Cancer is a complex illness that kills millions of people globally each year. Its origin and growth are highly complicated. The treatment of cancer includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, which can be used separately or in conjunction. However, side effects and multidrug resistance (MDR) are serious obstacles to effective cancer treatment. Chalcone family members have received high interest because of their synthetic and biosynthetic production, besides the broad range of their biological activities. Chalcone targets a wide range of molecular cascades that share in the control of apoptosis and cell cycle growth. Chalcone hybrids especially with xanthine derivatives have approved antineoplastic activity. This review highlights the mechanisms of action of chalcone alone or in hybrids in cancer cells with impact on lung cancer especially non-small cell lung cancer. It also clears the expected mechanisms that regulate apoptosis and cell cycle arrest as an important target in cancer. B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl-2), Chalcone, Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), Multi-drug Resistance (MDR)

Bovine Rota Virus (BRV) is a major cause of calf diarrhea worldwide (Estes and Greenberg, 2013) with prevalence rate ranges from 7% to 94% worldwide as reported by Falcone et al., (1999). It is the most recognized pathogen causing acute diarrhea in calves less than one month of age worldwide (Alfieri et al., 2006).

Due to the high nutritional content of dairy products, they are a significant source of nutrients such as protein, fat, lactose, calcium, vitamins, and other necessary elements that are abundant in milk and milk products, they offer a favorable medium for the development and proliferation of several microorganisms (Pal and Awel, 2014).

Broiler chickens aging 4-6 weeks are susceptible to colibacillosis, which is caused by avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) (Vandemaele et al., 2002). The disease is typified by acute lethal septicemia or sub-acute fibrinous pericarditis, airsacculitis, salpingitis, and peritonitis (Alexander and Senne, 2008). Colibacillosis is economically significant in poultry industry (Lutful Kabir, 2010). Colistin is a polypeptide antibiotic that is used orally in veterinary medicine to treat or prevent enteritis (EMEA, 2002) especially those caused by E. coli and Salmonella spp. (Collell and Segura, 2013). Colistin acts by altering the bacterial cell membrane's permeability. Electrostatic interactions among the cationic polypeptide and anionic molecules of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram negative bacteria's outer membrane promote bacterial cell membrane derangement; this type of interaction is an irreversible binding associated with bactericidal activities. Following this process, the cell envelope becomes more permeable, allowing contents to leak out and, eventually, cell death (FAO, 2006; Coria et al., 2011). Furthermore, colistin exhibited strong antiendotoxin activity; Gram negative bacteria endotoxin is the lipid A portion of LPS molecules and colistin attaches to and neutralizes LPS. However, colistin toxicity is reported because of its strong interaction as a cationic drug with highly anionic nerves in the body such as renal nerves, cochlear and that's of skeletal muscles nerves. Permanent or irreversible binding causes nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity (Lim et al., 2010). Hence, to overcome these problems, colistin-loaded niosomes has been developed. Niosomes are a sort of nanoparticles that include cholesterol and nonionic surfactants. To enhance the delivery of medications that are water-soluble, like colistin, niosomes are being considered as a potential pharmacokinetic system (Manosroi et al., 2003; Bnyan et al., 2018). The selectivity, efficiency, and bioavailability of drug are all enhanced by niosomes (Manosroi et al., 2003; Nowroozi et al., 2018). Researchers have demonstrated that niosomes enhance target-site uptake, prolong circulation time, decrease toxicity and strength stability of medication (Manosroi et al., 2003; Nowroozi et al., 2018). To ensure that the generated niosomes have a very negative charge, the charge inducer dihexadecyl phosphate was used (Waddad et al., 2013; Bnyan et al., 2018). The present work aimed to formulate a parenteral colistin-loaded niosomes (CLN) to improve the efficacy and decrease the toxicity of colistin as a potential treatment against multi-drug resistant avian pathogenic E.coli in broiler chicks.

Listeria monocytogenes is a significant foodborne pathogen that causes foodborne related deaths globally with a death rate of ~30% (Nyarko and Donnelly, 2015). Recently, it was reported that L. monocytogenes caused approximately 44% of deaths resulting from foodborne outbreaks in European Union countries in 2022 (EFSA and ECDC, 2023). This pathogen mostly affects immune compromised individuals, including pregnant women, neonates, and the elderly causing septicemia, stillbirth, and meningitis. Less severe symptoms associated with healthy individuals exhibiting symptoms of mild influenza and gastroenteritis (Thakur et al., 2018). Soft cheese is frequently implicated in listeriosis outbreaks (CDC, 2021; Heiman et al., 2016; Palacios et al., 2022). During 2000-2014, recorded listeriosis outbreaks (51), a total of 17(34%) were linked to soft cheese, leading to ~180 illnesses, 17 deaths, and 14 fetal losses in the United States. Interestingly, 13(77%) of these outbreaks were linked to the consumption of pasteurized cheese (Jackson et al., 2018) indicating the insufficiency of pasteurization to control L. monocytogenes in soft cheese. Therefore, a greater effort is needed to control L. monocytogenes throughout the manufacturing and storage of soft cheese. Domiati cheese, as one of the most popular white soft cheeses in the Middle Eastern countries including Egypt could be a major cause of foodborne illnesses such as L. monocytogenes (El-Kholy et al., 2014). It may be referred to the capability of L. monocytogenes to survive and grow at a wide range of temperatures (-.4 to 45°C), a high salt concentration, and a relatively low pH (Bucur et al., 2018).

Background: Food and mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic disease of cattle and other cloven hoofed animals. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic characteristics and evolutionary relationships for the 2020 to 2021 field circulating Food and mouth disease virus (FMDV) obtained from reported outbreaks in different parts of Tanzania. Methods: The epithelial tissues were collected from lesions (oral, nasal, interdigital) of FMD suspect cases, stored and shipped to the laboratory for analysis. In the laboratory, the samples were prepared for nucleic acid extraction, FMDV detection, typing, sequencing, and phylogeny analysis. The construction of the phylogenetic trees was done by aligning current field strains nucleotide sequences with those from past studies stored in GenBank database. The study identified three FMDV serotypes (A, O and, SAT1) to be circulating in the field as Africa Topotype G-I lineage, EA-2 Topotype, and Topotype I (NWZ) respectively. The identified field strains showed diverse scores of shared identity among current and past study strains. The generated nucleotide sequences from this study types O and SAT1 field strains were analysed categorically, and showed shared percent identities of 92.0-100.0% and 96.9-98.8% respectively. The sequencing and analysis of the VP1 coding region enhance FMDV knowledge on the genetic and evolutionary relationships existing among field strains, and commend for improved future strategies for effective national, regional and global FMD control measures.