Introduction: New studies show that inhibiting the growth of tumorsby reducing the expression of angiogenesis factors in various ways, including sports activity, can be a valuable method in controlling the progress of cancer. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 play a vital role in inducing and maintaining tumor angiogenesis. The present research aimed to compare the effect of two selected exercise programs on the expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 genes in the tumor tissue of female balb-c mice with breast cancer. Methods: Twenty-four female balb-c mice were infected with breast tumor by injection of MC4L2 estrogen receptor dependent cancer cells. Then, they were divided into three groups of eight: tumor (T), tumor +aerobic exercise (T+AE), and tumor + high intensity interval training (T+HIIT). The T+AE group performed an aerobic exercise protocol for six weeks, five days a week, and each session lasted 60 minutes. The T+HIIT group performed high intensity interval training protocol three days a week for six weeks, and each session lasted 60 minutes. Finally, mice were anesthetized by injecting ketamine and xylazine, the tumor tissue was removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 was measured by Real Time-PCR method, and the results were expressed as fold change at a significant level (P<0.05) with GENEX software. The results showed that the aerobic exercise protocol had no significant effect on the expression of galectin-1 in the T+AE group, compared to the T group, while it decreased the expression of galectin-3 by 1.70 times (P=0.00). In the T+HIIT group, compared to the T group, the expression of galectin-1 decreased 3.04 times (P=0.00), and the expression of galectin-3 decreased 6.57 times (P=0.00). In the T+HIIT group, compared to the T+ group, AE, the expression of galectin-1, decreased 2.58 times (P=0.00), and the expression of galectin-3 decreased 3.86 times (P=0.00). Aerobic exercise by reducing the expression of galectin-3 and high intensity interval training by reducing the expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 are effective in preventing the progression of breast cancer.

Introduction: Obesity, a chronic disease caused by hemostasis imbalance, increases the risk of developing estrogen-dependent breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The present study aimed to examine the effect of 12-week concurrent (aerobic-resistance) training on the inflammation marker [Estradiol, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6(IL-6)] and physical performance (VO 2max , balance, flexibility and strength) in obese postmenopausal women. Methods: Our research was an unblinded randomized controlled clinical trial. Thirty sedentary and obese postmenopausal women were recruited [age 45-55years, obesity (BMI >25 kg/m2), physically inactive (<150 min/week of physical activity), elevated risk on the basis of their 5 -year Gail risk score (>1.66%)], and having mammography. They were randomly divided into concurrent training (CT, n=12) and control group (CG, n=13).The participants took part in a 12-week supervised intervention training 5 days/week, (each session of which involved 60 minutes of strength training and 30 minutes of aerobic training). Blood samples were obtained from the volunteers to measure estradiol and TNF-α and IL-6. Physical functions (strength, VO 2max , flexibility and balance) were evaluated pre, mid, and post-intervention. Quantitative expression was evaluated using 2 -∆∆ct method and REST software. ANOVA test with Bonferroni correction were used to compare the groups at a significance level of α<0.05. In response to training, total fat mass (FM) , lean body mass(LBM) and waist circulation(WC) in the concurrent training group improved significantly compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The CT group experienced a reduction in FM (-7.73%; P <0.05) and an increase in LBM (2.5%; P <0.05). A significant decrease in the expression of IL-6 (P=0.004) and TNF-α (P=0.0013) was observed in the experimental group compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in estradiol levels in the experimental group compared to the control group (P>0.05). VO 2 max (P=0.001), balance (P=0.001), strength [hand grip (32.7%), leg strength (31.4%)], and flexibility (P=0.002) in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group. The concurrent training and exercise-induced fat mass loss appears to slow the increase of pro inflammatory cytokines, an established risk factor of breast cancer, in postmenopausal women . Thus, this study provides additional evidence to the intricate interaction among estradiol, inflammatory cytokines, adipose tissue, and muscle mass in postmenopausal women.

Being diagnosed with cancer is a traumatic crisis and affects various aspects of a person's life. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to compare schema therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction on posttraumatic growth and psychological capital in women with breast cancer. The current research is quasi-experimental study with a pre-testpost-test control group design based on a three-month follow-up. The study population consisted of women with breast cancer referred to the Oncology Clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital (RA) in Tehran between 2019 and 2023. Of whom, 45 were selected by the convenience sampling method and randomly were divided into two experimental groups and one control group (each group contained 15 people). To collect information, measuring tools such as Tedeschi and Calhoun's post-traumatic growth Inventory (1996) and Luthans's Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007) were used. Data analysis was also done using variance analysis with repeated measures. The results showed that post-traumatic growth and psychological capital in two methods of schema therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction had significant differences compared to the control group. Moreover, the comparison of the two methods showed that the effect of mindfulnessbased stress reduction treatment on post-traumatic growth and psychological capital was significantly different from schema therapy (p<0.05). The results of the Bonferroni post-hoc test also showed that the effectiveness of two mindfulness-based stress reduction and schema therapy was stable over time (p<0.05). According to the findings, both methods of mindfulness-based stress reduction and schema therapy affected increasing post-traumatic growth and psychological capital in women with breast cancer. In addition, the comparison between the two methods showed that mindfulness-based stress reduction is more effective than schema therapy.

Introduction: Women recovering from breast cancer frequently worry about relapse, leading to severe impairment in their quality of life and economic burdens of treatment. Therefore, the current study attempted to predict health anxiety in patients recovering from breast cancer based on the intolerance of uncertainty and the mediating roles of cognitive flexibility and cyberchondria. Methods: This descriptive correlational study included 196 patients with breast cancer referred to Hazrat Rasool Akram, Bazarganan, and Tarbiat Modares Hospitals for post-treatment follow-up and Rahe_Aramesh and Sepid clinics in Tehran for psychotherapy. In this research study, the convenience sampling method was employed. Questionnaires (Freeston et al. (1994), Salkovskis health anxiety (1989), McElroy and Shevline cyberchondria (2014), and Dennis and Vander wal's (2010) cognitive flexibility) were used as tools to collect data for this survey. Respondents completed questionnaires in person or online. SPSS-25 and R software were used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling method. The results of this research indicate that the proposed model is a good fit. There was a positive and significant correlation between intolerance of uncertainty and health anxiety with the mediating role of cyberchondria in individuals recovered from breast cancer (P<0.01). In addition, cyberchondria serves as a positive and significant mediator in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and health anxiety (P <0.01). patients should target factors such as intolerance of ambiguity, cognitive flexibility, and cyberchondria.

In analyzing time-to-event data, it is frequent that a proportion of individuals will never experience the event of interest. Using the cured models instead of standard ones for survival analysis will result in accurate estimates for predicting survival time. This study aimed to estimate the effect of potential risk factors on long-term and short-term survival of breast cancer patients. The study included 770 women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer and treated with either breast conserving therapy or modified radical mastectomy with post-surgical radiation between 2005 and 2015. All study participants were followed up until September 2022. The review of the medical records of these patients was carried out at Shahid Sadoughi Hospital and the Ramazan Zadeh Radiotherapy Center in Yazd. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate disease-free survival and distant metastatic-free survival rates. Distant metastasis and prognostic factors were modeled by Cox proportional hazards and Semiparametric Mixture Cure models. Data analysis was done by Rstudio software. Results: In this study, 218(28.3%) patients died, and metastasis occurred in 198(25.7%) patients until the end of the follow-up period. Based on the univariable and multivariable Semiparametric Mixture Cure model, the stage of disease was significant, and the risk of short-term distant metastatic-free survival for patients with stage IIIa was 2.7 times higher than patients with stage I and II of disease through multivariable Semiparametric Mixture Cure model. The Semiparametric Mixture Cure model could estimate the longterm and short-term distant metastatic-free survival based on prognostic factors.

Background and aims: Clinical and laboratory studies show that taking aspirin and ibuprofen during chemotherapy or before breast cancer reduces the number of cancer cells and prevents their transmission. This study aimed to investigate the mechanical properties of cells after cell treatment with these two drugs. Methods: This study examined the effects of aspirin and ibuprofen, in combination and independently, at two concentrations of 5 µL and 10 µL on the mechanical properties of MCF-7 cancer cells. Next, it compared them with the mechanical properties of healthy MCF-10 cells. The mechanical properties of the cells were measured using an atomic force microscopy (AFM) device. Finally, the Young's modulus and the deformation of all cell groups were calculated and examined. Results: Our results showed that the deformation chart of cancer cells approached that of healthy cells using aspirin and ibuprofen. In addition, the numerical value of Young's modulus in MCF-7 when using 10 µL of aspirin compared to other treatment groups had the highest value close to Young's modulus of healthy cells. Using the separate or combined use of aspirin and ibuprofen, the mechanical properties of cancer cells were closer to those of healthy cells. The viable metastatic cell count probably decreased due to increased stiffness in cancer cell lines using aspirin and ibuprofen.

Referral Barriers of Post-Mastectomy Patients for Breast Reconstruction among General Surgeons in Yemen

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women worldwide.The purpose of this study was to investigate some established risk factors for breast cancer in women aged 22 to 63 in Urmia. Materials and Methods:A case-control study was conducted to investigate risk factors for breast cancer among women in Urmia.Data were collecctd through interviews with175 breast cancer patients and 172 control women during 2016 to 2018. Results:The results of univariate logistic regression analysis havee shown Single women (OR 1.253, 95% CI 0.587-2.671)and women with a primary level of education wereat high risk for breast cancer (OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.383-5.986).multivariate logistic regression model indicated that high BMI (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1-1.21) and an increasing number of pregnancies (OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.37-6.74)were significantly associated with breast cancer. Conclusion:The study indicated that the average age of breast cancer onset in Urmia is lower than that in other regions of the country.Moreover, women with a history of hormone therapy and women with an increasing number of pregnancies were at higher risk of developing breast cancer.

Women with breast cancer often face many psychological problems after mastectomy, especially difficulties in regulating body image attitudes and emotions, which necessitate therapeutic attention. Consequently, this study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulnessintegrated cognitive behavioural therapy on emotion regulation difficulties and body image in mastectomy patients. This study was a randomized clinical trial. The population included all patients undergoing mastectomy in Tehran in 2022. Convenience sampling was adopted in selecting 24 patients from three hospitals (Modares, Moheb Yas, and Hazrat Rasool Akram), psychotherapy clinics, and social media. The participants (n=24) were divided into two groups of equal size-one experimental and one control group. The two groups were assessed at three different times: pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up. The questionnaires used in this study were the Body Image Scale (BIS, Hopwood et al. 2001) and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS, Gratz & Roemer 2003). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS-25 software. Frequency, mean, and standard deviation were reported for descriptive statistics, and repeated measures analysis of variance was used for inferential statistics. Results: Findings showed that MiCBT significantly improves body image and emotion regulation difficulties in mastectomy patients. Significant effect sizes were reported for emotion regulation difficulties (η²=0.59, p≥0.01) and body image (η²=0.55, p≥0.01). In combination with medications, MiCBT can be used to improve emotional problems and body image in mastectomy patients.

Introduction: Volumetric measurement through water displacement and circumferential measurement is commonly employed for lymphedema diagnosis.This study aimed to investigate the association between diagnostic thresholds of circumferential and volumetric arm measurements in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods:This was a cross-sectional study on patients with breast cancer related lymphedema presenting to a lymphedema clinic in Tehran between 2009 and 2019.Demographic characteristics, circumferential measurements (at seven time points along the upper limb), and volumetric measurements (using the water displacement method) were extracted from patient documents.Inter-limb circumference differences of >2 cm and ≥2 cm, >5 cm and ≥5 cm for the sum of all circumference measures, inter-limb volume differences of >10% and ≥10%, >200 and ≥200 ml were assessed.We examined the association between different indices by Cohen's kappa coefficient and evaluated the accuracy of circumference measurements compared to volumetric measurements.Results: Totally 4647 cases were assessed for circumference and volumetric measurements.Substantial agreement was found between circumference index >2 and >5 cm (Kappa=0.720),and circumference index >2 and volumetric index >10% (Kappa =0.628).The >2cm index had a higher association with >200 ml (R2= 0.296).Considering the volume difference of >200 ml as a standard index, the ≥2 cm index had the highest sensitivity (90.74%) and accuracy (83.19%) compared to other indices. Conclusion:Considering the index >200 ml as the standard volumetric threshold, the highest sensitivity and accuracy were related to the index ≥2 cm.About 30% of edema volume changes could be predicted by circumferential measurement.It seems that evaluating the effect of other variables influencing edema estimation should be assessed in future studies.