Introduction: In industrial processes, some impurities in industrial liquids are usually adsorbed on the bubble interface, thus affecting the bubble interface mobility. Sometimes, additives are also intentionally added to industrial liquids to optimize the hydrodynamic properties of discrete bubbles and improve industrial efficiency. Therefore, an in-depth study of the hydrodynamics of discrete bubbles in impure liquids is of great significance. The objective of this study is to explore the dynamics of bubble rising in ethanol- aqueous solutions, with the aim of understanding the relationship between bubble rising dynamics and the ethanol mass fraction. Method: The effect of the free-rising motion of individual bubbles was studied by controlling the ethanol mass fraction and bubble size, and images of the bubbles were recorded with the aid of a high-speed video camera when the rising motion of the bubbles reached an approximate steady state. Results: When the equivalent diameter of the bubble was fixed, the ascending trajectories of bubbles changed from spiral lines to straight ones as the ethanol mass fraction increased. The larger the equivalent diameter of bubbles is, the higher the transitional mass fraction of the bubble ascending trajectory is. For single bubbles with the same equivalent diameter, as the ethanol mass fraction increased, the terminal ascending velocity of bubbles approximately decreased first and then increased; however, the aspect ratio of single bubbles initially increased and then decreased. There were three concentration regions corresponding to the apparent changes in the terminal ascending speed and the terminal aspect ratio of single bubbles as the ethanol mass fraction increased. Discussion: The impact of the ethanol mass fraction on bubble rising dynamics, including the bubble equivalent diameter, terminal ascending velocity, and ascending trajectory, was thoroughly analyzed and discussed. The related mechanism of bubble dynamics was also discussed. Conclusion: The bubble ascending dynamics were found to be related to ethanol mass fraction, and the dependence of the ascending dynamics of single bubbles on ethanol mass fraction was complex. The bubble terminal ascending speed did not change monotonically as the ethanol mass fraction increased.

Introduction: ZSM-5 with mesopores (mesoZSM-5) was prepared using a hydrothermal method. The samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption at 77 K. The materials were then evaluated for the adsorption of bulk rhodamine B dye molecules from aqueous solution. Methods: ZSM-5 with mesopores (mesoZSM-5) was prepared using a hydrothermal method. The samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption at 77 K. The materials were evaluated for the adsorption of rhodamine B dye molecules from aqueous solution. Results: The prepared mesoZSM-5 was highly crystalline and contained mesopores primarily 15-50 nm in diameter. The material exhibited enhanced adsorption of rhodamine B dye, with a capacity 5.7 times higher than that of conventional ZSM-5. Discussion: MesoZSM-5 maintained an MFI topology and high mesoporosity. The presence of mesopores addressed the issue of blockage during the diffusion and transport of bulk molecules such as rhodamine B dye. Conclusion: MesoZSM-5 was successfully prepared using a hydrothermal method. The enhanced adsorption of rhodamine B dye demonstrated the critical role of mesopores in facilitating bulk molecular reactions and adsorption activities in zeolites.

Introduction: Supercapacitors have shown substantial promise in electrochemical energy storage devices, where porous carbon materials demonstrate exceptional potential applications in their electrodes owing to their high specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and rationally tunable pore architectures. Methods: Sodium lignosulfonate and graphene oxide-based porous carbon materials (LC/rGO) were prepared and characterized. The electrochemical performance of the samples was investigated with three-electrode configurations. Results: LC/rGO demonstrated mesoporous architecture and excellent electrochemical performance. The kinetic analysis on the electrochemical properties of the materials revealed an electric doublelayer capacitance (EDLC)-dominated energy storage mechanism. Discussion: XRD and Raman analysis on the structures of the as-prepared carbon materials suggested a relatively high degree of defects and disorder. Investigations on the morphology, the pore size distributions and the surface chemistry of the samples demonstrated that the materials had a high specific surface area, mesporous structures and multi-atomic doping of nitrogen and oxygen functional groups. All these features could be taken into account for the high electrochemical performance of carbon. Conclusion: LC/rGO as an electrode material demonstrated a high specific capacitance of 296 F g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and outstanding cycling stability with 97% of the initial capacitance after 10,000 cycles at 5 A g-1 in a 6 M KOH electrolyte. The assembled symmetric supercapacitor using the assynthesized materials exhibited energy density of 10.6 Wh kg-1 at 300 W kg-1 and cycling stability of 95% capacitance after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles, promising for supercapacitor applications.

Abstract: Amidst the global energy crisis, escalating pollution, and burgeoning population, green hydrogen emerges as a versatile solution, with the capacity for diverse production and applications, including generation from renewable sources. Its potential encompasses critical sectors such as the heavy transport industry, as well as energy storage and industrial processes, aiding in decarbonizing challenging domains. The hydrogen-based energy system consists of four main stages; production, storage, safety and utilisation. This review specifically provides a comprehensive analysis of the production stage. Recognised as one of the ten breakthrough technologies of 2021, the global green hydrogen market is growing rapidly, and is expected to reach $141.29 billion by 2033. However, the widespread utilization of green hydrogen faces impediments due to production and storage challenges. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the conventional and cutting-edge technologies like steam methane reforming (SMR), electrolysis, photoelectrochemical processes, and biological methods pertinent to hydrogen manufacturing. It further delves into recent technological advancements encompassing electrolysis, gas reforming, C-ZEROS, HYSATA, DAE, and SRBW. This review article undergoes rigorous scrutiny, linking contemporary research progress in hydrogen production routes. The discourse also sheds light on recent developments while identifying knowledge gaps for a more nuanced understanding.

Background: Centrifugal pumps are key equipment used for fluid transfer in the chemical industry. During the start-up process of high-speed centrifugal pumps, the hydraulic characteristics such as flow rate and head will change significantly, and the optimization of the pump start-up process can improve its stability and service life, which will make centrifugal pumps more efficient in chemical production. Objective: Achieving a fast and stable startup process has always been a goal in the engineering application of high-speed centrifugal pumps. Methods: First, the mathematical relationship between the torque and speed of the centrifugal pump is established. Then, based on the physical characteristics of the DC motor and considering the centrifugal pump torque as the load, a mathematical model of the highspeed DC centrifugal pump is developed. A fuzzy PI controller for the high-speed DC centrifugal pump is designed by integrating traditional PI control methods with fuzzy control theory to manage the startup process. Optimization algorithms are employed to optimize the parameters of the fuzzy PI controller. Results: Before optimization, the settling time was 0.33 s, the motor speed overshoot was 7.69%, the head overshoot was 3.77%, and the flow rate overshoot was 7.69%. After optimization, the settling time improved to 0.25 s, the motor speed overshoot was reduced to 6.3%, the head overshoot to 3.1%, and the flow rate overshoot to 6.3%. Conclusion: A comparison of simulation results before and after parameter optimization demonstrates that the optimized fuzzy PI control yields better dynamic performance during the startup process of the high-speed DC centrifugal pump.

This review article explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and nanotechnology, focusing on their combined potential to drive advancements in nanomaterial discovery, drug delivery systems, and nano-electronic component design. It also examines the transformative effects of AI-enhanced nanotechnology in medicine, diagnostics, bioengineering, and other scientific domains, emphasizing its future implications across various sectors. This article examines the synergy between AI and nanotechnology, focusing on recent innovations in nanomaterial discovery, AI-driven material design, and precision medicine. It reviews case studies and research highlighting AI's role in accelerating nanomaterial development and its applications in medicine, electronics, diagnostics, and robotics, using a multidisciplinary approach. AI-enhanced nanotechnology has enabled the development of novel nanomaterials with unprecedented properties tailored for specific applications, such as highly efficient drug delivery systems and next-generation nanoelectronic components. In medicine, AI-driven nanotechnology offers promising solutions for highly personalized treatments, improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects. Additionally, AI is driving innovation in diagnostics and robotics, leading to more sensitive diagnostic tools and the development of nanoscale-precision robotic systems. The integration of AI and nanotechnology presents vast opportunities for scientific and technological advancements. As AI algorithms continue to evolve, their impact on nanotechnology will lead to breakthroughs in diverse fields, such as medicine, electronics, diagnostics, and robotics. This interdisciplinary synergy will open new frontiers in research, driving transformative changes in bioengineering, neuroscience, and beyond.

Introduction: Recently, abundant agricultural solid waste has been utilized as sustainable biosorbents for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions. However, the influence of the carbonization parameters on the specified biosorbent performance has not been well discussed. In this study, we developed the removal efficiency (RE) of Exhausted Kahwa Coffee (EKC) as a low-cost and high-efficiency biosorbent for Cd (II) under various carbonization temperatures (300 - 600 °C) and time (1- 4h). Methods: The batch biosorption test showed that the EKC biochar with a carbonization temperature of 500 °C and time of 4 h removed 97% of Cd (II) from the solution. The biosorption performance was further investigated by integrating the physicochemical changes in the surface and functional groups of the EKC biochar at different temperatures using BET, SEM, and FT-IR instruments. Results: The FT-IR showed alterations in the functional groups, while the BET data and SEM images demonstrated that the porous surface of the biochar developed as the temperature increased. Furthermore, the biosorption test data was plotted in the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, where the Langmuir isotherm model showed the better fit of EKC biochar. The maximum biosorption capacity of the EKC biochar on Cd (II) was calculated at 3.41 mg/g by fitting the equilibrium data to Langmuir isotherm equations. Conclusion: It was found that the kinetic data fitted well with Pseudo-Second-Order (PSO) with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.99. These findings imply the influence of the carbonization parameter on the potential biosorption of the EKC biochar on Cd (II).

Aims: The aim of this study is to develop mefenamic acid-loaded microspheres using a hydrophilic polymer and a solvent evaporation method for sustained drug release, aiming to reduce the frequency of dosing. Background: Mefenamic acid is an anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to manage pain, especially menstrual cramps. Microspheres, which are spherical particles ranging from 1 to 1000 micrometres, are effective in enhancing the sustained release of medications. The solvent evaporation method is widely used in the preparation of microspheres to improve drug delivery profiles. Method: A UV study of mefenamic acid was conducted to analyze all necessary parameters. Mefenamic acid and ethyl cellulose polymer were dissolved and stirred at 700 rpm using the solvent evaporation method. A surfactant-containing aqueous phase was prepared and maintained under stirring, into which the organic phase was introduced and continuously stirred to form microspheres. The formed microspheres were characterized by loading capacity, drug content, entrapment efficiency, and product yield. Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to confirm the spherical shape of the microspheres. An in vitro release study was conducted using a diffusion technique to evaluate the drug release profile. Result: The microspheres were successfully formed with a spherical shape, as observed in SEM images. The evaluation showed favorable loading capacity, entrapment efficiency, and drug content. The in vitro release study demonstrated a sustained release profile, indicating the effectiveness of the hydrophilic polymer in prolonging drug release. Conclusion: The developed mefenamic acid-loaded microspheres using a hydrophilic polymer via the solvent evaporation method achieved sustained drug release, potentially reducing the need for frequent dosing. The method and formulation show promise for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of mefenamic acid.

Background: This study investigates the potential of Laurus nobilis essential oil (LNEO) as a corrosion inhibitor for steel in a 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. Materials and Methods: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to determine the chemical composition of LNEO, revealing key constituents, including 1.8-cineole (33.47%), α-terpinyl acetate (17.39%), and sabinene (9.18%). Corrosion inhibition efficiency was evaluated through electrochemical techniques, and adsorption behavior was analyzed using the Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic parameters were also assessed to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. Results: The inhibition efficiency reached a maximum of approximately 93.4% at an optimal concentration of 2 g/l. Langmuir adsorption isotherm studies confirmed a strong interaction between LNEO and the steel surface, with an adsorption free energy (ΔGads = -21.2 kJ/mol) and an adsorption equilibrium constant (Kads = 5.21 L/g), indicating a physisorption mechanism with partial charge transfer. Thermodynamic analyses showed an activation energy (Ea = 44.7 kJ/mol), enthalpy change (ΔHa = 42.1 kJ/mol), and entropy change (ΔSa = -69.3 J/mol.K), supporting a spontaneous and endothermic adsorption process. Discussion: Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses confirmed the adsorption mechanism, highlighting the protective film formation on the steel surface. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that Laurus nobilis essential oil is an effective corrosion inhibitor for steel in acidic media, with strong adsorption properties and high inhibitory efficiency.