Background: Although coaching leadership has been widely examined in team sports, empirical evidence in individual martial arts, particularly wushu taolu, remains limited. Moreover, previous studies have typically focused on single psychological outcomes, such as motivation or satisfaction, rather than simultaneously examining multiple dimensions. Therefore, it remains unclear whether coaching leadership styles influence intrinsic motivation, training discipline, and athlete satisfaction in individual sport contexts. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the influence of coaching leadership styles on intrinsic motivation, training discipline, and athlete satisfaction among wushu taolu athletes. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed involving 33 Wushu Taolu athletes from East Java selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using standardised Likert-scale instruments, including an adapted Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS; 12 items), Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI; 22 items), training discipline indicators (10 items), and Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ; 15 items). All instruments demonstrated acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s α > 0.70). Data were analysed using multiple linear regression at a 5% significance level. Results: The findings revealed that coaching leadership styles did not have a significant effect on intrinsic motivation, training discipline, or athlete satisfaction (p > 0.05). The regression models explained only a small proportion of variance across all dependent variables, indicating very weak predictive power. Conclusion: These results suggest that coaching leadership style alone may not be a strong predictor of psychological outcomes in wushu taolu athletes. Further research with larger samples and additional variables is needed to better understand the determinants of athlete motivation, training discipline, and satisfaction in individual sport contexts.

Background: Existing tactical assessment tools generally evaluate overarching game principles but lack positional specificity and do not integrate decision-making and execution within a coherent framework. Moreover, these instruments were developed outside the Indonesian context, creating a clear gap for a position-integrated tool tailored to the tactical demands of youth football in Indonesia. Objectives: Thusstudy aimed to develop and validate a new instrument for assessing attacking tactical behavior in youth football by incorporating positional roles and experience-level differences. Methods: The instrument was developed through content validation with seven experts using Aiken’s V. Construct validity was subsequently assessed via the known-groups method, involving 72 football players from a university club and youth teams. The instrument’s reliability was further evaluated through inter-rater reliability with three raters and test–retest reliability with 36 youth football players. Finding/Results: The instrument demonstrated excellent content validity (Aiken’s V = 0.952) and good discriminant validity, with college players scoring significantly higher than youth players. Reliability analyses indicated strong inter-rater (ICC = 0.837-0.939) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.801-0.923). Compared with other instruments, the tool offers greater positional detail and holistic integration of tactical behavior, enabling more context-specific evaluation of attacking actions. Conclusion: The instrument was found to be valid and reliable for assessing attacking tactics in youth football. Although the sample size was limited and the instrument development did not yet address defensive and transitional phases, these findings support further refinement and application in future research.

Background: Developing proficiency in the backhand drive is essential for novice table tennis players, yet identifying the most effective training methodologies remains a significant challenge. However, existing literature has predominantly examined training methods in isolation. There is a notable lack of empirical evidence regarding how these methods interact with individual physical attributes, leading to a potential gap in understanding effective personalized coaching strategies. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the interaction between two common training methods (wall bounce vs. pairing) and arm muscle strength (strong vs. weak) on the acquisition of backhand drive skills in novice players. Methods: A 2 × 2 factorial experimental design was employed over an eight-week period with 76 novice male university students (age 18-22). Participants were stratified into four groups based on the training method and arm muscle strength, which was assessed using a 30-second push-up test. Backhand drive ability was evaluated using a validated scoring rubric. Finding/Results: A two-way ANOVA revealed a significant main effects for training method (p < .043, ηp2 ​= 0.11) and arm muscle strength (p < .001, ηp2​ = 0.70), as well as an interaction effect between these factors on backhand drive performance (F(1.36) = 6.99, p < .05, ηp2​ = 0.16). Post-hoc analysis showed that the wall bounce method was significantly more effective for players with strong arm muscles (p < .05), whereas for players with weaker arm muscles, no significant difference was found between the two training methods (p > .05). Conclusion: The optimal training method for backhand drive development is contingent on the athlete's physical characteristics. This finding challenges the one-size-fits-all coaching paradigm and provides strong evidence for a personalized approach that matches training methodologies to the individual strength levels of athletes.

Background: Self-regulation is a core psychological skill for football athletes because it enables them to maintain attention, manage emotions, and adjust behavior under competitive demands. Although self-efficacy is widely recognized as an important predictor of self-regulation, only a limited number of studies have examined whether positive affect, particularly happiness, moderates this relationship, leaving an empirical gap in understanding how cognitive and emotional resources interact in athlete functioning. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the influence of self-efficacy on self-regulation in football athletes and to test whether happiness moderates this association. Methods: A quantitative moderated regression design was used with 106 Indonesian male football athletes aged 14 to 22 years who were registered with professional or academy clubs. Data were collected using validated Indonesian versions of the Athlete Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES), the Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ), and the short Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ). Measurement models demonstrated acceptable reliability and fit, and assumption checks indicated normal residuals, homoscedasticity, and no serious multicollinearity, supporting the use of Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Finding/Results: The findings showed that both self-efficacy and happiness significantly and positively predicted self-regulation, and happiness significantly moderated (attenuated) the relationship between self-efficacy and self-regulation. The final model explained over half of the variance in self-regulation. Conclusion: Although the cross-sectional, self-report, and entirely male sample limits causal interpretation and generalizability, the results highlight the importance of integrating confidence building strategies with happiness enhancing approaches in psychological skills training for football athletes. Future research is encouraged to examine additional moderators using longitudinal or experimental approaches.

Background: Strength training is essential for developing physical performance in student-athletes, yet existing resistance-band tools generally target isolated limb movements and lack a wearable, integrated design. This creates a gap in the availability of portable and ergonomic training equipment suitable for the physical characteristics of adolescent athletes. Objective: This study aimed to develop a chest rig resistance band as a wearable strength-training device and to evaluate its feasibility and effectiveness. Methods: This research employed a mixed-method Research and Development (R&D) approach involving expert validation (three experts), a small-scale trial (12 student-athletes), a large-scale trial (60 student-athletes), product revisions, and an effectiveness test with 14 athletes. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive techniques for expert feedback and quantitative descriptive analysis for validation scores and performance improvements. Finding/Results: The Body Chest Rig Resistance Band RSZT 01 demonstrated high feasibility based on expert evaluations (81.94%-90%, very feasible category). Small-scale and large-scale trials also showed very feasible results (93% and 92%). Effectiveness testing revealed performance improvements, indicating that the device supports functional strength training for adolescent athletes. Conclusion: The Body Chest Rig Resistance Band RSZT 01 is feasible and effective as a portable, wearable strength-training device for student-athletes, offering a practical alternative to conventional equipment. Future studies should test the device on larger populations and over longer training periods to further validate its effectiveness.

Background: Adolescence is a crucial stage for identity formation and social skill development, yet many adolescents struggle with emotional regulation and building healthy interpersonal relationships. Martial arts activities are known to instill discipline, respect, and cooperation, contributing to socio-emotional growth. However, empirical studies examining the direct relationship between martial arts participation and interpersonal intelligence especially in the Indonesian adolescent context remain limited. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the role of martial arts activities in supporting the development of adolescent interpersonal intelligence through the values of discipline, cooperation, and respect for others. Methods: This study used an ex post facto method with a quantitative approach. The subjects were 87 adolescents who actively participated in martial arts training in pencak silat, karate, and taekwondo in Bandung City. The instruments used included a martial arts activity questionnaire and a validated interpersonal intelligence scale. Findings/Results: The results of the compare mean analysis showed that the highest average score in interpersonal intelligence was found in the empathy indicator (M = 17.2; SD = 2.1), while in martial arts activities the highest was found in the activity type indicator (M = 13.4; SD = 2.2). In addition, the results of simple linear regression showed a 36.4% contribution of martial arts activities to interpersonal intelligence (R2 = 0.364; F = 122.77; p = 0.001). Conclusion: The findings indicate that martial arts participation contributes positively to adolescents’ socio-emotional development, particularly by strengthening interpersonal intelligence. This study provides an important contribution by offering empirical evidence for the role of sports-based character education in shaping interpersonal skills. However, the limited sample and the use of an ex post facto design reduce the generalizability and do not allow causal interpretation. Future research should involve larger and more diverse participants as well as stronger methodological designs to better understand how martial arts influence adolescents’ interpersonal development.

Background: Social-emotional learning (SEL) competencies are critical for children’s academic engagement and psychosocial well-being. Martial arts, which integrate structured practice, ethical instruction, and social interaction, are increasingly implemented in primary education; however, their effects on SEL outcomes in primary-school-aged children have not yet been systematically synthesized. Objectives: This systematic review aims to examine the effects of martial arts interventions on emotion regulation, executive function, and empathy among primary school children aged 6–12 years. Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in Scopus, PubMed, SAGE Journals, SpringerLink, and Emerald Insight up to August 2025. Eligibility criteria were established using the PICOS framework. Nine empirical studies published between 2015 and 2025 were included. Study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment were independently performed by two reviewers using Covidence, with RoB 2 applied to randomized studies and the JBI checklist to non-randomized designs. Owing to methodological heterogeneity, findings were synthesized narratively. Findings/Results: School-based and curriculum-integrated martial arts interventions were associated with improvements in children’s emotion regulation, executive functioning, and empathy. Positive outcomes were most evident in programs incorporating structured practice, reflective or mindfulness-based activities, cooperative learning, and autonomy-supportive pedagogy. Effects varied according to program duration, instructional fidelity, and pedagogical design, with limited or inconsistent findings reported for short-term or extracurricular interventions lacking explicit socioemotional components. Conclusion: Martial arts can be an effective pedagogical approach for enhancing SEL-related psychosocial competencies in primary education when delivered through structured, value-based programs. Future studies should prioritize standardized curricula, robust experimental designs, and longitudinal follow-up to determine the sustainability of intervention effects.

Background: Hadang is a traditional Indonesian team sport that demands a high level of whole-body reaction time and unilateral postural control. Various training modalities have been shown to improve key physical components which collectively support performance in fast-paced games like the hadang. However, evidence on the effectiveness of neuromuscular training in this sport is limited. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of 8 weeks of neuromuscular training on balance and reaction speed in university-level Hadang athletes. Methods: A quasi-experimental, controlled pretest–posttest design with two parallel groups was used. Thirty athletes were allocated to either a neuromuscular training group (NTG; n = 15; 3 sessions/week for 8 weeks; ~30–40 minutes/session) or a control training group (CTG; regular training without neuromuscular training). Primary outcomes were unilateral balance and whole-body reaction time. Data were analyzed using 2 × 2 mixed-design ANOVA, with paired t-tests for simple effects. Findings/Results: Compared to CTG, NTG demonstrated significant improvements in balance and significant decreases in whole-body reaction time, while changes in CTG were not substantial. Conclusion: Eight weeks of structured neuromuscular training effectively improved balance and reaction time in college-level hadang athletes, with moderate effect sizes for balance and large effects for reaction time. Given its simplicity, minimal equipment requirements, and compatibility with standard training microcycles, neuromuscular training is worthy of adoption as a core, evidence-based component of performance periodization for hadang.

Background: Artistic swimming in Indonesia has grown slowly due to limited participation and the absence of standardized regulations at the beginner level. Although basic stroke events are often held, they lack a consistent and validated competition system, creating a gap that reduces fairness and hampers athlete development. Objectives: This study aimed to design and validate a standardized management model for basic stroke artistic swimming competitions. Methods: Research and development (R&D) following Borg and Gall was applied at the expert validation stage. Ten nationally and internationally certified judges evaluated the model using a 5-point Likert scale covering arena layout, personnel duties, and scoring procedures. Data were analyzed descriptively, with ≥ 3.5 considered valid. Finding/Results: Expert evaluation indicated a high level of feasibility (mean score = 4.6), confirming that the proposed model aligns with international guidelines and is suitable for implementation. Experts agreed that the competition arena, personnel structure, and integrated scoring system—which combines technique execution and swimming speed—provide fair and objective evaluation for beginner-level athletes. Conclusion: The validated model offers the first standardized management framework for basic stroke artistic swimming competitions in Indonesia, supporting consistent event organization and nurturing athlete development. However, the current study is limited to expert assessment. Further field trials involving real competition settings are required to determine the model’s effectiveness in practice.

Background: Athletes with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries often reduce or stop sports participation due to fear of re-injury and low confidence in their injured knee. While most studies emphasize physical recovery, fewer explore how subjective knee function affects psychological readiness to return to sport. Objectives: This study aims to determine the contribution of self-reported knee symptoms and function (subjective assessment) to psychological readiness to return to sport after ACL injury with operative and non-operative treatment. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 40 participants who met the inclusion criteria for post-ACL injury, both operative and non-operative. Data were collected using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC 2000) questionnaire for subjective knee function and the Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) scale for psychological readiness. A simple linear regression test was conducted with a 95% confidence interval. Finding/Results: The mean IKDC score was 69.80 ± 12.53 and the mean ACL-RSI score was 58.43 ± 19.12. The regression analysis showed a significant positive relationship between subjective knee function and psychological readiness to return to sport (r = 0.61, p < 0.05), with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.373. Conclusion: Subjective knee function significantly influences psychological readiness to return to sport after an ACL injury. Enhancing knee function through targeted rehabilitation programs may improve athletes’ confidence and reduce fear of re-injury, facilitating a safer and more effective return to sport.