Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Guegan J-F, Suzan G, Kati-Coulibaly S, Bonpamgue DN, Moatti J-P. Sustainable Development Goal #3, “health and well-being”, and the need for more integrative thinking. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2018;5(2). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.5.2.443 . Recently, the United-Nations adopted 17 sustainable development goals for the 2030 Agenda. The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 “Ensuring a healthy life and promoting well-being for all ages” is one of the most transversal goals, which is interconnected with the other SDGs. The health and well-being are the aim of this goal and also, they are the result of other goals that empower people to develop better in different social, economic and productive areas. The SDG 3 is a multiple and universal resource on which sustainable development policies can be based, in particular for the most needed countries, and can lead to the sustainable maintenance of well-being and health. However, SDG 3 faces a high sectorization, so there is a risk of not being able to achieve the stated objectives. Only a national and international reflection on human population and animal health surveillance devices, environmental health, implementation of appropriate indicators and specific research funding will ensure the balance between the legitimacy of society’s demands and the needs of scientific and medical excellence. The health and well-being indicators that are needed to achieve the agenda goals are based on reliable and relevant quantitative data, which are currently rare or even non-existent in some regions. Therefore, it is now necessary to initiate a more integrative international animal and public health and research strategy in order to collect new data, particularly those relating to current emerging infectious diseases that affect public and animal health, especially in developing countries. Figure 1. (a) Simplified representation of the relationships between the environment and its different ecological and biogeographic components, depending on the distribution and abundance of infectious diseases and their hosts (vectors and/or reservoirs), and to the individual and family income. The form and severity of infections interact with the income by introducing a complex dynamic between these two parameters.

Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Barron-Rodriguez RJ, Chavez-Maya F, Loza-Rubio E, Garcia-Espinosa G. Isolation and characterization of influenza A virus (H6N2) from a temporary artificial pond in Mexico. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2018;5(2). doi: 10.21753/5.2.475. . Most epidemiological surveillance studies of the influenza A virus (IAV) have focused on the isolation and detection of the virus in wild birds. However, there are limited descriptions of both the wild duck population and the purpose and size of the aquatic habitats where viruses have been detected or isolated. The objective of this study was to determine if a pond of 16 hectares (39.536 acres), used for agricultural and fishing purposes and visited by approximately 9000 wild migratory ducks consisting of nine different species during the wintering stay, is suitable to support the isolation of IAV. One influenza A virus was isolated from Pekin ducks used as sentinels during the wintering stay season from September 2007 to March 2008. Only one IAV subtype was isolated from 9 of the 88 samples collected from the sentinel ducks over seven months, and the molecular characterization of this isolate revealed an H6N2 virus subtype. Based on this information, it is suggested that a pond such as the one in this study provides a suitable biological setting to support the presence of IAV, but the minimum biological environment to isolate the influenza A virus is still unknown. Figure 1. Location of the artificial pond in the State of Mexico with 19°24’22” N, 99°41’36” W coordinates and the routes of migratory birds in America (Google Earth).

Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Turral Ramirez MM, Cordova Ponce R, Gonzalez Ruiz C, Castaneda Aceves G, Marin Flamand E, Garrido Farina G, Ramirez Alvarez H. First identification of Herpesvirus infections among endemic and exotic psittacines in Mexico. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2017;4(4). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.4.4.469 . The illegal trafficking of exotic birds such as parrots is now the third most lucrative business in the world and has been a problem for several years. As a result of this trafficking, there has been an increase in the emergence of exotic diseases. Herpesvirus is a pathogen of psittacines that has not been identified in Mexico to date. Through the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and pathological analyses, the present study demonstrates the presence of herpesvirus in endemic and exotic psittacines in Mexico. The study was based on 50 birds, with clinical signs of herpervirus infection, and 45 clinically healthy birds. DNA samples were obtained from proctodaeal cells of the healthy birds, collected through the use of an enema; additionally, the liver, kidneys, brain, large intestines, and lungs of five birds exhibiting clinical signs suggestive of herpesvirus infection, were collected and fixed in buffered formalin for histopathological examination. PCR assays revealed herpesvirus infection in 8 clinically healthy birds, including four exotic species, and one endemic species. On necropsy, four of the five birds with clinical signs of herpesvirus infection showed lesions caused by herpesvirus, and the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies in various tissues. Thus, these results demonstrate that there is a high risk of herpesvirus infection in endemic Mexican psittacines, which could significantly impact the health of these populations. Figure 5. a) Liver with mononuclear infiltrate (MNI) (100× magnification). The image shows the parenchyma at the interstitial level with a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate characterized by the presence of lymphocytes (L), plasma cells (P), and macrophages (MO). b) Liver with necrosis and mononuclear infiltrate (40× magnification). Zones of coagulative necrosis (N) delimited by the inflammatory mononuclear infiltrate (arrow) are evident. c) Kidney with necrosis and mononuclear infiltrate (10× magnification). Renal parenchyma with extensive areas of coagulative necrosis (N) between the cortex and the medulla were observed. These areas were characterized by a marked loss of architecture and cellular detail and were delimited by mononuclear inflammatory cells (arrows). d) Necrotic intestine (100× magnification). The intestine developed severe coagulative necrosis (N) throughout the mucosa. Additionally, inflammatory infiltrates of mononuclear cells were observed near the basal membrane of the mucosa (arrows).

EL OBJETIVO DEL TRABAJO FUE ANALIZAR LOS CAMBIOS COMO EL INCREMENTO DE PESO CORPORAL, RELACION CARNE-HUESO-GRASA, PESO DE LA CARCAZA, INFILTRACION DE GRASA EN LA MASA MUSCULAR Y NIVELES SANGUINEOS DE TRIYODOTIROXINA, INDUCIDOS POR LA OVARIECTOMIA. SE REALIZARON DOS EXPERIMENTOS DIFERENTES, EN DISTINTOS CAMPOS DE ARGENTINA: A) VACAS JOVENES Y B) VACAS VIEJAS. CADA GRUPO EXPERIMENTAL FUE DIVIDIDO AL AZAR EN DOS, CASTRADAS Y TESTIGOS, MANTENIDOS AMBOS EN IDENTICAS CONDICIONES DE MANEJO. LA CASTRACION SE REALIZO CON LA TECNICA TRANSVAGINAL DE DUTTO. EN TODOS LOS GRUPOS EXPERIMENTALES SE MIDIO LA HORMONA TRIYODOTIROXINA EN SANGRE, EL AUMENTO DE PESO CORPORAL Y LA RELACION COSTO-BENEFICIO DEL TRATAMIENTO. EN B SE MIDIO, ADEMAS, PROGESTERONA SANGUINEA, RENDIMIENTO DE LA CANAL, RELACION CARNE-HUESO-GRASA E INFILTRACION DE GRASA EN MASA MUSCULAR. SE OBSERVO AUMENTO DE LA GANANCIA DE PESO CORPORAL EN VACAS CASTRADAS JOVENES (A), MIENTRAS QUE NO HUBO DIFERENCIAS ENTRE CASTRADAS Y TESTIGOS EN VACAS VIEJAS (B). EN EL EXPERIMENTO B HUBO MAYOR RENDIMIENTO DE LA CANAL, MENOR INFILTRACION DE GRASA EN LA MASA MUSCULAR EN LAS CASTRADAS RESPECTO DE LAS TESTIGO. EN TODOS LOS EXPERIMENTOS AUMENTO LA TRIYODOTIROXINA EN LAS CASTRADAS Y FUE POSITIVA LA RELACION COSTO-BENEFICIO. EN CONCLUSION, LA OVARIECTOMIA AUMENTA LOS VALORES DE TRIYODOTIROXINA Y TIENE UNA RELACION COSTO-BENEFICIO FAVORABLE. EN VACAS JOVENES MEJORA LA GANANCIA DE PESO CORPORAL. EN VACAS VIEJAS MEJORA EL RENDIMIENTO DE LA CANAL Y DISMINUYE LA INFILTRACION DE GRASA EN LA MASA MUSCULAR.

THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE FASCIOLICIDE ACTIVITY OF 5-CHLORO-2-METHYLTHIO-6-(1-NAPHTHILOXY)-IH-BENZIMIDAZOLE CALLED COMPOUND ALPHA AGAINST THREE DAY, TWO-, FOUR-, SIX-, EIGHT- AND TEN WEEK-OLD FLUKES IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED SHEEP. SIXTY PELIBUEY FREE-FLUKE SHEEP WERE INFECTED EACH WITH 150 METACERCARIAE OF F. HEPATICA PER OS. ANIMALS WERE DIVIDED INTO 12 GROUPS OF 5 ANIMALS EACH. ALL ANIMALS WERE DETECTED POSITIVE TO F. HEPATICA ANTIBODIES BY THE ELISA TEST AT THREE WEEK POSTINFECTION. GROUPS 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 AND 11 WERE ORALLY TREATED WITH 15 MG/KG OF COMPOUND ALPHA ON DAYS 2, 4, 6, 8 AND 10 WEEKS POSTINFECTION, RESPECTIVELY. GROUPS 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 AND 12 REMAINED AS NON-TREATED CONTROLS. ALL SHEEP WERE EUTHANIZED IN ORDER TO COLLECT AND COUNT THE FLUKES IN THE LIVER FOUR WEEKS AFTER THE TREATMENT. EFFICACY WAS ASSESSED AS THE PERCENTAGE OF FLUKE REDUCTION IN THE TREATED GROUPS IN COMPARISON TO THE CONTROL ONES. RESULTS SHOWED THAT COMPOUND ALPHA REMOVED 100% OF THE FLUKES IN ALL TREATED GROUPS. MEAN NUMBER OF FLUKES IN NON-TREATED GROUPS WAS OF 189. MAXIMUM- AND MINIMUM NUMBER OF FLUKES COLLECTED PER ANIMAL WAS OF 59 AND 15, RESPECTIVELY. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT COMPOUND ALPHA ADMINISTERED PER OS AT 15 MG/KG, EXERTED HIGHLY PROMISING EFFICACY AGAINST DIFFERENT EVOLUTIVE STAGES OF F. HEPATICA IN SHEEP.

THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ASSESS THE EFFECT OF 4 WAYS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ON THE BEHAVOIR, PRODUCTION AND HEALTH OF 220 BROILERS DIVIDED IN TO FIVE TREATMENTS: BATH DUSTING BOX, TOYS AND ALFALFA, PERCHES, A COMBINATION, AND THE CONTROL ONE. INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOREVENTS WERE MEASURED AND RELATED TO PRODUCTION PARAMETERS SUCH AS LIVE BODY WEIGHT, FOOD EFFICIENCY AND INMUNE RESPONSE TO NEWCASTLE'S DISEASE VACCINATION. THERE WERE NO DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TREATMENTS WITH JUST ONE ELEMENT NOT WITH THE COMBINATION OF TREATMENTS. THE FREQUENCY OF HEAD PECKING WAS LOWER IN THE TREATMENT WITH BATH DUSTING BOX (P- 0.05), AND THE HIGHEST LEVELS WERE FOUND IN THE TREATMENT WITH PERCHES, AS WELL AS IN THE GROUP WITH ALL ENRICHING DEVICES (P- 0.05). THERE WERE NO DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TREATMENTS REGARDING BODY WEIGHT AND FEED CONVERTION. INMUNE RESPONSE VALUES WERE SATISFACTORY IN ALL TREATMENTS, BUT DID NOT SHOW DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THEM. A NEGATIVE CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN TOYS AND ALFALFA PECKING BEHAVIOR, AND BODY CARE BEHAVIORS (P- 0.05). FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE EFFECT OF ENVIROMENTAL ENRICHMENT AND EPIDEMIOLOGY IN COMMERCIAL FLOCKS.

SINCE BOVINE NEOSPOROSIS HAS ONLY RECENTLY BEEN RECOGNIZED IN MEXICO, NOT SUFFICIENT CLINICAL OR PATHOLOGICAL ANALYSES HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT UPON THIS PARASITE. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO FIND OUT IF THERE WERE VARIATIONS IN HEMATOLOGICAL VALUES OF COWS FOUND TO BE POSITIVE TO ANTI-NEOSPORA CANINUM ANTIBODIES WHICH COULD CARRY LATENT TACHYZOITES IN TISSUES, AS COMPARED WITH COWS FOUND TO BE NEGATIVE TO ANTI-NEOSPORA CANINUM ANTIBODIES. COWS FROM THE CENTRO AGROPECUARIO INDUSTRIAL OF TIZAYUCA IN MEXICO WERE SELECTED AND DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS. THE FIRST GROUP (N = 30) INCLUDED COWS POSITIVE TO ANTI-NEOSPORA CANINUM ANTIBODIES, BUT THAT HAD NOT PRESENTED ABORTIONS. THE SECOND GROUP (N = 10) INCLUDED COWS WHICH WERE NEGATIVE TO ANTI-NEOSPORA CANINUM ANTIBODIES. FOR THE DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES, AN INDIRECT ELISA TECHNIQUE WAS USED. HEMOGRAMS WERE CARRIED OUT ON BLOOD SAMPLES TAKEN FROM EACH COW COLLECTED IN VACUUM TUBES CONTAINING EDTA. HEMATOLOGICAL VALUES OBTAINED WERE COMPARED BETWEEN BOTH GROUPS, AND WITH THEIR REFERENCE VALUES. MEAN VALUES FOR HEMATOCRIT WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN GROUPS (P 0.05), AND CORRESPONDED TO THE REFERENCE VALUE. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT COWS POSITIVE TO ANTI-NEOSPORA CANINUM ANTIBODIES THAT HAD NOT ABORTED DID NOT PRESENT CHANGES IN THE HEMOGRAM.

LA ENZIMA CATEPSINA B FUE INMUNOLOCALIZADA MEDIANTE INMUNOFLUORESCENCIA EN MUESTRAS DE CARTILAGO ARTICULAR Y HUESO SUBCONDRAL NORMAL Y DISCONDROPLASICO EN CABALLOS JOVENES DE UNO A CINCO ANOS DE EDAD. LA DISTRIBUCION DE LA ENZIMA VARIO EN CARTILAGO DISCONDROPLASICO DEBIDO A LA DESORGANIZACION CELULAR EXISTENTE EN ESAS MUESTRAS. UNA INTENSA EXPRESION INTRACELULAR DE LA ENZIMA FUE OBSERVADA EN LOS CONDROCITOS AGRUPADOS ANORMALMENTE EN TODAS LAS ZONAS DEL CARTILAGO DISCONDROPLASICO. EN EL CARTILAGO ARTICULAR NORMAL LA EXPRESION DE LA CATEPSINA B EN LA SUPERFICIE ARTICULAR FUE BAJA, ASI COMO EN LA ZONA MEDIA PERO MAYOR EN CASI TODOS LOS CONDROCITOS DE LA ZONA PROFUNDA. EN CUANTO A LOS OSTEOCLASTOS NO SE OBSERVO DIFERENCIA MORFOLOGICA ENTRE LAS MUESTRAS DE CARTILAGO NORMAL Y PATOLOGICO.

CAPRINE ARTHRITIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS (CAEV) IS PRESENT IN MEXICO, BUT ITS PRECISE PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE REMAINS UNKNOWN. IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE USE OF IMMUNOELECTROTRANSFERENCE OR WESTERN BLOT (WB) FOR THE DETECTION OF ANTICAPRINE ARTHRITIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS ANTIBODIES IN GOATS, 50 RANDOM SERUM SAMPLES FROM INDIGENOUS ANIMALS WERE ANALYZED (25 FROM AMAZCALA, QUERETARO AND 25 FROM CUATITLAN, STATE OF MEXICO), AND COMPARED WITH THE ELISA. ANIMALS WERE CONSIDERED POSITIVE FOR WB WHEN AT LEAST A SINGLE PROTEIN WAS CODIFIED BY THE GAG GENE SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH ANOTHER GENE: ENV/POL; THE SAME CRITERIA USED FOR HIV/AIDS DETECTION. FIVE ANTIGEN - ANTIBODY BANDS (12, 14, 25, 50 AND 135 KDA) WERE CONSIDERED RELIABLE DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS. WHEN ELISA WAS USED, 33 SERA WERE POSITIVE, AND 17 WERE NEGATIVE. ALL 33 ELISA - POSITIVE SERA WERE ALSO WB POSITIVE. OF THE 17 NEGATIVE ELISA - SERA SAMPLES, NINE WERE POSITIVE AND EIGHT WERE NEGATIVE BY WB. THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN ELISA AND WB SEROLOGICAL TESTS (P < 0.0003). THE WB HAD GREATER SENSITIVITY THAN ELISA SINCE IT DETECTED EIGHT MORE POSITIVE SERA. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT WB IS A USEFUL TOOL FOR CONFIRMATORY DIAGNOSIS OF CAEV, AS HAS BEEN THE CASE WITH VIH/AIDS IN MEXICO.

IN ORDER TO CORROBORATE THE EFFECT OF A CITRUS BY-PRODUCT ON WEIGHT AND SERUM LIPIDS, 80 WINTERING HALF-BRED ZEBU COWS MAINTAINED ON NATIVE GRASSLAND WERE USED. FOR TWO CONSECUTIVE YEARS, 20 ANIMALS OPERATED AS CONTROLS (C) AND ANOTHER 20 WERE SUPPLEMENTED (S) WITH FRESH CITRUS PULP (15 ± 3 KG/ANIMAL, DURING 4 MONTHS). PERIODIC CONTROLS WERE CARRIED OUT AT 0, 30, 60, 90 AND 120 DAYS. THE OBTAINED VALUES WERE STATISTICALLY PROCESSED USING A REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN WITH MEAN COMPARISONS BY ORTHOGONAL CONTRASTS. WHEN COMPARING WITH C, FINAL STATISTICS FOR EVERY YEAR INDICATED THAT S REGISTERED HIGHER LEVELS (P VS 2.70 AND 3.32 VS 2.15 MMOL/L), LIPOPROTEIN a (89.2 VS 82.7 AND 90.0 VS 85.1%), HDL-C (2.31 VS 1.79 AND 2.41 VS 1.58 MMOL/L), AND TRIGLYCERIDES (0.55 VS 0.42 AND 0.45 VS 0.35 MMOL/L), AS WELL AS MAJOR WEIGHT GAINS (492 VS 304 AND 352 VS LOSS OF 73 G/ANIMAL/DAY). DIFFERENCES BETWEEN C AND S BEGAN TO BE SIGNIFICANT BY DAYS 60-90 OF THE STUDY. CITRUS PULP ENERGETIC SUPPLY DID NOT CAUSE UNDESIRABLE SECONDARY EFFECTS, BUT THE PHYSIOLOGICAL LIPID PROFILE WAS MODIFIED IN SUPPLEMENTED COWS.