This paper presents a qualitative case study involving English language student teachers (STs) in Portugal, who participated in a program integrating Linguistic Landscapes (LLs) as a pedagogical tool. The study investigates how engaging with LLs supported the development of STs’ Critical Multilingual Language Awareness. Data were collected from whole-class discussions, written reflections and student-produced materials, and analyzed using content and discourse analysis. The results reveal that the program fostered a heightened awareness of the multilingual realities of public and educational spaces and encouraged STs to reflect critically on dominant language ideologies. Despite some tensions with curriculum constraints, participants increasingly envisioned their role as language educators in more inclusive and socially responsive terms. The study concludes that LLs can serve not only as objects of sociolinguistic inquiry but also as transformative resources in language teacher education, helping future teachers address linguistic and social inequalities and embrace multilingualism as a pedagogical asset in the EFL classroom.

LINGUISTIC IDEOLOGIES IN THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE: PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITIES TO INTRODUCE LINGUISTIC ACTIVISM IN THE LANGUAGE CLASSROOMThis article explores linguistic ideologies in linguistic landscapes in Hamburg and their potential as a pedagogical tool to introduce language activism in the classroom. Linguistic landscapes, defined as the visibility and presence of languages in public spaces, reflect and reproduce societal ideologies on multilingualism. By engaging students with these elements, critical awareness of language policies, linguistic diversity, and sociolinguistic hierarchies can be fostered. The study presents two examples of pedagogical proposals with pictures of different neighborhoods in Hamburg, designed to integrate linguistic landscape analysis into language education. These proposals focus on promoting students’ engagement and their critical and even confrontational positioning, encouraging them to critically analyze the social and political dimensions of language use. Through the proposed activities and discussions on language ideologies, students can develop a deeper understanding of language as a social practice. Findings suggest that incorporating linguistic landscape analysis into language education not only enhances students’ sociolinguistic awareness but also fosters an inclusive and reflective learning environment. Furthermore, it equips students with tools to develop a predisposition for language activism, advocating for linguistic rights and diversity in their communities. This article contributes to the ongoing discourse on language education by providing practical strategies that link theoretical discussions on linguistic ideologies with classroom practice, ultimately promoting critical, participatory, and socially engaged language learning.

LEARNING (SOCIO)LINGUISTICS THROUGH THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF PALMA: A PRACTICAL EXPERIENCEThis paper presents a pedagogical experience related to the innovation project “Planning the Acquisition of the Norm: From the Classroom to the Street” (PID232522), which aims to provide students of three undergraduate courses (Sociolinguistics, Language Planning, and Descriptive Grammar: Syntax and Pragmatics) a holistic view of external and internal linguistics, and to equip them with the necessary tools to approach the sociolinguistic reality of the archipelago in their professional lives. Among other things, the project includes, as a key element, the development of a coordinated final project coordinated, which in the 2023-2024 academic year consisted of a study on linguistic landscapes, a key concept for understanding how languages are represented in public space. Specifically, students carried out an analysis of the linguistic landscapes of three types of establishments (a large retail store, a small shop, and a restaurant) in different areas of Palma. Through this study, patterns of linguistic behavior were identified, which can be summarized in two main conclusions. On the one hand, students observed the presence of linguistic diversity in the most touristic areas of the city—in addition to the official languages of the Balearic Islands, languages such as German and English were also present. On the other hand, the project allowed students to find out a predominance of Spanish in the key points for the configuration of the linguistic landscape, followed by the most common languages for dealing with tourists—German and English. The paper shows how this experience allowed students to enhance their knowledge, competencies, and skills, developing a critical awareness of the sociolinguistic situation in the city and gaining better preparation to face the professional challenges that they will encounter in fields such as language planning or teaching.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF THE PORTUGUESE QUARTER IN HAMBURGWith the development of social relations, the number of different graphic signs that convey information increases. Landry and Bourhis (1997) consider that the ensemble of verbal signs in public space creates the linguistic landscape of a place. The informative function is not the only one performed by these signs. This study analyses the linguistic landscape of the Portuguese Quarter in Hamburg. This is an area colonised by immigrants, mainly from the Iberian Peninsula. Today, the main economic activity in the area is gastronomy. Most of the establishments are named in Romance languages, which is purely symbolic. The verbal signs in German have an informative character. On the menus and other information at eye level of the customers, it is much more obvious that German is dominant and the signs in the Romance languages serve to relate the dishes to the respective cuisines and to create or emphasise the ambience of the interior. What may come as a surprise, especially to a foreign tourist, is that in the Portuguese Quarter, although it is considered an attraction, there are not many verbal signs in English, except for a relatively limited offer aimed at foreign tourists. The multilingualism of the Portuguese Quarter is an attempt to preserve the character and tradition of the area.

DREAM’S GRAMMAR. IMPERFET ONÍRIC AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL STANCES IN DREAM REPORTS IN CATALANIn this article, we aim to examine dream narratives found in the Corpus Textual Informatitzat de la Llengua Catalana (CTILC), focusing on the interplay between two aspects: evidentiality and the narrative strategies employed to represent imagined events. We conceptualize dream narratives as a broad and heterogeneous Discursive Tradition, encompassing various types of dream descriptions. Contrary to our expectations, not all of these narratives make use of the so-called “dream imperfect” – a linguistic resource indicating one’s imagination as the origin of the content. Instead, depending on the type of text and the speaker’s pragmatic intention, an epistemological stance is adopted that presents the dream from either a more objective or a more subjective point of view.

THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF ROMANIA THROUGH THE PRISM OF INTER- COMPREHENSIONIntercomprehension among related languages is a spontaneous communicative phenomenon that occurs prominently within the Romance language family, whose morphosyntactic and lexical proximity fosters mutual understanding among speakers. Although it has been extensively studied in Romance linguistics, dialectology, and language didactics, intercomprehension remains underexplored from the perspective of the linguistic landscape, understood as the visibility and spatial distribution of languages in public space. This article offers a theoretical and historiographical reflection on how intercomprehension can contribute to a cartographic interpretation of Romania as a multilingual space. Drawing on historical examples and linguistic maps, it analyses contact zones as particularly conducive to intercomprehension, as well as the ideologies that shape language perception and use. Grounded in the findings of our doctoral research, the study promotes an integrated framework that combines intercomprehension, linguistic landscapes, and sociolinguistic history.

OCCITAN-GASCON IN THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF VAL D’ARAN AND PAU: PRESENCE, PRESTIGE AND COEXISTENCE IN MULTILINGUAL ENVIRONMENTSThis work aims to make a contrastive analysis of the presence or absence, visibility or invisibility of Occitan-Gascon in the metropolitan areas of Pau, belonging to France, and Vielha, in the Val d’Aran, Catalonia. For this purpose, a photographic corpus was collected in 2023, which we then analyzed both quantitatively, in terms of the number of signs written in Occitan-Gascon or in other official languages of these territories (French, Spanish, Catalan), and qualitatively, in terms of the typology of the signs (whether they come from public authorities or private individuals), the number of languages that appear, their order of appearance on the signs and their communicative objectives. This documentary base allowed us to interpret in a contrastive way the effects of national, regional or local language policies in each of these spaces and to discuss the valorization (or not) of Occitan-Gascon. From this study, conclusions can be drawn about the situation of the regional language, its coexistence with other dominant languages in these areas and its presence in the territory.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF THE PORTUGUESE QUARTER IN HAMBURGWith the development of social relations, the number of different graphic signs that convey information increases. Landry and Bourhis (1997) consider that the ensemble of verbal signs in public space creates the linguistic landscape of a place. The informative function is not the only one performed by these signs. This study analyses the linguistic landscape of the Portuguese Quarter in Hamburg. This is an area colonised by immigrants, mainly from the Iberian Peninsula. Today, the main economic activity in the area is gastronomy. Most of the establishments are named in Romance languages, which is purely symbolic. The verbal signs in German have an informative character. On the menus and other information at eye level of the customers, it is much more obvious that German is dominant and the signs in the Romance languages serve to relate the dishes to the respective cuisines and to create or emphasise the ambience of the interior. What may come as a surprise, especially to a foreign tourist, is that in the Portuguese Quarter, although it is considered an attraction, there are not many verbal signs in English, except for a relatively limited offer aimed at foreign tourists. The multilingualism of the Portuguese Quarter is an attempt to preserve the character and tradition of the area.

THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF A RURAL ENVIRONMENT: MULTILINGUALISM AND THE VALUES OF LOCAL LANGUAGE IN LA LLERA DEL TER (GIRONA)Research on linguistic landscapes has predominantly focused on urban and cosmopolitan settings, often overlooking rural areas, although they are equally subject to the forces of globalization in late modernity. This article examines the linguistic landscape of the Llera del Ter, a newly emergent cultural community composed of villages situated between two major tourist poles: the city of Girona and the Costa Brava. Drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data— primarily collected in the villages of Celrà and Sant Jordi Desvalls—the study explores the presence and hierarchy of languages in the public space, as well as the symbolic and commercial values attributed to them in a context shaped by rural tourism that seeks authenticity in territory and heritage. In the Llera del Ter, Catalan emerges as the hegemonic and “unmarked” language. Nevertheless, emerging forms of visibility in other languages—such as Spanish and English, but also Italian, Romanian, Arabic, or even Latin—are observed in spheres like commerce, tourism, and private initiatives. The article offers a critical reflection on the contemporary redefinition of the boundaries between urban and rural worlds, examining how suburbanization, mobility, and processes of heritage-making contribute to new forms of linguistic and visual identity in the peripheries of contemporary Catalonia.

NON-BINARY LANGUAGE AND MINORITIZED LANGUAGES IN THE SPANISH STATE: CATALAN AND GALICIAN PERSPECTIVES Non-binary language (NBL) is a burning issue, especially in hegemonic languages. In the context off the Spanish State, languages like Catalan and Galician have been historically marginalized by the dominance of Spanish. Thus, this article explores how this minority condition affects the development of NBL proposals in both these co-official languages. We carried a bibliographic examination of the NBL grammatical proposals in the selected languages, which were analysed to find similarities and divergences.Catalan and Galician are typologically equal in how they mark gender: they are languages in which gender is a manifested category with a formal mark (morpheme) that specifies gender (cf. Whorf 1937). Furthermore, they have a wide diversity of dialects and even grammar, which complicates the achievement of a NBL standard. On this matter, internal variation of the languages plays a key role on the acceptance or rejection of new proposals, as their recent and changing nature does not go unnoticed for the academies. The Catalan and Galician academies have mostly remained on the sidelines of this grammatical change. However, the debate around the normativization of the proposals has recently begun: voices of the Real Academia Galega shown to be open to this change and the necessity to describe it; whereas the Institut d’Estudis Catalans branded gender neomorphemes as contradictory to the linguistic system. Even with the institutional reluctance, NBL keeps on expanding, reflecting a social and linguistic necessity that academies can’t ignore indefinitely. With the description and comparison of the proposals we hope to fuel this discussion in favour of the inclusion of everyone in the minoritized co-oficial languages of the Spanish State.