ABSTRACT Understanding how gender dynamics shape inter-organizational collaboration is critical to addressing persistent inequalities in innovation systems. This study examines the gender composition of patenting teams and the organizational configuration of patent assignees across academic and corporate institutions. Drawing on over 100,000 U.S. patents (2000–2015), we explore how the share of women coinventors in a patent is associated with collaborations within a single academic organization or across multiple partners. Building on the literature on gender homophily, inequality in scientific teams, female participation in academia, and gender differences in professional networks, we test whether the share of female inventors relates to the likelihood that a patent involves multiple academic and corporate assignees. Our results show that modest increases in women’s participation broaden academic collaboration, consistent with the benefits of heterophily, whereas teams with higher female representation tend to display narrower networks and less inter-organizational engagement. Additionally, higher shares of women inventors are consistently associated with a lower likelihood of including corporate partners. Nonetheless, in recent years the probability of producing collaborative patents has increased for both homogeneous (multiple universities) and heterogeneous (university-company) collaborations at all levels of female participation. These findings illustrate how gendered team structures shape organizational linkages in innovation.

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the effects of administrative, scientific, prestige, incentive, and other control mechanisms on the behaviour of quadruple helix (4H) project managers. Drawing on concepts from experimental economics and game theory, a framed experiment was designed in which 530 subjects from four local innovation systems in Valle del Cauca, Colombia, participated. These participants were required to decide whether to comply with or disregard assigned tasks. The findings indicate that managers do not perceive the strength of the prisoner’s dilemma and instead operate according to the logic of the stag hunt game, thus settling into a security-based equilibrium that enables only incremental innovation. This approach ensures receipt of the expected salary and preserves their prestige, thereby explaining the limited impact of science projects in the region. The study concludes that a credible institutional framework is needed to make scientific evaluation effective, enhance prestige, and encourage researchers to pursue radical innovation so that science and technology can truly serve as drivers of development in middle- and low-income economies.

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the economics of artificial intelligence (AI) alignment through the lens of innovation incentives and regulatory design. We develop a dynamic game-theoretic model in which AI firms choose deployment timing and safety investment under competitive pressure and uncertain liability regimes. Using empirical calibration from global AI funding, patents, and governance indicators, we simulate how liability penalties and policy coordination reshape equilibrium strategies. Results show that in the absence of regulation, firms underinvest in safety and accelerate deployment, replicating a classic innovation race dynamic with negative externalities. Liability regimes and international coordination shift incentives toward higher alignment investment without halting innovation. The model contributes to the economics of innovation by embedding safety alignment as a strategic decision variable and demonstrates how institutional design can correct systemic underinvestment. Our findings highlight policy trade-offs at the frontier of technological change, with direct implications for innovation governance in emerging technologies.

ABSTRACT This research explores the effect of interdependencies across innovation obstacles on the inventive activity of Chilean manufacturers. Empirical analysis over the 2013–2018 period highlights the prevalence of two types of interactions: one comprising financial, network, knowledge and demand constraints, and another pairing regulatory obstacles with internal resistance to innovate. The presence of either group of interacting obstacles reduces both the likelihood and the intensity to innovate and generally weakens the effect from other innovation determinants. Firms accessing public support for innovation are found to respond differently from the rest. While government aid assists firms’ effort to engage on technological innovation, we find no effect stemming from such public support in also helping firms increase their innovation-related sales. Our results provide ample ground for policy making as they underscore avenues to jointly tackle innovation obstacles while pointing out differences among firms on their response to these impediments.

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the impact of foreign trade protectionism on sectoral performance in the 27 member countries of the European Union (EU), focusing on productivity and labour compensation. Using comprehensive data from the Global Trade Alert database, this study systematically assesses how various tariff- and non-tariff barriers implemented abroad affect EU industrial sectors. To address potential endogeneity, a dynamic panel data approach is applied. The findings reveal a mixed picture: while foreign trade protectionism tends to depress sectoral compensation of employees, productivity exhibits some gains, suggesting that firms may respond with efficiency improvements to mitigate adverse effects. These results contribute to the growing body of research on the broader consequences of protectionism, particularly the impact of non-tariff trade barriers on affected economies.

ABSTRACT Knowledge transfer is fostered not only by the geographic co-location of firms and individuals, but also by networks of collaborations. In recent decades, the number of patents co-invented between inventors located in different countries has increased steadily. This paper tests the hypothesis that collaborating with inventors residing abroad provides to the individual innovator novel yet complementary knowledge, which can be recombined to generate further innovation. Empirically, using a sample of US-based inventors and their patents filed with the USPTO between 1980 and 2020, I estimate the effects of prior collaborations with foreign inventors on inventor’s patenting intensity, measured by the annual count of patents granted. Controlling for a wide array of fixed effects at the individual, firm, technology, city, and time levels, I find that prior international collaborations significantly increase an inventor's patenting intensity. These findings are robust across subsamples, independent variables, and alternative model specifications. The results suggest that the globalization of inventive activity complements local agglomeration and network effects as a key driver of patenting intensity.

ABSTRACT This study investigates empirically how managerial practices have affected macroeconomic adjustment during the Great Recession after the 2008 economic crisis. We use the local projection method pioneered by Jordà ([2005]. “Estimation and Inference of Impulse Responses by Local Projections.” American Economic Review 95 (1): 161–182.) on country-industry balanced panel data over the 2007–2015 period for eighteen industries in ten OECD countries. We find that, in countries where management quality is higher, production and employment have been more resilient during the Great Recession. Moreover, this effect on resilience is stronger for industries deeply affected by the 2008 crisis and goes with wage moderation as well as an unchanged labour share.

ABSTRACT This paper assesses the medium-run, economy-wide effects of AI- and ICT-enabled productivity growth in India using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model calibrated to a 2019 Social Accounting Matrix. Three counterfactual scenarios are simulated: (i) cumulative total factor productivity (TFP) gains in modern services driven by AI adoption; (ii) identical service-sector productivity gains combined with adverse global terms-of-trade shocks for tradable services; and (iii) broad-based productivity improvements across agriculture, industry, and services. The results indicate that productivity growth in modern services operates as a general-purpose technology(GPT), generating sizeable gains in GDP, exports, investment, and real household incomes, with relatively stronger welfare effects for rural and lower-income households. However, these gains are substantially attenuated under unfavourable external price movements and trade frictions, reflecting India’s exposure as a service-export-oriented economy. In contrast, broad-based productivity growth delivers larger and more robust improvements in output, fiscal balances, and external stability. The analysis contributes to the literature on India’s services-led growth and structural transformation, and to debates on premature deindustrialisation, by demonstrating that service-sector AI-driven productivity gains are most effective when complemented by sustained productivity growth in agriculture and manufacturing.

ABSTRACT This article examines the drivers of energy storage innovation, with a focus on the role of fossil fuel-related innovation and energy market conditions in Europe. Using a panel dataset of 23 countries from 1995 to 2023, we apply an econometric approach based on patent applications for storage technologies. The results show that fossil fuel-related innovation is consistently associated with increased storage patenting, while renewable energy innovation only contributes when energy prices are rising. In periods of falling prices, the association turns negative, suggesting a crowding-out of complementary innovation. These findings indicate that storage innovation pathways are not exclusively linked to renewables but are shaped by the interaction between fossil and renewable technologies and market incentives. Robustness checks using alternative specifications, including citation-weighted patents and extended technology definitions, confirm the stability of these results. By showing that storage innovation responds to market signals and knowledge spillovers, the article highlights the role of induced innovation in shaping technological transitions, while underscoring the importance of considering fossil fuel dynamics and market conditions in designing policies that support storage innovation, with implications for balancing energy security and decarbonization goals.

ABSTRACT This paper develops a theoretical model of strategic R&D investment under a hard budget constraint. Two symmetric firms must choose between product and process innovation, where the former increases product quality and the latter reduces marginal costs. We show that the equilibrium depends on the effectiveness of product innovation. When quality improvements are sufficiently effective, both firms converge on product innovation; when they are weaker, no dominant strategies exist and the game admits mixed-strategy equilibria as well as asymmetric pure-strategy equilibria. In contrast, social welfare is always maximized under an asymmetric allocation, with one firm innovating in product and the other in process. This divergence highlights a coordination failure that justifies policy intervention. To address this inefficiency, we propose a targeted ex-ante subsidy scheme that restores the socially optimal asymmetric outcome as a unique pure-strategy Nash equilibrium. We also compare welfare maximization with total R&D investment as alternative policy objectives and show that the two may diverge, particularly when product innovation becomes highly effective. These findings offer important insights for the design of innovation policies in environments characterized by strategic interaction and resource constraints.