Light isotopes, especially closed-shell nuclei, have significance in thermonuclear reactions of the Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen (CNO) cycle in stars. In this research, radiative proton capture of 15N(p,γ)16O was calculated using MATLAB codes to find the reaction rate across a temperature range up to 10 GK for the spectrum's non-resonant part, and the astrophysical S- factor S(E) only at low energies (E=70 keV). The findings were compared with conventional reactions before and after statistical analyses, and the results were acceptable when compared to earlier compilations and reference libraries. For temperatures 0.07 < T9 < 0.09, current direct data cover 50-90 % of the region under the Gamow peak. At T9 < 0.15, non-resonant capture becomes more important, and the current rate is up to 40 % lower than NACRE-II due to lower S factor values than the NACRE-II extrapolation. For energies E < 70 keV, a linear relationship for the S-factor was assumed.

In this study, the Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) was examined in a theoretical investigation of the impact of the medium on the two Whispering Gallery Mode Resonator (WGMR) models using MATLAB software. It was found that the Free Spectral Range (FSR) has an inverse relationship with the resonator radius, and it was equal to 0.33 THz. The low FSR value is caused by the big microsphere resonator. A high Q-factor is defined as 0.175 x 105. The resonance spectrum was found to diminish when the surrounding media's refractive index rose. The WGMR's evanescent field interacts with the external medium more strongly when the surrounding environment’s refractive index increases. The resonant modes' boundary conditions were altered by this interaction, which raises the modes' effective refractive index. The WGMR resonance frequency may also shift as a result of changes in the surrounding medium refractive index. To achieve high-resolution sensing, the surrounding medium of the spherically shaped WGMR was altered at a step of 0.002 in the range of 1.33 to 1.35. As for the sensitivity value, a value of (-) 100.152 THz/RIU was obtained, which is considered a good value for use as a sensor.

In this work, gold/ titanium oxide: cadmium sulfide (Au/TiO₂:CdS) thin film nanocomposites as photocatalysts were synthesized using the sol-gel technique and deposited on glass substrates using the dipping method for the degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye in water. The CdS doping with TiO2 at ratios 1:1, 0.25, and 0.5 wt%. Au/TiO₂: CdS thin film characterization was achieved using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, field effect electron scanning microscopy (FESEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results of XRD showed that the obtained phase of TiO₂: CdS was cubic. The results of AFM showed that the distribution of grain sizes increased with increasing CdS concentration, as did the roughness and RMS. The FESEM results indicated that the particle size decreased from 58.68 nm to 22.24 nm as the concentration of CdS increased. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the TiO₂ peaks appear only at 1300 cm⁻¹ (B1g), 1600 cm⁻¹ (A1g), and 2000 cm⁻¹ (Eg). The optical properties were enhanced after the addition of CdS. The photocatalytic decomposition of Au/TiO₂: CdS thin films was investigated by the degradation of MB dye in water under ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. The results showed excellent photocatalytic performance after the addition of CdS.

This study used the green method to synthesise zinc oxide nanoparticles by microwave irradiation, using plant extracts of tea, coffee, and rosemary separately and Zn(NO₃)₂.6H₂O; this method is considered eco-friendly, rapid, and cost-effective. The structural properties of prepared materials were investigated with an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscope, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was used to prove the presence of ZnO NPs. The electrical charge of the surface of nanomaterials was measured by Zeta potential, where 20 mV is adequate for ensuring physical stability. The three green extracts (tea, coffee, and rosemary) were 21.9, 14.7, and 15.5 mV, respectively. The shapes of the zinc oxide nanoparticles were irregular and agglomerated, and the average particle size was 59.96, 24.63, and 24.59 nm for the three extracts. Infrared spectroscopy using the Fourier transform (FT-IR) methods verified the presence of C=O, N-O, and C-H bonds; these results confirm the high reducing and capping capacity of ZnO NPs via biomolecules found in the plant extract. A UV-Vis spectrometer was used to study the light properties, and the energy gap was found to be 3.31, 3.26, and 3.35 eV for the tea, coffee, and rosemary extracts, respectively. Finally, ZnO NPs were used to inhibit the activity of many kinds of fungi and bacteria, both gram-positive and gram-negative. Studies have demonstrated their ability to penetrate the bacterial cell wall and halt the bacterial activity.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were created using two different preparation methods: chemical precipitation and the green method using the leaves of Ficus carica extract. The nanoparticles were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Analytical techniques such as XRD were applied to verify the crystallinity of ZnO NPs as well as used to calculate the crystal size for the prepared samples. The XRD pattern exhibited a hexagonal structure, and the mean diameter of the crystal size for ZnO NPs prepared by chemical precipitation was 27.44 and 33nm for ZnO NPs prepared by the biological method. Nanoparticles of ZnO have a spherical shape, as examined by FE-SEM. The EDX test indicated the existence of peaks corresponding to zinc and oxygen. The surface properties, such as root mean square roughness (Rq) and average roughness (Ra) were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), where Rq and Ra were 35.8 and 29.3 nm, respectively. The ZnO NPs made using chemical precipitation and biological methods were studied with UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) to look at the absorption spectra, and it was found that the absorption spectrum increased with the green method.

Over the past few years, there has been a significant focus on studying the synthesis and applications of metal nanoparticles. These tiny particles possess distinct properties that set them apart from bulk metals. The liquid for Cr:Se core-shell nanoparticles was made using the plasma jets method and turned into thin films that are 158.9 nm thick through chemical spray pyrolysis. The nanothin films were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This study looks at the structure and light properties of core-shell nanoparticles made with a chromium to selenium (Cr:Se) ratio of 6:4. The XRD patterns confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles for the polycrystalline ratio (6:4). When the best thin film, which is well-crystallized, is exposed to non-thermal plasma (dielectric barrier discharges (DBD)), the XRD shows important changes, suggesting it is becoming more crystalline. Tauc plots show that the direct bandgap energies change in a non-linear way, with a notable increase in energy from 2.77 to 3.88 eV. Transmission electron microscopy analysis highlights improved nanoparticle distribution and uniformity. These findings point out the importance of Cr:Se nanoparticles for advanced optoelectronic and sensing technologies, as well as various technological applications.

In this research, iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles were doped with 5% mol of metallic material silver (Ag) and non-metallic material sulfur (S) by a wet impregnation process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the shape and arrangement of the crystals. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to study the photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutants by measuring the absorbance spectra of the Ag/Fe2O3 and S/Fe₂O₃ nanoparticle samples. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of pH on the photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles. The pH of a 5ppm solution of methylene blue (MB) dye was changed to 3 and 8 using hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). In pH=8, Ag/Fe2O3 takes 240 min to reach nearly 93.35% degradation, while S/Fe2O3 achieves over 90% degradation in the first 60 min of the photocatalysis process. At pH=3, Ag/Fe2O3 achieves only 34.46 %, while S/Fe2O3 achieves 61.44% decomposition after 240 min. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model was found to be the best fit for the adsorption of MB by the two catalysts.

The current study used satellite data and geographic information systems to detect changes in land use and land cover and also studied climate factors, temperature, and humidity in the city of Amara, which is located in the southeast of Iraq, from 1990 to 2022. The study aimed to calculate the land use land cover (LULC) using satellite images from Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 8 OLI, and Landsat 9 OLI2, also from the Meteorological Service; temperature and humidity data were used to calculate the THI index. Iraq was one of the nations most exposed to the altering climate as a result of global warming and its effects. There was an urgent need to research climate change and land use in Amara city as temperatures rose and the city experienced drought and a shortage of rainfall. The findings showed that the percentage of urban areas increased noticeably from (38.2-69.8) km2, the amount of vegetation increased little, and the barren areas were the highest. Low rainfall in the study area and high temperatures caused by global warming are two major variables affecting public safety. The main factors that affect the comfort of residents are temperature and humidity. The results of the climate suitability study also indicated that November and December are considered the most suitable months for the population, while the hottest and most unpleasant months were from the end of May to the beginning of September.

This study aims to enhance the corrosion resistance of carbon steel (45 alloys) in saline water (3.5% NaCl) by applying a polymer nanocomposite coating. The nanocomposite was synthesized by integrating nickel oxide (NiO) and vanadium oxide (V₂O5) nanoparticles, produced via a green synthesis method using moringa extract, into a polyacrylonitrile (PA) matrix. The coating's performance was evaluated across a range of temperatures: 293, 303, 313, and 323 K, achieving an inhibition efficiency of up to 89% at 303 K. The created nanocomposites were carefully examined using various testing methods, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). AFM analysis revealed particle sizes of 44.5 nm for NiO and 54.47 nm for V₂O5, while TEM images indicated nonhomogeneous spherical morphologies. FT-IR and XRD showed that the nanoparticles were successfully added to the polymer, and TGA/DSC tests proved that the nanocomposites can withstand high temperatures. The results indicate that these nanocomposites could be very useful as strong corrosion protectors, improving the safety of carbon steel in harsh conditions.

In this study, thin films of pure and aluminum (Al)-doped zinc oxide/polymethyl methacrylate (ZnO/PMMA) with two different amounts (5% and 7%) using the sol-gel and spin coating methods were created and then heated at two temperatures (450 and 750°C). Many characteristics were used to analyze the resulting samples, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible, and infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples indicated that they formed a hexagonal structure of ZnO known as wurtzite, with a preferred direction labelled as (101). UV-visible analysis of the specimens' optical characteristics has helped calculate the gap energy using the Tauc method. The energy value is 4.12 eV. The optical characteristics of the samples were analyzed by the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), which shows the presence of absorption peaks attributed to the existence of the new phase that cannot be observed through the X-rays, which is a phase of spinel zinc aluminate (ZnAl2O4).