Introduction: Under-reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) remains a major challenge in pharmacovigilance, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like India. Accurate assessment of knowledge, awareness, and reporting practices among healthcare students and professionals requires valid and reliable measurement tools. Methods: A 25-item questionnaire was constructed based on pharmacovigilance guidelines, literature review, and expert input. Validation followed a multi-step process: Face validity: evaluated by 9 educational experts using a 4-point clarity scale; Item-level and Scale-level Face Validity Indices (FVI) were calculated. Content validity: assessed by the same expert panel using Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and overall Content Validity Index (CVI). Construct validity: examined through Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure and Bartlett’s test of sphericity. Reliability: determined via Cronbach’s alpha in a pilot sample (n=10). Pilot testing: conducted with 10 representative participants to assess feasibility, completion time, and acceptability. Results: Face validity was excellent (average FVI = 0.9511; all items ≥ 0.78). Content validity was strong (21 items CVR = 1.00, 3 items CVR = 0.78; overall CVI = 0.9736), supporting retention of all 25 items. Sampling adequacy for factor analysis was meritorious (KMO = 0.812) with highly significant sphericity (Bartlett’s χ² = 2845.67, p < 0.001). Internal consistency was moderate (Cronbach’s α = 0.6849), acceptable for exploratory research. Pilot testing confirmed feasibility (completion time 10–15 minutes) with high participant-reported clarity and relevance; no major revisions were required. Discussion: The developed 25-item questionnaire demonstrates excellent face and content validity, strong preliminary construct validity indicators, and acceptable reliability for early-stage pharmacovigilance research. It is a feasible, clear, and theoretically sound instrument suitable for assessing ADR awareness and reporting practices among healthcare students and professionals in India and similar settings. Further validation in larger samples and confirmatory factor analysis is recommended to strengthen psychometric properties.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide, significantly impacting morbidity and contributing to antibiotic misuse. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the bacterial etiologies and antimicrobial resistance patterns of UTIs in Sana'a, Yemen, to inform effective empirical treatment strategies. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted using microbiological test records from four major medical laboratories and two tertiary hospitals in Sana'a between January 2022 and December 2023.A total of 3,829 urine samples from individuals with suspected UTIs were evaluated. Standard microbiological techniques were used to identify bacterial isolates, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method in accordance with CLSI standards. Results: Among the 3,829 samples analyzed, 72.2% of the isolates were identified as Gram-negative. The most prevalent uropathogen was Escherichia coli, accounting for 65.7%, followed by Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. High resistance rates were observed to commonly used antibiotics, including amoxicillin (94.1%), ampicillin (85.9%), and ceftazidime (79.6%). Notably, resistance to carbapenems such as imipenem (11.8%) and meropenem (16.6%) remained relatively low. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was prevalent among both Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates. Conclusion: The high prevalence of E. coli and significant levels of antimicrobial resistance underscore the urgent need for antimicrobial stewardship and updated local treatment guidelines. Stratified analysis revealed higher resistance in hospital-acquired infections, emphasizing the need for setting-specific guidelines. Methodological differences and the inclusion of potential duplicate isolates may have influenced resistance estimates. These findings underscore the urgent need for antimicrobial stewardship, carbapenem-sparing protocols, and national surveillance. Future studies should incorporate clinical outcomes and expand to other regions to inform national policy. Regular surveillance of uropathogens and their resistance profiles is crucial to combatting the rising trend of antibiotic resistance in Yemen.

Food science has seen a revolution because of nanotechnology, which uses materials at the nanoscale to improve quality, safety, and usefulness. With sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm, nanoparticles (NPs) have special physical and chemical characteristics that set them apart from their bulk counterparts. These substances are used in packaging for antibacterial and preservation reasons, as well as in food systems to enhance texture, stability, colour, and nutrition delivery. However, there are serious safety and toxicological issues, frame work and risk Factors with the increasing use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in food and feed items. Both inorganic (like silver, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, and zinc oxide) and organic (like lipid, protein, and carbohydrate- based nanoparticles) food-related nanoparticles are classified in this review, along with their fate and possible toxicity in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Organic nanoparticles are often less harmful because of enzymatic breakdown, whereas inorganic nanoparticles have demonstrated variable levels of accumulation and organ toxicity based on size, solubility, and reactivity. Limited and contradictory toxicological data highlight the urgent need for thorough long-term studies on nanoparticle exposure through diet, medicines, despite promised functional improvements. The fast-developing nano-enabled food technology and feed, it is crucial to comprehend the risk factors, the nanoparticles interact with biological systems in order to create appropriate regulatory frameworks and guarantee consumer safety.

Objective: Asthma results from an amalgamation of three essential features: airflow obstruction, hyperresponsiveness of airways to endogenous or exogenous stimuli and inflammation. Inadequate knowledge of inhalation techniques is a major cause of therapeutic failure in asthma. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of medical students and medical staff regarding the correct use of metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of medical students from the college of medicine at Alnahrin University and college of pharmacy Baghdad university and medical staff who working at a secondary general Iraqi hospital (Alkadimia teaching hospital) in term of their knowledge regarding to metered dose inhalers (MDI). Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using written and practical assessment tools. The participants’ student from the college of medicine at Alnahrin University and college of pharmacy Baghdad University and medical staff who working at a secondary general Iraqi hospital (Alkadimia teaching hospital) were followed the use of written practice tests, about the use of metered dose inhalers. Score from (0-10) was given to each test and median score were calculated for each answer. Question with higher and lower correct values were identified and a descriptive comparison was made regarding the performance of various group. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal- Wallis method for comparison medians. A sequential logistic multiple regression analysis was also performed. Results: Doctors and clinical pharmacists achieved significantly higher median scores than medical and pharmacy students. Conclusions: The study highlights significant gaps in MDI technique knowledge. Demonstrated insufficient knowledge in several critical steps of MDI use.

Aims: The present study aimed to evaluate the binding affinity and interaction profiles of the newly designed eugenol-triazole derivatives against key breast cancer- associated protein targets using molecular docking, to identify promising lead compounds for anti-breast cancer drug development. Study Design: Computational in silico molecular docking study. Place and Duration of Study: All molecular modeling studies were conducted using the Schrodinger Maestro software. Methodology: A total of 35 designed eugenol-triazole derivatives were selected as ligands for the structure-based molecular docking (SBDD) studies against key breast cancer targets retrieved from the Protein Data Bank, including (PDB IDs: 2IOG, 1SQN, 1M17, 5DXT, and 4DRH). Molecular docking simulations were performed using Schrodinger Maestro software. Binding affinities were evaluated based on docking scores. The performance of the designed eugenol-triazole derivatives was compared with co-crystallized ligands along with reference standards for each target. Results: Numerous eugenol-triazole derivatives demonstrated favorable docking scores and stable binding conformations within the active sites of selected breast cancer-related protein targets. The primary interactions involved hydrogen bonding with crucial active-site residues and π–π stacking interactions, attributed mainly to the presence of the triazole moiety. In multiple targets, the binding affinities selected derivatives were comparable to or better than those of standard reference ligands, indicating protein-ligand complementarity. Conclusion: Among the designed compounds Tria-23 (-8.976 kcal/mol, Erα, PDB ID: 2IOG), Tria-8 (-10.102, PR, PDB ID: 1SQN), Tria-25 (-7.637 and -5.434, EGFR and mTOR, PDB IDs: 1M17, and 4DRH), and Tria-24 (-6.808, PI3Kα, PDB ID: 5DXT) emerged as most potential lead molecules. Incorporation of the triazole ring enhanced molecular interactions and binding stability within the target active sites. These results provide a strong computational rationale for further in vitro and in vivo biological evolution of the designed compounds as potential anti-breast cancer agents.

Background: Halophila beccarii, a seagrass dwelling in shallow coastal water belongs to the family Hydrocharitaceae, is well-known for its wide spectrum of bioactive secondary metabolites, including phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids and sulphated polysaccharides. In the current study, we explored the anti inflammatory, antioxidant and the antimicrobial activities of aqueous extract of Halophila beccarii and its zinc oxide nanoparticles (Hb-ZnO NPs). Methods: The aqueous extract prepared from H.beccarii was utilized for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by green technology. The anti inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of both aqueous extract and zinc oxide nanoparticles was determined by membrane stabilization assay, radical scavenging activity and the disc diffusion method respectively. Results: Both aqueous extract and zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibited significant antioxidant, membrane stabilization effects when correlated with the standard drug such as ascorbic acid and diclofenac. Hb-ZnO NPs showed nearly identical activity to Diclofenac, with inhibition values of 65.41% and 70.14% respectively at 80 µg/ml. Hb-ZnO NPs showed strongest antibacterial effect, producing inhibition zones of 24.6 ± 0.5 mm against B.subtilis, 18 ± 0.1 mm against P. aeruginosa, 19.66 ± 0.5 mm against K.pneumoniae, and S.aureus 14 ± 0.5 mm, closely matching the activity of the standard antibiotic gentamycin. Conclusion: The study demonstrated superior therapeutical potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles compared to aqueous extract of H.beccarii.

Background: Resistance to commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, constitutes a major public health challenge, particularly in the field of reproductive health. Objective: The purpose of this study was to document medicinal plants traditionally employed by herbal practitioners against STIs in the Korhogo department. Methods: An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted using an oral questionnaire administered to 80 traditional medicine practitioners from the city of Korhogo and surrounding villages (Côte d’Ivoire). Results: Seventeen plant species were identified. The most frequently cited were Adansonia digitata (17.65%), Trichilia emetica (11.76%), Carica papaya (11.76%), and Olax subscorpioidea (9.76%). The plant parts most commonly used in remedy preparation were leaves (58.82%), followed by fruits (23.53%), stem bark (11.79%), and roots (5.88%). The predominant preparation methods included infusion (55%), decoction (16.66%), maceration (16.66%), and hydrodistillation (11.68%). Treatment duration generally ranged from one to three weeks, with oral administration being the preferred route (73.68%). Conclusion: These findings provide an important contribution to the valorization of natural resources in the fight against STIs in the Korhogo department and establish a solid basis for future research.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) has long been recognised for its antioxidant properties and contributions to human health, but only recently has it been seriously reconsidered as a therapeutic agent in oncology. This article aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of recent peer-reviewed literature on the anticancer roles of vitamin C. Recent mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical studies have converged to reveal that vitamin C can exert selective pro-oxidative cytotoxicity in cancer cells, modulate epigenetic regulators, enhance immune surveillance, and interact synergistically with conventional chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy. High-dose intravenous vitamin C, in particular, achieves plasma levels unattainable via oral administration and generates cytotoxic hydrogen peroxide concentrations within the tumour microenvironment, selectively eliminating malignant cells while sparing normal tissues. Experimental findings illustrate that vitamin C can arrest cancer cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and inhibit metastasis in a broad range of tumour types—including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, and lung cancers—especially in those with underlying Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) or BRAF mutations or epigenetic aberrations. Furthermore, vitamin C serves as a cofactor for TET enzymes and histone demethylases, reactivating silenced tumour suppressor genes and thereby promoting genomic stability. It also remodels the tumour microenvironment by strengthening extracellular matrix components and fostering anti-tumour immunity through enhanced infiltration and activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Epidemiological data suggest a consistent inverse relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and cancer incidence, notably for gastrointestinal and breast malignancies. Early-phase clinical trials demonstrate improved patient-reported outcomes, tolerable safety profiles, and potential enhancements in overall survival when vitamin C is administered as part of multimodal therapeutic regimens. Despite these advances, significant controversies persist. The bioavailability of oral versus intravenous vitamin C, patient selection criteria, the optimal timing and dosing protocols, and the interaction between vitamin C and cytotoxic therapies remain unresolved. Some studies report antagonistic interactions or negligible effects in randomised control settings, highlighting the heterogeneity in trial designs and patient populations. This review systematically integrates recent advances spanning molecular mechanisms, animal models, epidemiological studies, and clinical trials to provide a nuanced appraisal of vitamin C’s anticancer potential. It also outlines controversies, limitations, and the translational challenges of incorporating vitamin C into standard oncology practice, while offering recommendations for future research directions, including biomarker-driven patient stratification, combination therapies, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems. The growing evidence base warrants larger-scale clinical investigations, with the hope of establishing vitamin C as a safe, effective, and accessible adjunct in the treatment and prevention of cancer. In sum, the synthesis of current experimental, clinical, and epidemiological data underscores vitamin C’s diverse anticancer effects and its potential for integration into comprehensive, multimodal cancer therapies.

Aims: Acenocoumarol, a vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant, is used in the management of common thromboembolic conditions, such as atrial fibrillation and venous thrombosis. Although it remains a standard treatment in Algeria, its clinical use is hampered by significant interindividual variability in therapeutic response, influenced by several genetic and non-genetic factors. the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of anticoagulation with acenocoumarol at the University and Hospital Establishment of Oran, Algeria. Methodology: A prospective descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on patients treated with acenocoumarol. Therapeutic monitoring was performed using the International Normalized Ratio (INR) and the Time in Therapeutic Range (TTR). Results and Discussion: A total of 51 patients were followed. The results showed a female predominance, with a mean age of 55 ± 2.33 years. The mean daily dose of acenocoumarol administered was 2.52 ± 0.7 mg/ day, and the steady-state dose was 2.72 ± 0.89 mg/day; the mean time to steady state was 2.72 ± 0.89 days. Only 41.18% of patients achieved their INR target at the end of the study. The majority of patients (82.35%) had a TTR below 50%, indicating poor control of anticoagulation with acenocoumarol. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that acenocoumarol dosage optimization by INR is insufficient, and has highlighted the importance of implementing other dosage personalization approaches such as pharmacogenetics.

So-called ‘cold’ medicines are drugs that must be stored at a temperature between 2°C and 8°C. In the pharmaceutical market, the proportion of thermolabile medicines is steadily increasing with the development of recombinant DNA technology. Throughout its lifecycle, a thermolabile drug undergoes multiple stages of storage and transport between various stakeholders, and the cold chain must be maintained to ensure the quality and safety of the product. A break in the cold chain may result from a lack of resources, training, or information. Indeed, healthcare professionals are not always aware of the impact or risk associated with a cold chain failure. Such a breach can pose a triple risk for the healthcare institution: a health risk due to the alteration of the drug’s quality, which may affect its efficacy and patient safety, a financial risk, and a regulatory risk. This study was carried out within the special status product management unit (UGPSP) of the Mohammed V Military Instruction Hospital in Rabat. This is a prospective study which was carried out by a resident pharmacist of the department with the objective of evaluating the cold chain management circuit for thermolabile drugs. It was spread over a period of 2 months from January 1 to March 1, 2025 with the following objectives: To evaluate the cold chain process from the reception to the dispensing of thermolabile products to patients, in order to identify weaknesses in the system. To ensure the continuity of this chain with patients and their administration methods, in order to guarantee the drug’s efficacy during its use. This study highlighted good control of the cold chain within the pharmacy department, particularly during the reception and storage of thermolabile drugs by a qualified team. However, the dispensing stage remains the weak point of the chain and still requires improvements.