Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has a significant risk of developing active Tuber-culosis (TB) and complicates its treatment. There is no conclusive evidence on whether TB-T2DM comorbidities are associated with an increased risk of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The study aims to analyze and estimate the relationship of T2DM to MDR-TB incidence and to estimate the size of the combined effect. Subjects and Method: This study was a meta-analysis with PICO, Population: patients actively undergoing MDR-TB treatment. Intervention: Patients with comorbid Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Comparison: Tuberculosis patients without comorbid Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Output: MDR-TB (Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis). The articles used in this study were obtained from databases with keywords to search for articles were ("Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2" OR "diabetic" OR "diabetes") AND "tuberculosis" AND ("Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant" OR "drug resistance" OR "multidrug-resistant" OR "multidrug resistant" OR "multidrug resistance" OR "drug-resistant" OR "drug resistant"). Articles were selected based on inclusion criteria, is published in the form of an English full-text article from January 2015 to January 2025, reporting the relationship between T2DM and MDR-TB among TB patients. The articles were selected using the PRISMA flow diagram and analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application. Results: This meta-analysis consisted of 9 articles originating from Europe, Asia, Africa and America. Results of the meta-analysis showed that the cohort study of type 2 diabetes mellitus had a 4.11 times greater risk of developing MDR-TB compared to people who did not have type 2 diabetes mellitus. In a control case study of type 2 diabetes mellitus, there was a 3.11 times greater risk of developing MDR-TB than people without type 2 diabetes mellitus, and both were statistically significant (aOR= 3.39; CI 95%= 2.05 to 8.24; p= 0.001). Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for MDR TB.

Background: The WHO (2019) reported that approximately 10% of pregnant women and 13% of postpartum women globally experience maternal mental health disorders. Several studies have identified unintended pregnancy as a contributing factor to these disorders. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze and estimate the association between unintended pregnancy and maternal mental health disorders (MHD), using studies that applied the WHO Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20).Subjects and Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42025634410). Article searches were conducted up to January 15, 2025, in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus using the keywords: “SRQ” AND (“mental health” OR “psychological well-being” OR “mental disorder”) AND (“unwanted pregnancy” OR “unintended pregnancy” OR “unplanned pregnancy”) AND (“mother” OR “maternal”). Inclusion criteria focused on observational studies using the WHO SRQ-20 to assess maternal mental health among women with unintended and intended pregnancies. Meta-analysis was performed using R Studio, with effect sizes reported as risk ratios (RR) or adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, and funnel plots were generated to examine publication bias.Results: A total of 12 studies from Ethiopia, Indonesia, India, Vietnam, Brazil, and Malawi, comprising 85,862 participants, were included in this meta-analysis. A total of 12 studies with a total of 85,862 participants were analyzed in this meta-analysis. The results showed that unintended pregnancy significantly increased the risk of maternal MHD. This finding was consistent in both cohort and cross-sectional studies, with effect sizes of (RR = 1.49; CI95%= 1.03 to 2.15; p= 0.030) and (aOR= 1.83; CI95%= 1.35 to 2.47; p < 0.001), respectively.Conclusion: These findings highlight the strong association between unintended pregnancy and MHD. Limitations include high heterogeneity among studies, potential publication bias, and the predominance of observational designs, which preclude causal inferences. Despite these limitations, the results underscore the need for interventions that prioritize the overall health of pregnant women.

Background: Violence against children is a serious global problem. The United Nations reports that more than one billion children experience violence every year. Childhood trauma resulting from such violence has a significant impact on adolescent sexual health, increasing the risk of early sexual initiation and sexually transmitted infections. This study aimed to identify the nature and scope of available research literature on the impact of childhood trauma on adolescent sexual health.Subjects and Method: This was a scoping review within the Arkey and O'Maley approach. The framework used in this study employed PCC (population, concept, and context). The population includes adolescents with childhood trauma, the concept focuses on adolescent sexual health, and the context is childhood trauma. The inclusion criteria in this study were primary research articles using English or Indonesian published in the last 10 years (2015 to 2025), full-text articles, and free. Article selection used Rayyan described in the PRISMA Flowchart, and the Critical Appraisal article assessment used Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI).Results: The results of the study, which included a total of 9 articles, stated that childhood trauma in children can be caused by various forms of violence against children, including physical violence, sexual violence, verbal violence, parental divorce, domestic violence, and neglect. All types of childhood trauma are significantly associated with risky health outcomes such as early sex, unmarital sex, teenage pregnancy, being a teenage parent, consuming illegal drugs and alcohol, and early puberty. Each increase in the type of childhood trauma experiences significantly increases risky sexual health.Conclusion: Adolescents who have childhood trauma are more at risk of various types of high-risk health behaviors such as early sexual intercourse, casual sex, teenage pregnancy, becoming teenage parents, at risk of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), early puberty, consuming illegal drugs and alcohol, and committing violence.

Background: Dengue disease is still a problem in the world. Factors affecting population main importance for dengue transmission. The dengue cases severity 34.40% in Indonesia, and the study area is an endemic dengue. The study aimed to determine factors causing dengue transmission in the Kebumen district, Central Java Province.Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 460 villages in Kebumen district, Central Java. The study was conducted in 2024 by taking dengue data from medical records in the period January 2023 to December 2023. The number of dengue cases during the study period was 395 cases that were diagnosed. The dependent variable is transmission zone. The status village transmission is a number of dengue cases> 2 cases in the village during the study based on medical records. The independent variables are children under 5 years, the incidence rate of dengue, the incidence rate area, the incidence rate density, and population age > 70 years (elderly). Data of dengue cases were obtained from medical record. The data were analyzed with an independent t-test, linear regression test, and survival test (Cox proportional hazards).Results: The incidence rate averaged 30.17 higher than the government standard, with 10 cases/ 100,000 population for each village, and was higher in March. The population, density, children under 5 years, elderly upper 70 years, incidence density, incidence case, incidence areas, and large no significant differences between village transmission and no transmission p≤0.050, and variable contributing to dengue transmission R2= 0.39 or 39.20%. The hazard time for infection (HR = 0.62; CI95%= 0.46 to 0.83).Conclusion: The zone is high risk for dengue transmission, 24.6% of the 460. The factors significantly related to dengue transmission in the village as population size, population density, children under 5 years, elderly upper 70 years, incidence density, incidence case, and incidence area contributing to dengue transmission, R2= 0.39. The main factor contributing to dengue transmission is incidence density, β= 69.95.

Background: Women around the world face Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) as one of the most widespread forms of abuse, making it a serious public health issue globally. This study seeks to analyse multi-year trends in the justification of intimate partner violence in Nigeria and identify key influencing factors.Subjects and Method: This cross-sectional study used data from the 2011, 2016/17, and 2021 Nigeria MICS, targeting women aged 15–49 across the country. A stratified two-stage sampling design ensured national representation. Justification of intimate partner violence was the main outcome, analysed using binomial logistic regression. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were estimated, with significance set at p < 0.050.Results: The prevalence of IPV justification was 37.2%. The trend peaked in 2011 at 37.3%, a decrease to 30.1% in 2016/17, and a rise to 32.6% in 2021. Factors associated with higher odds of IPV justification include women aged 25 to 34 (AOR= 0.96) and 44 to 49 (AOR= 0.85), non-formal education (AOR= 1.69), primary education (AOR= 1.84), and secondary education (AOR= 1.641). Additionally, living in rural areas (AOR= 1.278), being pregnant (AOR= 1.11), having a husband or partner with multiple spouses (AOR= 1.25), and belonging to the poorest (AOR= 1.92), middle (AOR= 1.63), or fourth (AOR= 1.48) wealth quintiles are linked to an increased likelihood of justifying IPVt.Conclusion: This study’s findings can assist the government and relevant organizations in designing strategies to reduce IPV justification by introducing proper education, poverty alleviation programs, and enlightening campaigns.

Background: The incidence of dementia rises sharply, and it is expected to grow worldwide in the decades ahead. This study aimed to investigate the determinants of dementia among the elderly in Jakarta, Indonesia.Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional design was employed in the Aisyah organization at Jakarta City, Indonesia. A total of 65 elderly people were selected using Stratified random sampling. The dependent variable was dementia. The independent variables were education, occupation, married status, and exercise routine. The dementia was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) questionnaire, which was translated into Bahasa. Results: The participants had an education level of high school or below (52.31%), were not married (53.85%), and were not working (55.38%). The majority reported frequent exercise (92.31%), and 44.62% were identified with dementia. Bivariate analysis showed that higher education (OR = 0.92; 95% CI= 0.26 to 3.22; p= 0.002) and being married (OR= 0.94; 95% CI= 0.34 to 2.61; p= 0.020) were significantly associated with lower dementia risk. Exercise routine showed a strong protective effect (OR = 0.17; 95% CI= 0.01 to 1.79; p= 0.043), while occupational status was not significantly associated (p= 0.074). In multivariate analysis, only exercise routine remained significantly associated with dementia (OR= 0.17; 95% CI= 0.01 to 1.78; p= 0.042), suggesting it as an independent protective factor after controlling for confounders.Conclusion: Regular physical activity was identified as a significant protective factor against dementia among the elderly. Promoting exercise may be an effective strategy for dementia prevention in this population.

Background: Unintended pregnancy (UP) among adolescents represents a global issue with profound psychological, social, and emotional consequences. Adolescents experiencing UP often face social stigma, family pressure, and uncertainty about their future, which can lead to prolonged psychological distress. This study aims to explore the experiences of stress and the resilience strategies employed by adolescents dealing with UP.Subjects and Method: This research employs a scoping review methodology based on the Arksey and O’Malley framework, with the population consisting of adolescents, teenage girls, and young mothers. The concepts included stress, stress experience, resilience strategies, and coping mechanisms, and the context was applicable across various settings. Literature was sourced from databases such as PubMed and ScienceDirect. Inclusion criteria comprised scholarly publications in English or Indonesian, primary research articles or relevant reviews addressing similar themes, and studies published within the last 10 years to ensure relevance. The PRISMA Flowchart illustrated the selection process, while the critical appraisal of the selected articles followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines.Results: UP is a significant contributor to psychological stress among adolescents, driven by social stigma, isolation, and a lack of emotional support. Nevertheless, resilience emerges as a crucial factor in managing such stress. Protective factors such as support from family and peers and emotional regulation training are pivotal in enhancing adolescent resilience.Conclusion: Community-based interventions focusing on fostering resilience through the development of psychological skills and stress management strategies are essential for supporting the mental health of pregnant adolescents.