This chapter discusses the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in maritime and trade law. However, to demonstrate the impact that such technologies will have on maritime and trade law, we wish to consider the future of autonomous vessels. Together, therefore, they give insight into the impact of AI on both the substantive and procedural elements of maritime and trade law. Navigation systems are also being improved through AI and, particularly, machine learning. Orca AI attempts to locate and track other vessels at sea, and suggest collision avoidance information. However, consider the fact that the automated vessel will be engaged in machine learning through experience, using the processes set out in Part II. Lawyers are also likely to become more engaged with creating and managing the regulatory framework in which our ever advancing AI and machine learning systems operate.

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Maritime Law, subdivided as follows:- General (the law of the sea); Vessels; Carriage of Goods; Maritime Activity in Wartime; Pollution and the Marine Environment; Maritime Boundaries and Rights of Passage; Exploitation of Natural Resources of the Sea; Fisheries; and Miscellaneous.

Contemporary maritime operations such as shipping are a vital component constituting global trade and defence. The evolution towards maritime autonomous systems, often providing significant benefits (e.g., cost, physical safety), requires the utilisation of artificial intelligence (AI) to automate the functions of a conventional crew. However, unsecured AI systems can be plagued with vulnerabilities naturally inherent within complex AI models. The adversarial AI threat, primarily only evaluated in a laboratory environment, increases the likelihood of strategic adversarial exploitation and attacks on mission-critical AI, including maritime autonomous systems. This work evaluates AI threats to maritime autonomous systems in situ. The results show that multiple attacks can be used against real-world maritime autonomous systems with a range of lethality. However, the effects of AI attacks vary in a dynamic and complex environment from that proposed in lower entropy laboratory environments. We propose a set of adversarial test examples and demonstrate their use, specifically in the marine environment. The results of this paper highlight security risks and deliver a set of principles to mitigate threats to AI, throughout the AI lifecycle, in an evolving threat landscape.

This is the most comprehensive review of maritime cabotage law. It introduces the new theory of Developmental Sovereignty to jurisprudence. The maritime cabotage law provisions and approaches as adopted in many states and jurisdictions has been extensively scrutinised. This book challenges the established and accepted wisdom surrounding maritime cabotage by presenting new reasoning on the underpinning principles of the concept of maritime cabotage law. The book offers a vibrant discussion on the adjustment in the regulatory approaches of maritime cabotage, from one that was intrinsically premised on the idea of national sovereignty, to one that now embraces the broader ideology of development. It investigates what the common understanding of the law of maritime cabotage should be and on what intellectual basis it can be justified. It reduces the inconsistencies and confusion that surround the concept and application of maritime cabotage law, to provide a more certain and more robust concept of maritime cabotage.

Modern Maritime Law is the only book to provide a comprehensive treatment of contemporary admiralty and maritime law as applied internationally. It brings together the substantive law, jurisdictional issues and international aspects of maritime liabilities and compensation in one volume.Renowned for its first edition, the book has been extensively revised to bring it into line with new trends and perspectives.The book: provides summaries of cases in the context of extensive analysis of principles at common law, equity, statutes, EU Directives, and International Conventions examines a wide range of maritime liability categories in the context of risk management and addresses topical and current issues contains information on the latest EU and International safety and security measures for the protection of people and the marine environment Modern Maritime Law is a vital reference guide for marine lawyers, students, ship-owners, ship-managers, salvors, shipbrokers, mortgagees, P & I clubs, shipbuilders, port authorities, classification societies, regulators and a wide range of professionals within the industry.    

Spanish maritime law has been the subject of a new regulation by Act 14/2014, dated 24 July, on Maritime Navigation (Official State Gazette, N. 180, 25.07.2014). This Act has not been limited to a mere updating and codification of maritime provisions, but also responds to its indispensable coordination with international maritime law and its adequacy to the current practice of maritime transport, as pointed out in its preamble (paragraph I). It is precisely the need to coordinate the national regulation of maritime institutions with the provisions of existing international Conventions on this subject that has been one of the objectives of the writers of the aforementioned Spanish law. This chapter aims to examine the legislative technique used by the Spanish legislator to carry out this coordination between domestic law and international maritime Conventions.

Foreword Professor Erik Rosaeg Preface Notes on Contributors Table of cases Table of legislation PART I GENERAL REMARKS CHAPTER 1 CODIFICATION: PROBLEMS OF DIFFERING LEGAL CULTURES Professor Francis Reynolds CHAPTER 2 UNIFICATION AND CODIFICATION OF MARITIME LAW: FRIENDS OR FOES? Professor Dr Eric Van Hooydonk CHAPTER 3 UNIFICATION OF MARITIME LAW - A FAILED STRATEGY? Professor Erik Rosaeg CHAPTER 4 CODIFICATION BY TREATY OF PRIVATE MARITIME LAW FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAWYER Professor Andrew Serdy CHAPTER 5 CODIFICATION - BEST LEFT TO STATES OR TO SOMEONE ELSE? Professor Andrew Tettenborn CHAPTER 6 SUCCESSES AND FAILURES OF UNIFORM MARITIME LAW INSTRUMENTS: IS THERE ROOM FOR A NEW APPROACH? Professor Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado CHAPTER 7 THE GAP BETWEEN EU AND EEA LAW: OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS OF EEA CONSOLIDATION Milagros Varela Choucino CHAPTER 8 THE MARITIME LABOUR CONVENTION: A CODE OF MINIMUM RIGHTS AND MAXIMUM IMPACT Dr Julia Constantino Chagas Lessa PART II CODIFICATION ISSUES IN TRANSPORT OF GOODS BY SEA CHAPTER 9 THE ROTTERDAM RULES AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE: ACCORD OR DISCORD? Professor Rhidian Thomas CHAPTER 10 SEA TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS IN BANKS' HANDS - BRIDGING THE UCP WITH COMMERCIAL SHIPPING LAW Dr Jingbo Zhang CHAPTER 11 THE CHALLENGES OF ICTS IN THE SHIPPING SECTOR AMONG INTERNATIONAL UNIFORM LAW, CODIFICATION AND LEX MERCATORIA: THE ELECTRONIC BILL OF LADING Dr Elena Orru CHAPTER 12 THE FUTURE OF THE REGULATION OF THE CONTRACT FOR THE MULTIMODAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ROTTERDAM RULES Dr Daniel Dabrowski and Dr Konrad Garnowski CHAPTER 13 REGULATION OF THE MULTIMODAL CARRIER'S LIABILITY REGIME WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS OF SELECTED NATIONAL MARITIME AND TRANSPORT LAWS Patryk Ciok PART III CODIFICATION IN THE AREA OF CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS AND LEISURE NAVIGATION CHAPTER 14 THE ROLE OF SAILING AND LEISURE NAVIGATION IN THE CODIFICATION PROCESS OF MARITIME LAW (IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE SPANISH MARITIME NAVIGATION LAW OF 2014) Professor Juan L. Pulido Begines CHAPTER 15 YACHT CODES - A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF EQUIVALENT SAFETY STANDARDS FOR LARGE YACHTS Richard Coles CHAPTER 16 CLAIMS FOR PERSONAL INJURIES BY CRUISE SHIP PASSENGERS UNDER INTERNATIONAL AND EU REGIMES Dr Olena Bokareva PART IV NATIONAL CODIFICATIONS OF MARITIME LAW CHAPTER 17 MARITIME LAW CODIFICATION IN JAPAN: ELEMENTS CONSIDERED AND THOSE NOT CONSIDERED Professor Souichirou Kozuka CHAPTER 18 CODIFICATION OF MARITIME LAW: THE EXPERIENCE OF SPAIN Professor Jose Manuel Martin Osante CHAPTER 19 RECENT NATIONAL MARITIME LAW CODIFICATIONS - REASONS AND SCOPE: THE POLISH PERSPECTIVE AS COMPARED WITH OTHER SELECTED JURISDICTIONS Dr Justyna Nawrot and Dr Zuzanna Peplowska-Dabrowska Index

Neutrality is the legal framework that regulates the relationships between states that are engaged in armed conflict and those that are not. Commencing with a discussion on the development of the League of Armed Neutrality, this chapter examines the history and evolution of maritime neutrality law and how its development was influenced by maritime blockades and other maritime interdiction operations. Reviewing the traditional principles of maritime neutrality, particularly as set out in Hague Convention XIII, it reiterates that neutral status depends on the neutral state’s compliance with the rights and obligations concomitant with the law of neutrality. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the continuing applicability of the laws of neutrality in the era of the Charter of the United Nations.

(2007). Australian Maritime Law Update: 2006 General Maritime issues. Maritime Studies: Vol. 2007, No. 155, pp. 3-16.

AbstractThis paper examines whether the inclusion of maritime law subject in the curriculum of the Indonesian faculty of law is necessary for the expansion of the maritime industry. This paper describes how education can positively influence the long-term growth of the maritime industry in Indonesia. The method used in this research is normative legal research. Basically, in accordance with the Indonesian Vision 2045, a cultural and structural maritime reformation must be implemented for the nation to become a maritime leader; one of the strategies for achieving this goal is to improve the quality of human resources through formal education with a solid curriculum. The result of this research showed that through teaching and academic research, the presence of maritime law will have a significant impact on the Indonesian maritime industry. Additionally, the presence of maritime law and research institutes will result in the reform of maritime regulations to make them more effective and business-friendly, so that the policymakers and business actors in Indonesia have strong academic partners with which to resolve maritime issues that have arisen or will arise in Indonesia through the formation of admiralty court in Indonesia.