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Challenges of integrated management in tick-borne zoonosis control

マダニはヒトの人獣共通感染症の一般的な媒介動物である.特に畜産分野では数十年にわたり化学的防除が行われてきたが,その結果,海外ではマダニが農薬に対する抵抗性の獲得が顕在化した.また,化学物質の使用による環境汚染や人体への影響から,生物的防除,免疫学的・遺伝学的手法,野生生物管理などの非農薬的防除が盛んになってきている.しかし,どの対策も結果が一様でなくまたコストも高く,納得のいく結果が得られていない.特に生物的防除の規模は時空間的に限られており,野生動物管理における適切な対象種の選定が困難であることが分かっている.個々の対策やその統合には,地域のマダニ個体群動態を把握し,マダニのマイクロハビタットや宿主能力を正確に把握することが極めて重要である.生物多様性はマダニ媒介性感染症のリスクを低減する機能を持つと考えられるが,そのメカニズムを完全に説明する仮説はまだ提唱されていない.野生動物におけるマダニと病原体の両方の発生を防止する生態系管理のあり方を明らかにするためには,さらなる研究が必要である.そのような対策は,生物多様性の保全に基づき,場合によってはゾーニングと組み合わせて行う必要がある.

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Comparison of the suppressive effect on the two-spotted spider mite <i>Tetran</i><i>ychus urticae</i> Koch among different installation methods of light-reflection materials in a strawberry greenhouse using ultraviolet-B lamps and phytoseiid mites

Artificial ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is lethal to the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Recent studies in greenhouse strawberry have shown that light-reflecting sheets installed under strawberry plants can increase the suppressive effect of UV-B on T. urticae by reflecting the UV-B delivered from overhead lamps to the underside of the leaves. These methods are expected to be complementary to biological control methods, such as phytoseiid mites. However, light-reflecting sheets have low water permeability, which can result in the formation of puddles after pesticide spraying, leading to fruit deterioration and loss of yield. It is important to explore highly efficient installation methods for light-reflecting materials (LRMs) in spider mite control. Here, we examined the effects of three LRMs, and the impact of LRM orientation (horizontal vs. vertical), on T. urticae populations in greenhouse strawberry treated with UV-B radiation, chemical pesticides, and biopesticide control with phytoseiid mites. Of the three LRMs examined, a reflective 0.6 × 0.6-mm-mesh polyethylene net (“Mushi Furatto Net”) and a 2.0 × 7.0-mm-mesh polyethylene net woven with flashspun nonwoven fabric sheets (“Slimwhite 75”) offered significantly increased suppression of T. urticae populations compared with white mulching sheet alone. Even though these LRMs were installed horizontally, they were little stained at the end of the experiment, suggesting that puddle formation after pesticide spraying was avoided.

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