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Express-method for Estimation of Electrocatalytic Activity of Oxide Films toward Oxygen Transfer Reactions

Oxidation catalysis of organic substances has attracted special attention in recent years due to of their high industrial significance in green and energy chemistry. The implementation of a transition metal-based catalyst in combination with oxygen is an alternative to the traditional procedures. This study justifies the application of amperometric response 'in situ' for estimation of the electrocatalytic activity of metal oxide films, which are known to be promising for oxygen transfer processes. The reaction of electrooxidation of Mn2+ ions may be termed as a 'marker' for oxygen transfer reactions due to its kinetic features, such as proportionality between the current density and the surface concentration of •OH-radicals. The relative parameter, kox, has been offered for estimation of the oxidizing capacity of an anode material toward oxygen transfer reaction in reference to platinum oxidizing capacity. kox value is automatically calculated exactly during electroplating of MnOx as a ratio of the current density of Mn2+ + 2H2O – 2e→MnO2+4H+ reaction on the tested surface to the current density of this reaction on Pt surface. The developed method was tested during the investigation of catalytic activity of MnOx films for electrooxidation of glucose. The parameter kox was calculated for other anode materials and was analyzed. The application of the new method allows estimating and comparing the catalytic performance toward oxygen transfer reactions of anode materials or of the same material in different modifications, such as nano particles, composites, different compositions etc. The pre-test reduces manifold the time spent for determination of oxidizing capacity of oxides.

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Study of Heavy Metal Air Pollution, Using a Moss (Grimmia dissimulate) Biomonitoring Technique

Air pollution is a problem in both developed and developing countries. As a corrective measure, constant air monitoring is usually performed by conventional techniques which are costly and time consuming hence the need for cheaper methods. Recently, biomonitoring has emerged as an effective alternative method. The aim of this study was to investigate heavy metal air pollution in the environment using Mosses. Mosses are lower plants that can provide a surrogate and time-integrated means of measuring elemental depositions from the atmosphere to terrestrial systems. Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn) was studied at the University of Zimbabwe. Moss samples were hung on sites selected by a systematic grid sampling method, during the summer of 2016. The concentrations of heavy metals were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The concentrations were expressed as Relative Accumulation Factors (RAFs) and the means for Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were 14.38; 18.17; 9.63 and 10.78 respectively. The results showed the concentration order of deposition was Cu > Cr > Zn >Pb and that Zn deposited uniformly as evidenced by its low sample variance which was more than 17 and 56 times smaller than that of Pb and Cr-Cu respectively. Although the distribution patterns of Cr and Cu were similar, Pb and Zn had their own patterns. The results suggested that the source of heavy metal could be from traffic related air pollutants.

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Aflatoxin Contamination of Various Carbohydrate Rich Foods, Legumes, and Vegetables, and Implications of Targeted Processing Techniques

This study was carried out to assess the levels of the metabolites of Aspergillus flavus; aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) in various food samples. Corn (24.00 µg/kg), millet (4.13 µg/kg), and cassava (3.88 µg/kg) contained the highest AFB1, while AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 occurred highest in corn and yam. After processing, cassava and yam recorded the highest percentage of AFB1 and AFB2 reduction respectively, while the decontamination of AFG1 was jointly most effective after wheat and millet processing, and AFG2 reduced most after wheat, cassava, and millet processing. The occurrence of AFB1 in the legumes, followed the order; beans > breadfruit > groundnut > melon > oil bean and for AFB2 and AFG2 levels, breadfruit > melon > oil beans > beans, while AFG1 occurred highest in breadfruit, groundnut and oil beans. Ugba (6.26 µg/kg), Ogiri (10 µg/kg), and beans flour (14.62 µg/kg) had the least total aflatoxin contents of the legumes evaluated. Egusi, beans and oil bean recorded over 80% AFB1 and AFG1 reduction, while processing of groundnut and breadfruit, and breadfruit and melon produced the highest percentage of AFB2 and AFG2 respectively. The result for the vegetables showed least contamination of AFB1 in nchuanwu and bitter leaf, while the occurrence of AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 in nchuanwu and bitter leaf occurred below detection levels. Blanched nchuanwu and bitter leaves had 100% AFB1 reduction, while the percentage reductions of AFB2 in oha and curry leaves, AFG1 in oha, and AFG2 in pumpkin leaves were 100%. This study has shown the presence of aflatoxins in the foods beyond permissible limits, as well as the effectiveness of milling, fermentation and blanching in reducing aflatoxins from carbohydrate rich foods, proteins, and vegetables respectively.

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Identification of Corn Maize Borne Pathogen and Aflatoxins Quantification

Mycotoxins are toxins produced by aspergillus, a type of fungus that can be found virtually everywhere and their toxicity occurs at very low concentrations. For good storage condition of the post-harvest grains, the sensitive and reliable methods for detecting mycotoxins are required for long-term sustainability of animals ingesting excessive amounts of the toxin from chronic health problem to death. The aspergillus grows rapidly in the air with high relative humidity contrast to the air with low relative humidity. In this study, the samples of maize were randomly collected in three sectors: Nyamata, Gakenke and Mahembe. Using selective media and biochemical tests, the three strains; A. flavus, capable of producing both B- and G-type aflatoxin and A. pseudotamarii which has not previously detected in our region and A. parasiticus, isolated from the collected maize and the total aflatoxin (AFT) in maize flour was evaluated by Reveal Q+; the mean concentrations of AFT were 52.3±3.93 CFU/ml for Mahembe sector, 49.5±0.98 CFU/ml for Gakenke sector and 43.7±2.15 CFU/ml for Nyamata sector. The level of AFT contamination in a, b, c sectors was higher than the maximum tolerable limit of aflatoxins recommended by the United States Food and Drug Administration guidelines for aflatoxin in animal feeds and human foods at 20 parts per billion (20 ppb).

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