Healthcare financing manages age, portion and utilization of monetary assets in the wellbeing framework. Worldwide it has gotten progressively perceived as a zone of significant strategy pertinence to accomplish Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Understanding the country's healthcare financing framework permits to perceive current accounts accessible for wellbeing, approaches to raise more assets for wellbeing, instruments to effectively and impartially apportion, buy and spend funds to improve admittance to wellbeing administrations and decrease cash based uses that lead to calamity and impoverishment.

Introduction: Integrated communication media strategy has been used to extend outreach of preventive services for different diseases. Limited literature is available in addressing hypertension through such unified media strategy, especially using twitter as a social media tool. The present study aimed to document an integrated communication media strategy using twitter for extending reach of hypertension services on social media. Methods: The study used an exploratory quantitative research design using an integrated model of media communication, developed through an extensive literature review and iterative delphi technique. The context specific messages viz. text, photographs, videos or infographics at specific time intervals (3-4 posts/ day), targeting prevention of hypertension were developed and posted on twitter handle over a period of 9 months (December-August, 2020). For evaluation of the intervention, key indicators namely audience, applause, amplification, visibility were analyzed. Results: The study showed that there has been an exponential growth in number of followers during implementation of intervention. An exponential growth in applause, impressions and engagements were recorded in the respective time span. The maximum visibility was recorded in the month of July with (User Profile Clicks= 38, URL clicks = 35, and Hashtag clicks= 4). Conclusion: The integrated media intervention using twitter has been successful in extending outreach of hypertension prevention services. The model focused upon context-specific twitter messages highlighting hypertension to diverse stakeholders, which indicates potential of twitter in widespread dissemination of messages pertaining to hypertension for awareness and advocacy.

This paper sets out to investigate access to COVID-19 updates by people with disabilities in Nigeria, and the instrumentality of participatory communication in the global pandemic. The global pandemic heightened inequality and the marginalization of people living with disabilities in Nigeria. Largely unnoticed in the general media, disabled individuals face increased healthcare social, and economic risks thus, this paper was born out of the need to shed light on the implications and the importance of an all-inclusive response through participatory communication to limit the impact of coronavirus disease on people with disabilities in Nigeria. The paper utilized mixed methods in achieving its objective. The area of study was restricted to Anambra state, Nigeria. This work revealed that since the outbreak of the novel global pandemic, people with disabilities in Anambra state, Nigeria have been dealt a great blow; as they are the most vulnerable group in the state. In addition to the extreme hardship people living with disabilities face, the paper also revealed that while a few of the people with disabilities are poorly informed about COVID-19, others cannot access information sources; thereby increasing their susceptibility to the pandemic in state. This paper ascertains the need for access to information by people with disabilities through a focus group discussion. The paper concludes by emphasizing that in the bid to manage disease outbreaks, adopting an all- inclusive communication approach which is the core principle of participatory communication is instrumental in protecting the most vulnerable.

Background: In recent decades, there has been a worldwide shift from the traditional system of health records towards electronically managed health records. It is due to the increasing evidence of the potential of electronic health records to improve health outcomes and population health by disease prevention and better care. It necessitated the study of patients’ behavior towards online portals and their health records. Although accessible health records and online portals are intuitively appealing to improve health outcomes and enhance communication between patient and provider, little is known about the difference in patients’ preferences when they are asked to think about the relative importance of different features of health records or various functions of a hypothetical portal. It is known that ethnic minorities are less likely to adopt health information technology initiatives as compared to their majority counterparts. Knowing the behavior and preferences of all groups of society will be useful while designing an online portal. Health Information Technology tools that cater to the needs of all members of the society irrespective of race, gender, socioeconomic condition, and educational background is necessary for a just and equitable healthcare system. Such knowledge is crucial for an action-guiding anticipatory understanding of current behaviors in the adoption of online health records and the level of motivation required bringing about a behavior change. Methods: A literature review is carried out to summarize the information on electronic health records, patient portals, and personally controlled health records. It will also shed light on International as well as the consumer’s perspective. It will briefly emphasize the impact of EHR’s on patients and their perceived barriers and facilitators of online health records adoption. Furthermore, it will also shed light on the cognitive mismatch between patient and health information technology, existing proposed theoretical frameworks on patient access to health records, their potential impact on health outcomes, barriers and facilitators in the use of health information technologies, and analysis of eHealth interventions as if they are overcoming or creating health disparities due to an unequal adoption and use. This knowledge is useful for the designs for potential e-portals to optimize the full potential of an “empowerment agenda” that would otherwise be undermined due to the “lack of engagement” of patients. Moreover, it will help ensure a just and equal healthcare system for all, including vulnerable and marginalized populations, thus, mitigating their risk of further marginalization. Conclusion: The review will discuss the potential of eHealth initiatives to transform healthcare along with the unintended consequence of widening disparities due to unequal adoption and use. It has implications for future patient portal designs and it gives suggestions for potential portal designs to ensure engagement of all patient groups.

Background: Since websites are the first and most important source of information for the public, a comprehensive evaluation of the news and information content that they provide to the public is essential. This study aims to evaluate information quality of coronavirus news on Iranian health websites. Results: Evaluating 19 components in each website showed that COVID-19 patient information, self-assessment, and registration system website with a score of 2.85 is at a higher level among the health websites, and essential news and knowledge of corona virus website with the score of 1.1 is in poor quality. Conclusion: The difference between this study and other studies is in examining the quality of corona virus news. Other studies have examined the quality of health websites. These findings form the basis of recommendations for building a comprehensive, consistent, reliable, up-to-date, high-quality website that can meet people's needs.

Background: Online learning, also referred to as e-learning, is education that takes place over the internet and is the newest and most popular form of distance education today. The long lockdown for the COVID-19 has closed educational institutions and ushered in online learning as a crisis-management tool to continue learning. The global sector of online learning and educational technology is facing the biggest opportunity-and biggest test-of its existence. Electronic medical education has already been widely integrated in developed countries since it has educational value and is broadening the scope of educational programs through multiple educational goals. To date physiotherapy education in India seems to have hitherto remained untouched by the digital revolution. The adoption of technology is still a new experience for many of us; and teachers all over are struggling to make online learning work. This study aimed to analyze the experience of physiotherapy teachers towards online learning during COVID-19 lockdown. Overall purpose of the present study was to better equip the education sector; and bridge the gap between potential effectiveness and successful implementation of technology in physiotherapy education. Method: It was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted during COVID-19 lockdown period (April to May 2020). All physiotherapy teachers affiliated to academic institutions from various universities across India were invited to participate in an online survey. Teachers who undertook online teaching as a part of curriculum for undergraduate or postgraduate students during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown were recruited. It was an online survey administered using self-reported questionnaire. The questionnaire sought to obtain information which includes teacher’s profile details relevant to online learning; methods employed by the teachers in online learning; as well as teacher’s perspectives of this process. Results and conclusion: A total number of 111 responses were received from 11 universities across the country. This representative sample consisted of both undergraduate and post graduate teachers and with varied number of teaching experience. Remote learning is still a new experience and teachers all over are findings ways to make online learning work. The rapid adjustment has been challenging to quickly migrate all of its in-person courses virtually. The use of educational software programs has increased; however, teachers need to be trained in their effective use. It seems that educational technology mastery is an important neglected competency in faculties. There have been changes and new introductions of e-learning tools. However, it is not paralleled by the education of medical educators regarding digital literacy and e-learning tools. As e-learning continues to be widely integrated in the training of future practitioners, well- designed scientific studies are required to know which technological tools work the best and thus to support evidence based education.

Background: The issue of fake drugs is a global threat, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. Thus, NAFDAC, among other strategies, launched a Mobile Authentication Service (MAS) scheme that enables the public to authenticate drugs at the point of purchase using scratch codes and Short Messaging Service (SMS). Objective: The study examined the level of public awareness, knowledge, and use of MAS in eradicating fake drugs in South-east Nigeria. Methods: The study adopted a mixed methods research of survey and Key Informant Interviews (KII). The data gathered from 400 respondents via a structured questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis, while the transcripts from KII were thematically analysed. Results: The analysed data reveals a low level of awareness, knowledge, and use of MAS among respondents, especially in rural areas. Some challenges faced by the respondents in the use of MAS include a low level of awareness and knowledge of MAS, poor network services, elitist nature of the campaign messages on MAS, and partial access to MAS among drug manufacturers. The data also reveal strategies towards enhancing the operations of MAS to ensure its efficiency in eradicating fake drugs in Nigeria. Conclusion: The study, therefore, concludes that the level of public awareness, knowledge, and use of MAS is relatively low, especially in rural areas. The study found that the use of MAS if enhanced is an efficient scheme in eradicating fake drugs in Nigeria.

Background: HPV/DNA screening test has an optimum sensitivity (92.9%) to detect cervical lesions. The objective of the study was to estimate the cost of cobas 4800 HPV/DNA test in thin prep cell collection media. Methods: The cost estimation of the HPV/DNA specimen collection was done at a randomly selected community Well Woman Clinic (WWC) in the district of Sri Lanka. Five women, who were attended WWC for HPV/DNA specimen collection in September, October, and November 2018 were randomly selected for the cost estimation. To estimate the cost incurred in laboratory screening of the HPV/DNA specimen by cobas 4800 HPV/DNA PCR test, a reference laboratory in the district was utilized. Checklists were developed to record all instruments and consumable items used in the clinic and laboratory, while record sheets were developed to record the time taken to complete all activities associated with taking an HPV/DNA specimen by the clinic and laboratory staff. Five HPV/DNA specimen collection procedures were randomly selected at each of three sessions and the average time per procedure was calculated. Categories of staff involved in the procedure and staff time spent on the procedure were measured and recorded on three clinic days. Staff time spent on HPV/DNA specimen screening by an HPV/DNA testing machine in the laboratory was calculated on three working days (One day per month). Results: The total estimated cost of the HPV/DNA specimen collection procedure incurred by the government in the community WWC was Rs.2569.38 (USD 13.81), while the total estimated unit cost in the laboratory procedure for HPV/DNA screening was Rs. 50.57(USD 0.27).Therefore the total estimated cost of the HPV/ DNA specimen screening procedure was Rs. 2619.95(USD 14.08). The estimated unit cost including administrative cost was Rs. 2881.95(USD 15.49). Conclusion: Cobas HPV/DNA test is economically feasible to be incorporated into the national cervical cancer screening programme in Sri Lanka. It is necessary to further attempt alternative methods of cobas 4800 HPV/DNA test (i.e. dry swabs) to determine the most appropriate method for resource limited settings.

Background: E-Professionalism is the behaviour and communications which encompasses traditional characteristics of professionalism in an online setting resulted from increased use of Social Media. Social media(SM) is a form of electronic communication through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content. The present study aims to assess the utilization of social media and e-professionalism in nursing students and examine the association between utilization of social media and selected socio-demographic variables. Methodology: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. The study was carried out among all the nursing students of Gandaki medical college, College of nursing sciences. Hence census method was adopted and the data were collected using a semi-structured self administered questionnaire from 25th October 2020 to 10th November 2020. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) was used for quantitative data analysis and inferential statistics (Chi-square) were used to find out the association between utilization of social media and selected sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents. Findings: The study concluded that almost all of the students use the social media and 97.2% of them had good utilization of social media. More than half (69.4)% agreed that usage of social media for research has helped improve their grades, 44.4% agreed that social media have impacted GPA negatively, and 35.2% had neutral idea on improving communication skills. Likewise, 66.7% agreed that social media use had an adverse effect on their concentration. However 73.1% had poor knowledge on e-professionalism. No significant association was seen between knowledge level and selected demographical variables. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study almost all of the students used social media. Social media was excessively utilized to get information regarding current social events. Knowledge on e-professionalism was however relatively poor even though the utilization of social media was high. Hence an appropriate guideline on e-professionalism should be implemented.