, and the eastern slope of the Sikhote-Alin is a promising area for the construction of fish hatcheries. At the same time, in recent years, the anthropogenic impact on the territory has been increasing, mainly in the mouth areas of many small rivers flowing into the Tatar Strait. In 2010–2017 hydrochemical studies of the surface waters of the coast of the Tatar Strait were carried out. On the basis of the obtained results, a characteristic of the microelement composition of river and lake waters in the zone of mixing with sea water is given. Analysis of the data obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on an ICP-MS Agilent 7500cx instrument made it possible to estimate the content of trace elements in the water of coastal rivers. The regional factors of the formation of the microelement composition of river waters, determined by the geological features of the catchment structure, are revealed. The elevated geochemical background determines the high concentrations of Cu, Zn, in some cases Cd, Co, Ni, As, Mn in river water. The influence of geochemical features and landscape structure of river catchments on the spatial variation and temporal variability of concentrations is shown. The influence of thermal springs and outflows of formation and fissure groundwater on the increase in the concentrations of individual elements V, Mo, Ba in the rivers of the Botchi and Koppi interfluve was noted. The thermal waters of the Tumninskoe geothermal field with a high content of As, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Cr caused a local increase in the As content in water bodies in the lower reaches of the Tumnin River. Interannual seasonal differences in the runoff of microelements depending on the degree of moisture in the catchment area were noted. Taking into account that the chemical composition of the rivers along the coast of the Tatar Strait is formed mainly in a remote and underdeveloped territory and is determined by natural processes, the obtained concentration values can be considered background.

In the presented article, based on a comparison of modernist and postmodern approaches interpreted in geography as determinism and non-determinism, the limits of the possible use of "simple" methods to identify macro-dimensions are tested. An index calculated as the ratio of GRP to the main cost elements of funds (embodied labor) and employed/population (live labor) (efficiency) was used as the main unit of comparison of regions in terms of efficiency (productivity) of their economies. The complementary parameters of the analysis of territorial differences in productivity were accumulated investments, labor productivity and capital return. Specialization indicators were used as factors explaining their distribution by regional efficiency levels. It has been established that the most effective regions are those specializing in gold mining, followed by oil and gas producing regions, followed by regions of concentration of heavy industry (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, petrochemistry and oil refining. Machine-building specialization does not provide even the average Russian level of efficiency of regional economies. Based on the conducted research, it is shown that the dichotomy reflected in many works is the resource north with the most efficient economy and the non-resource, agrarian, low-efficiency south with a predominance of traditional social structures. It was also possible to assess the impact of agglomeration effects on the index values by allocating regions with centers to millionaire cities. Based on the results obtained, the degree of integrity of the economic regions was assessed. In the final part, based on a comparison of the distribution of accumulated investments and fixed assets across the territory, a typology has been created that reflects different trends in the development of macro-regions of Russia.

The Rassokha (Rassoshina) granitoid massif is located at the junction of the Rassokha and Argatass terranes, which are located in the western part of the Kolyma–Omolon microcontinent (superterrane), within the Verkhoyansk–Kolyma fold belt, extend in a northwesterly direction and border in the southwest with the Omulevka terrane of the passive continental margin, and in the north-the east is blocked by Cenozoic deposits of the Ozhogino depression. The massif is mainly composed of light gray, creamy massive and trachytoid porphyritic coarse- and medium-grained moderately alkaline leucogranites and alaskites. The age of the Rassokha massif and its ore mineralization was determined by a complex of isotope-geochronological methods such as U-Pb dating of zircon and Re-Os dating of molybdenite. U-Pb zircon age of the Rassokha massif is 165±0.7 Ma (n=38). The results of U-Pb dating of zircon indicate that the introduction of rocks of the Rassokha massif (alaskites, leukogranites and aplites) occurred in a relatively narrow time interval about 165 million years ago. The obtained values of the age of sulfide mineralization (179±11 million years), obtained by the Re-Os system in molybdenite isolated from alaskites, turned out to be older than the values of the U-Pb age of zircon. Most likely, some increase in the values of the Re-Os age reflects the heterogeneous isotopic composition of the captured osmium. The time of granitoids formation correlates with the early stages of Uyadino-Yasachenskiy volcanic belt formation, and most likely the massif represents intrusive part of volcanogenic belt complexes. Taking into account the geological position of the massif in the zone of the Argatass thrust, it is possible to assume the formation of granitoids in an environment of transform interaction.

The paper reveals the mechanisms of adaptation of food markets in the western borderland of Russia to the integration and disintegration processes that have been taking place on the external and internal borders of the Eurasian Economic Union since 2014. Using the example of the Kaliningrad and Smolensk oblasts, the authors identified changes in the regional food base under conditions of active import substitution, assessed the changes in food preferences of the population, as well as the role of cross-border practices in meeting the population's food needs. Based on the analysis of regional and federal statistics and field research, it was possible to establish that against the background of active investment in agriculture and food production there were three parallel processes: the spatial contraction of agricultural production, the expansion of its production capacity by large agricultural holdings in strictly defined areas (around regional capitals and important transport routes), and the expansion of holdings in selected peripheral areas with the lowest land value. Despite the commonality of the processes, the performance in agriculture and food production and activity in obtaining state support in Smolensk and Kaliningrad oblasts are radically different. Visual inspection of retail outlets, discourse analysis and representative surveys of the population allowed us to conclude that import substitution only partially allowed to provide raw materials and final products to regional food markets in both regions, since most holdings are oriented to meet the demand in high-margin markets inside and outside the country. Food markets in border regions are characterized, on the one hand, by greater vulnerability to integration and disintegration processes, and, on the other hand, by the variability of choice and opportunities for cross-border shopping trips. However, empirical data obtained by sociological methods show that the widespread perceptions of high cross-border mobility of the population of border regions are highly overestimated. The populations of Smolensk and Kaliningrad oblasts are similar in the level of mobility and conservatism with regard to shopping for goods of specific manufacturers of a suitable price segment. The “network” (through intermediaries) penetration of “sanctioned” goods in the Kaliningrad oblast covered a much larger share of the population than that which directly traveled abroad for shopping, so the adaptation of the population to external challenges to the food market was more noticeable.