The green synthesis of nanoparticles is gaining popularity due to its environmentally friendly, non-toxic and cost-effective properties. The distribution used of microproducts into the world are raised the concern of their implications on public health, in particular, Perfluorooctanoic acid which are variety used in a range of industries and consumer products as surfactants. The current study focused on the effects of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticle extract from Aloe vera (Aloe vera- silver nanoparticles) on genotoxicity induced by Perfluorooctanoic acid. After the treatment period, the rats were euthanized, blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical, histological and genetic analysis. The results indicate a notable increase in oxidative stress markers (glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and lipid peroxidation), associated with a pathological change in the liver cells and deoxyribonucleic acid damage following treatment with Perfluorooctanoic acid. In contrast, treatment with silver nanoparticle extract of Aloe vera gel significantly mitigated oxidative stress, enhanced liver function and decreased deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks. Key words: Perfluorooctanoic acid, nanoparticles, the green synthesis, eco-friendly, toxicity, antioxidant

Atezolizumab, a programmed death ligand 1 inhibitor, has shown improved survival outcomes in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer when combined with chemotherapy. However, its real-world effectiveness and safety profile require further evaluation. This retrospective study examines demographic characteristics, treatment responses, and adverse effects in 135 patients treated with Atezolizumab in Aragon, Spain. Treatment discontinuation was primarily due to disease progression (40 %) and toxicity (15 %). The most common immune-related adverse events included pneumonitis and hepatitis. Statistical tests identified a significant association between cumulative Atezolizumab exposure and the occurrence of pneumonitis and hepatitis, suggesting that the dose of treatment could be an important risk factor for these adverse effects. These findings highlight the importance of enhanced toxicity monitoring and personalized treatment strategies. Clinicians should carefully assess the risk of immune-related adverse events, particularly in patients receiving higher doses of Atezolizumab. Key words: Atezolizumab, cancer, lung, side effects

This study aimed to develop and validate a high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet method for simultaneous quantification of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in rat plasma after parenteral administration of nanoparticles coated with chitosan, supporting preclinical pharmacokinetic studies for toxoplasmosis treatment. The method used a C18 column at 30°, mobile phase (triethylamine, acetonitrile, water; 1:20:79, pH 5.9), flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and detection at 268 nm (sulfamethoxazole) and 240 nm (trimethoprim). The validation was assessed by selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and stability. Results showed symmetrical peaks with retention times of approximately 3.0 min (caffeine, internal standard), 4.0 min (trimethoprim), and 7.9 min (sulfamethoxazole), confirming no matrix interference and selectivity of the method. Linearity was achieved for sulfamethoxazole (0.5-50 µg/ml) and trimethoprim (0.1-10 µg/ml), with r2>0.97. Precision and accuracy were validated via relative standard deviation (RSD<15%) and recovery was within the range of 95 to 103 % for both drugs. Stability was confirmed under controlled storage (CV<15%), ensuring drug integrity. The validated method was applied to simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim released by nanoparticles coated with chitosan in plasma of rats after parenteral administration. It supports preclinical studies for this innovative toxoplasmosis formulation. Key words: Bioanalytical method, validation, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, nanoparticles coated with chitosan, toxoplasmosis

Alpha humulene, the major active ingredient of the hops plant (Humulus lupulus L.), is a monocyclic sesquiterpene composed of three isoprene units containing three unpaired C=C double bonds. Beside hops plant, it is also commonly found in herbs such as cannabis, sage, basil, and ginseng. Alpha humulene is also known as alpha Caryophyllene and it has many effects such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and local anaesthetic. In this study, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test was used to determine the concentration range of the cytotoxic effects of Alpha humulene in the SH-SY5Y cell line, a bone marrow derived human neuroblastoma cell line. In addition, the neuroprotective effects of Alpha humulene in the model of neurotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration value of Alpha humulene on undifferentiated and retinoic acid induced differentiated SH-SH5Y was determined 221 μg/ml and >400 μg/ml cells using the Real-time cell analysis system. Apoptotic effect levels were determined by Acridine orange/Parkinson's disease, staining method. The SH-SY5Y cell line and the lipopolysaccharide stimulated Tohoku hospital pediatrics-1 cell line were incubated together to establish an in vitro co-culture model. In the in vitro co-culture model established, fluorescence measurements were taken in Cytation 3 multi-mode reader to determine the immunological effects of alpha humulene using lipopolysaccharide stimulation and multiple independent images were taken. The apoptotic effect caused by cellular damage caused by hydrogen peroxide alpha humulene was reduced. Keywords Alpha humulene, neuroprotective effect, co-culture model, real-time cell analysis system dual purpose

In treating central precocious puberty, the monthly formulations of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists are the main formulations that have been used. Triptorelin is a gonadotropinreleasing hormone agonist and is approved to be used in central precocious puberty as a 1 mo formulation. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and adverse effects of a subcutaneous formulation of Triptorelin (Varipeptyl) with Diphereline during a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty were randomly allocated to Group A (intramuscular injection of Diphereline 3.75 mg, IPSEN, France) and Group B (subcutaneously injection of Variopeptyl 3.75 mg, Varian Pharmed, Iran) repeated every 28 d for 3 mo. Hormonal changes, also adverse effects and efficacy endpoints were measured at baseline and mo 3. Out of 35 girls with confirmed central precocious puberty, 18 cases were assigned to take Diphereline (group A) and 17 cases to take Variopeptyl (group B). Mean level of estradiol had a decrease of 31.7±11 pg /ml (p value: 0.00) in group A and 27.3±10 pg /ml (p value: 0.00) in group B. The mean luteinizing hormone’s level reduced 3/1±2/3 IU/L (p value: 0.00) in group A and 1.6±0.9 IU/L (p value: 0.00) in group B. No significant side effects were seen. 3 patients in group B had nodules at the injection site and one patient in each group had minimal vaginal bleeding. This study demonstrated that the efficacy of Variopeptyl is as same as Diphereline in suppressing the hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal axis and can be a substitute for Diphereline. Key words: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, precocious puberty, subcutaneous injections, monthly formulations

To evaluate the impact of a novel surgical technique involving the use of carboprost tromethamine suppositories, in conjunction with folding and suturing the lower uterine segment at the site of a previous cesarean section scar, on the incidence of early postoperative scar defects in subsequent cesarean sections. Between March 2019 and June 2022, 133 patients who received the intervention formed the study group, while a control group of 130 patients received standard care. Both cohorts underwent cesarean section via the transverse incision of the lower uterine segment. The study group additionally received carboprost tromethamine suppositories postoperatively. Data on maternal demographics, operative details, and postoperative outcomes were collected and followed up for 6 to 12 mo. Statistical analysis was performed using statistical package for the social sciences 18.0, with a p value of less than 0.05 indicating significance. The study group demonstrated no significant differences from the control group in maternal age, gestational age, delivery time, body mass index, or newborn birth weight. Operative time was modestly extended in the study group due to the intervention. Postoperatively, there were no significant differences in intraoperative blood loss, intestinal exhaust time, hospital stay duration, or postoperative lochia bleeding. The study group exhibited a reduced rate of abnormal vaginal bleeding (8.27 % vs. 18.46 %) and a lower incidence of diverticulum formation (3.01 % vs. 11.54 %). Notably, the thickness of the lower uterine muscle layer was significantly greater in the study group at both 42 d and 6 mo post-surgery, with no cases of diverticulum formation observed at 6 mo in the study group, compared to 5.50 % in the control group. The integration of carboprost tromethamine suppositories with the surgical technique of folding and suturing during a second cesarean section significantly lowered the rate of scar diverticulum formation and enhanced patient outcomes. This approach presents a promising advancement in the prevention of postcesarean section complications, warranting further investigation and potential clinical adoption. Key words: Folding stitching, cesarean section, uterine scar, pharmaceutical intervention, prophylactic antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, clinical application, carboprost tromethamine suppositories

Medicinal plants contain various phytochemicals, some of which prevent or can be used in the treatment of many diseases, including cancer. Therefore, they have a significant role not only in the traditional ethno medicine, but also in the healthcare system of a large number of the world’s population. The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate possible Antiproliferative potential of ethanoic extracts of Origanum vulgare, Centaurium erythraea, Salvia officinalis, Achillea millefolium, Hypericum perforatum and Chelidonium majus on human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and human myeloid leukemia (K562) cancer cell lines. The stock solutions of investigated extracts were prepared in ethanol at concentration of 1 mg/ml and diluted with complete nutrient medium Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640. The medium was supplemented with 3 mm L-glutamine, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 100 IU/ml penicillin, 10 % heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, and 25 mM Hepes, adjusted to pH 7.2. Cell survival was determined by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay 72 h post-treatment. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration values were calculated using a dose-response growth curve. With regard to all investigated extracts, the HeLa cell line was more resistant than K562 cell line. Origanum vulgare and Salvia officinalis/Achillea millefolium extracts exhibited higher cytotoxicity towards K562 cells (half-maximal inhibitory concentration 0.345 µg/ml and half-maximal inhibitory concentration 0.88 µg/ml, respectively) compared to HeLa cells (half-maximal inhibitory concentration 0.795 µg/ml and half-maximal inhibitory concentration 0.975 µg/ml, respectively). The extracts of Centaurium erythraea, Hypericum perforatum and Chelidonium majus expressed no active Antiproliferative (cytotoxic) effects on HeLa and K562 cancer cell lines. The active Antiproliferative effects of Origanum and of Salvia/ Achillea extracts suggest that these extracts could be recommended as a good source of biologically active compounds with potential benefit effects. Key words: Origanum vulgare, Centaurium erythraea, Salvia officinalis, Achillea millefolium, Hypericum perforatum, Chelidonium majus, Antiproliferative effect, cytotoxicity, Hela cells, K562 cells

Physicians often face challenges in prescribing the most economical anti-cancer drugs due to a lack of comprehensive, up-to-date comparative information on drug costs. To analyze the variation in cost percentage among various brands of anti-cancer drugs available in the Indian market, this study is designed. For analysis of the costs of the anti-cancer drugs a Pharma Sahi Daam from March 2021 to September 2021 was used to collect study data. For every drug calculation was done to find the difference between the maximum and minimum costs. Similarly, it also done for cost ratio and variation of cost percentage. Among anti-cancer drugs, drug with highest cost is Bevacizumab 400 mg injection; 117625 and drug with lowest cost is temozolomide 20 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg capsule; 0.25. Among anticancer drugs cost ratio is highest for temozolomide (20 mg/100 mg/250 mg Capsule; 8407.192 and cost ratio is lowest for Bleomycin 15 IU injection; 1.002. Among anti-cancer drugs cost variation is highest for Temozolomide 20 mg/100 mg/250 mg capsule; 840619.2 and cost variation is lowest for Fulvestrant 250 mg injection; 40.3318. This study shows among anti-cancer drugs there is a high variation in prices, cost ratio and cost variation. Study may helpful for understanding price variation among anti-cancer drugs. It may useful to doctors to get knowledge regarding the variations of cost among drugs to choose prices which will be cheap to patient. Key words: Cancer, anti-cancer drugs, pharma Sahi Daam, cost variation, cost ratio

Troglitazone, originally approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the management of type II diabetes, was later withdrawn due to its severe hepatotoxic effects. In an effort to repurpose Troglitazone, we investigated its potential antitumor effects on FaDu human hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Our study found that Troglitazone induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, which was accompanied by a reduction in key cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase regulators. Simultaneously, Troglitazone upregulated negative regulators such as p21CIP1/WAF1 and p27KIP1. Furthermore, Troglitazone activated key apoptotic caspases, leading to the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. These apoptotic responses were mediated through the intrinsic pathway, involving the regulation of both anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic factors. Notably, Troglitazone-induced apoptosis was linked to a marked increase in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and this effect was partially reversed by GW9662, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma antagonist. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Troglitazone exerts its antitumor effects through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation, making it a promising candidate for repurposing as a therapeutic agent for human hypo pharyngeal carcinoma. Key words: Troglitazone, FaDu hypo pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, apoptosis, cell cycle, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

Leptin hormone is very well known to play a multifarious role in body. Although it is secreted by adipocytes, it has been observed to exert its effects beyond scientists’ initial speculation periphery of obesity. The neuroendocrine pathway of leptin is known and its role in obesity is understood considerably. Yet the role of leptin like undercurrents of the sea in case of cardiovascular health and initiation of cancer has started to uncover itself recently. The aim of the review is to encompass the recent scientific studies related with leptin levels and its direct effect or an indirect metabolic effect on the initiation and/or propagation of cardiac health and cancer. Many investigations are still underway to recognize the underlying mechanisms, it seems the complete uncovering of the so far unknown leptin function pathways may take some time. The effects on cardiac health have been found to have multiple metabolic pathways. Some of which are discovered up to molecular mechanisms. However, cancer related studies are still unclear and often ambiguous while finding the exact cascade of events. This may be partly because cancer originates in multiple organs. Moreover, numerous signalling, molecular and metabolic as well as other functional pathways are involved in cancer commencement and propagation. Last part of review summarises is interplay between the leptin gene with some other crucially important genes which regulate the energy balance, and are expressed on variety of cellular sites. Key words: Leptin gene, Leptin, Obesity, Heart, Cardiac, Cancer, Gene interactions