ABSTRACT Students from marginalized backgrounds are more likely to be subject to stereotypical and deficit‐oriented teacher beliefs, which may contribute to low learning outcomes and diminished wellbeing. Most of the research on this topic is conducted in the US and other high‐income countries, however, and evidence from the majority world, which is home of over 85% of all children, remains scattered and disconnected. This study therefore conducts a structured review of the literature on teacher beliefs and their implications for the educational outcomes of disadvantaged students in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Based on the findings, we develop a conceptual framework that identifies the structural and cultural determinants of teacher beliefs and the various mechanisms that link them to diminished wellbeing and educational achievement for disadvantaged students. Our review poignantly illustrates the degree of injustice and discrimination inflicted on economically disadvantaged children as they navigate education systems around the world. We also highlight examples of positive teacher beliefs and practices, however, and discuss promising avenues for future research.

No abstract is available for this article.

ABSTRACT The study of racism has become increasingly fragmented, with varying conceptualizations, specializations and methodologies, often divided along disciplinary lines. This paper reviews five traditions of quantitative research on racism, covering research on explicit racial attitudes, implicit biases, discrimination, migration and integration policies, ethno‐racial disparities, and perceived experiences of racism. We elaborate on their research objects, historical development, measurement methods, core assumptions and critiques, and main findings. Moreover, we discuss how these five traditions are interrelated and connected to the broader concept of racism at the micro‐, meso‐, and macro‐level. Our position is that quantitative research can be used for racial justice, but it requires deeper transdisciplinary collaboration across the five traditions, more critical reflection on their underlying assumptions and limitations, and more explicit theorizing about how they relate to the multifaceted nature of racism.

ABSTRACT Although corruption is commonly portrayed as a socially harmful and unethical behavior, and family is often regarded as the building block of society, this article argues that the two often intersect in real life. Kinship ties frequently serve not only as sources of emotional support but also as conduits for illicit transactions and for resource misallocation. From minor nepotism to large‐scale state capture, family relationships frequently shape how corruption is organized, justified, and sustained. Drawing on interdisciplinary theories, this article develops a five‐part typology of family corruption—family for corruption, corruption for family, corruption for survival through family, corruption for the family firm, and dynastic state capture. Each reflects different positions, motivations, and coordination mechanisms, ranging from micro‐level kin‐based trust to a macro‐level neopatrimonial system. Challenging the idealized separation of family from formal institutions, the article shows how familial obligations can override universalistic norms, embedding corruption within the everyday practices and moral orders. The article contributes a new conceptual framework for understanding how formal systems of government and business are shaped by kinship logics—often beneath the surface of legality and bureaucracy.

ABSTRACT While habitus as a theoretical concept and empirical instrument is well‐known, used, and developed in various branches of sociology, education, and other social sciences, the question of its concrete formation and genesis is less pronounced in research. This may be due to the fact that Bourdieu himself, as the ‘creator' of the habitus, did not explicitly address its formation. It is difficult to pursue this question, either theoretically or empirically, because of the discreet nature of habitus, which makes reconstructing its formation process particularly challenging. Taking this difficulty into account, this paper addresses the question of primary habitus formation through the empirical analysis of 95 biographical interviews with graduate students from different social backgrounds, not only across social classes but also across social milieus. Based on their biographical narratives, it is shown that although we cannot reconstruct habitus formation directly, we can approach the question indirectly by reconstructing distinguishable and exclusive practices during their socialization in upper‐class families. These practices are not only vertically distinguishable from those of the lower classes, but also reveal horizontal idiosyncrasies between milieus. They encompass a wide range, from the naturalization of competitiveness through sport and music and the organisation of leisure time, to the choice of neighborhood and school as mechanisms for transmitting the desired primary habitus.

ABSTRACT Race is a politically sensitive topic in Malaysia, as it is inextricably linked to partisan politics as well as contentious politics. The socio‐cultural composition and demographics of the state indicates Malays as the majority race, Chinese, Indians and “Others” as the minorities. Race and racialization of post‐colonial Malaysia, dominates the social, political and legal narratives in both scholarly and non‐scholarly writings. Despite the dominant role of race in Malaysia, the link between race and criminal justice in Malaysia is understudied and often ignored. This article reviews the research and recent debates surrounding the links between race and criminal justice in Malaysia, by drawing from scholarly literature, human rights reports produced by civil society organizations and international organizations, as well as media reports. The article observes how scholars have not addressed the role of race and racialization within the criminal justice system in Malaysia ‐ indicating a lack of studies on issues such as overrepresentation of racial minorities in drug crimes and death row, despite key data released by human rights organizations.

ABSTRACT Research on the gender revolution highlights the slowing convergence between men and women in paid and unpaid work time. This review considers both seminal studies from the 2000s and more recent analyses, drawing on comparative time‐diary data, to assess progress in narrowing gender gaps in paid work and unpaid domestic work, and to outline future research directions in light of shifting family structures, flexible working arrangements, and evolving norms of parenthood and care. Time‐use diaries, long central to the study of gender inequality, consistently reveal women's disproportionate share of unpaid domestic work. Historically, such data were concentrated in Western industrialized societies. Recent developments, however, extend harmonization to East Asia, including Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and China, thereby broadening the comparative framework. The expanding availability of time‐use data creates important opportunities to examine cross‐national differences in paid and unpaid work, and to investigate how policies and cultural norms may shape gender equality. Beyond employment and domestic labour, these data reveal disparities in leisure, rest, and caregiving, the effects of family structures and life events, and the implications of flexible working. Future research should also consider under‐explored groups—such as children, adolescents, and older people—and the sequencing of daily activities.

ABSTRACT Important innovations have occurred and spread in international criminal law and justice. Arguing that they result from institutional learning, this essay focuses on universal jurisdiction, a principle of international law that invites the prosecution of perpetrators of core international crimes (war crimes, crimes against humanity, crimes of aggression, and genocide), irrespective of their nationality and the country of perpetration. It further addresses the increasing use of “crimes against humanity,” requiring proof of systematic or widespread patterns of offending against a civilian population; specialized investigatory and prosecutorial units; structural investigations; and the involvement of coordinating agencies working across national boundaries. Learning by criminal legal institutions is enhanced as civil society organizations, including ones growing out of refugee populations, discover and seize new legal opportunities to enhance accountability and a public understanding of mass atrocity crimes. Recent years have witnessed a growing body of literature on these trends, core contributions to which are reviewed in this essay.

No abstract is available for this article.