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Chapter 35 - Polyphenol-Mediated Beneficial Effects in Healthy Status and Disease with Special Reference to Immune-Based Mechanisms

Polyphenols are natural products of vegetal origin endowed with many biological activities when ingested in appropriate amounts. In this chapter, the focus is on the bioavailability of polyphenols as well as on their capacity to interact with an array of receptors on various cell types. Particularly, immune and non-immune cells of the gut represent the major targets of dietary polyphenols and their metabolites. Regular polyphenol intake with food (vegetables and fruit) and beverages (e.g., red wine, green tea and orange juice) has been shown to prevent cardiovascular risk. Release of nitric oxide, a well-known vasodilator, from endothelial cells as well as from monocytes upon stimulation with polyphenols seems to represent the key event in the induction of cardioprotection. Moreover, red wine polyphenols in vitro stimulate human peripheral blood mononuclear cell response with a release of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus maintaining a condition of immune homeostasis. In this framework, polyphenols also present in fermented grape marc (FGM) are able to induce expression of FoxP3 in human CD4+ cells, thus leading to the generation of T regulatory cells that, in turn, produce interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. On these grounds, mitigation of experimental colitis and asthma in mice seems to reside on the ability of FGMs to downregulate noxious immune responses into the host. Moreover, the interaction of polyphenols with intestinal microbiota has been shown to generate beneficial effects in the host. Finally, potential clinical application of polyphenols in the prevention of age-related diseases will be discussed.

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Chapter 1 - Polyphenols in Foods and Dietary Supplements: Role in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health

This review discusses the potential uses of several polyphenol substances in veterinary medicine and promoting animal health. Polyphenols are usually found in natural foods that are either plant products themselves or of plant origin. Some of these plant products that contain notable amounts of polyphenol compounds include fruits, vegetables, and teas. Consequently, an increase in some of these plant products in animals’ diets might improve health and have a number of other beneficial consequences (Zloch Z. The role of dietary plant polyphenols in health maintenance. Cas Lek Cesk. 1996;135(3):84–8). In recent years, research has been performed on dietary polyphenols that supports the role of polyphenols in preventing degenerative diseases and shows that they have significant antioxidant properties. Observations have been made that show these compounds have the ability to help treat cardiovascular diseases, cancers, inflammation, pain, obesity, osteoporosis, as well as several neurodegenerative diseases and a number of other ailments (Scalbert A, Johnson IT, Saltmarsh M. Polyphenols: antioxidants and beyond. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(suppl):215S–217S). Thus, polyphenols have the potential to be integrated into veterinary practice and used to promote animal health.

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Chapter 84 - The Use of Bergamot-Derived Polyphenol Fraction in Cardiometabolic Risk Prevention and its Possible Mechanisms of Action

Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) fruits are characterized by a particularly high content and a unique composition of flavonoids, such as neoeriocitrin, neohesperidin, naringin, melitidin and brutieridin. Bergamot juice and its concentrate, highly enriched in polyphenols—here referred to as Bergamot Polyphenol Fraction (BPF)—has been evaluated in experimental and clinical studies. Studies performed in Italy and Australia showed that BPF treatment leads to an important reduction in lipid parameters in the blood of patients with hyperlipidemia ranging from 15 up to 40% for total cholesterol and cholesterol-LDL. A striking reduction (mean 41.0±2.6%) was also observed for plasma triglyceride levels, accompanied by a significant decrease in blood glucose (22.3±1.0%) in a subgroup of patients with metabolic syndrome. Although BPF cannot be proposed as a substitute for statins in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events, it offers an excellent alternative for low-risk and for statin-intolerant patients. The robust performance of BPF in clinical practice against cardiometabolic risk factors can be explained in the light of scientific evidence showing that bergamot flavonoids influence lipid and sugar metabolism acting as 3-hydroxy-3-methlglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors and AMP kinase (AMPK) activators.

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