The South-western part of Maharashtra includes the Sangli, Satara, and Kolhapur districts. These three districts are agriculturally well-developed due to fertile land and substantial water resources such as the river Krishna and its tributaries. Several minor irrigation tanks, which was specially built for irrigation and drinking purposes. The Siddhewadi and Morna MI tanks are major water resources to the Tasgoan and Shirala tehsil community for drinking and irrigation, but these water bodies are under environmental stress due to anthropogenic activity, agricultural runoff and industrial waste. Therefore, to study the water quality status of Siddhewadi and Morna tanks during the year 2022 to 2023. The temperature ranged between 26 to 33 throughout the years. The pH remained alkaline throughout the year. Electrical conductivity ranged between 600 to 622 µS/cm in Siddhewadi, while 180 to 216 µS/cm in the Morna tank. The turbidity was 1 to 2 in Siddhewadi and 9 to 12 NTU in the Morna tank, and the total dissolved solids remained 300mg/lit in Siddhewadi tank, while the total dissolved solids remained below 100 mg/lit in Morna tank.

This research analyses the key factors influencing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Tanzania by incorporating economic structure, population dynamics, and technological advancement. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach alongside the Error Correction Model (ECM), the study evaluates both short-term and long-term impacts of industrial expansion, financial sector development, urban growth, technological progress, trade integration, renewable energy consumption, and foreign direct investment on CO2 emission levels. The findings revealed that industrialisation, renewable energy usage, and managed urbanisation are associated with a long-term reduction in CO2 emissions, while rapid urbanisation and technological innovation are associated with increased emissions in the short run, though these effects are temporary. The study highlighted the complex interplay between development, urbanisation, and environmental outcomes in Tanzania and highlights the need for balanced policy interventions to achieve sustainable growth.

Urban lakes are vital freshwater resources that support biodiversity, ecological balance, and human activities. Hebbal Lake, located in northern Bangalore, India, is a historically significant and ecologically important water body that faces challenges from urbanization, sewage inflow, and industrial discharge. This study assessed the water quality, microbial contamination, and heavy metal concentrations in lake sludge. Forty-nine water samples and four sludge samples were collected from different locations in the lake. Chemical parameters such as pH, nitrates, phosphates, fluoride, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen were analyzed along with microbiological parameters including total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Results indicated that most chemical parameters were within regulatory limits, while biochemical oxygen demand and coliform counts were high, reflecting eutrophication and fecal contamination. Sludge analysis revealed chromium slightly above permissible limits, whereas other heavy metals were within standard levels. An action plan is proposed involving boundary mapping, pollution source identification, eco-friendly rejuvenation techniques, and continuous monitoring. This study emphasizes the urgent need for scientific restoration and sustainable management of Hebbal Lake to maintain ecological integrity and water security.

Various studies using physical, chemical, and biological parameters have shown that the Babon River is lightly to heavily polluted. Using the Babon River as a raw water source for drinking water requires better and stricter management to control river pollution. This study aimed to determine the pollution load, assimilation capacity, and pollution status of the Babon River using TSS, TDS, nitrate, phosphate, total phosphate, metals Cd, Cr, and Pb. Water sampling was conducted three times a year at two-month intervals at seven stations representing the upstream, middle, and downstream parts of the river. This study showed that the pollution load of Babon River exceeded the assimilation capacity for TSS, nitrates, Cd, Cr, and Pb. For TSS, phosphate, and total phosphate, the pollution load was within the river's assimilation capacity. The water pollution index of the Babon River ranged from 3.884 to 5.395. This indicates that the Babon River was polluted at mild to moderate levels from the upstream to the downstream regions.

The valorization of potato peel waste into biodegradable materials offers a sustainable approach to reducing plastic pollution. Starch extracted by wet sedimentation yielded 17.10% with high purity (ash 0.47%, moisture 14.00%, amylose 21.20%, amylopectin 78.80%). Bioplastic films prepared using glycerol, sorbitol, and a glycerol–sorbitol blend were evaluated for physical, mechanical, optical, structural, and biodegradation characteristics. Glycerol-plasticized films showed the greatest flexibility, highest swelling (47.0 ± 3.0%) and water absorption (48.6 ± 3.40%), and the fastest biodegradation, reaching 95.62 ± 9.78% weight loss after 20 days. Sorbitol films exhibited the highest tensile strength (38.11 ± 1.52 N/cm2) and lowest water absorption (28.8 ± 1.15%), while blend films demonstrated intermediate mechanical performance and slower degradation (64.16 ± 5.41%). FTIR confirmed preservation of the starch backbone with plasticizer-dependent hydrogen bonding, and XRD indicated a semi-crystalline structure (crystallinity index 91.6%) in glycerol films. Application trials showed strong adhesion of glycerol films as leak-proof paper cup coatings and successful moulding into 3D shapes. Overall, glycerol-plasticized potato peel starch films emerged as the most promising formulation due to their flexibility, rapid biodegradability, and practical applicability for sustainable packaging.

Accurate determination of leaf dry mass is fundamental to estimating key functional traits such as leaf mass per area (LMA). However, the importance of balance readability (1 mg vs 0.1 mg) for trait precision has rarely been quantified. We simulated 20,000 leaves spanning 1–500 mg dry mass to assess how balance resolution influences LMA error. When measured with a 1 mg balance, small leaves (<10 mg) exhibited 4–13% error in LMA, whereas a 0.1 mg balance reduced this to <1%. For larger leaves (>20 mg), errors dropped below 1% for both balances. The results demonstrate that 0.1 mg resolution is critical for precise trait estimation in species with small leaves or when subtle interspecific differences are of interest. We recommend selecting balance readability relative to expected leaf mass, or pooling leaves to achieve >20 mg per sample. Such precision ensures consistency in trait-based ecological studies. By revealing that minor differences in balance readability can generate major errors in leaf functional traits, this study establishes measurement precision as a critical foundation for reliable ecological inference from the leaf to global ecosystem scales. This study is essential because even small inaccuracies in leaf mass measurements can generate significant hidden errors in trait estimates, influencing conclusions about plant strategies, community assembly, and ecosystem functioning.

The biodiversity and ecological balance of Assam, an area of rich biodiversity and high endemism are being threatened by invasive plant species. This review presents an extensive documentation of the 32 major invasive species in the Assam including Chromolaena odorata, Ipomoea carnea, Mikania micrantha and Parthenium hysterophorus which may cause forest biome degradation, decreased agricultural output, changed the assemblages of native species and threatened human sustenance. These invasive species disrupt ecological succession, deplete soil fertility, and disrupt faunal habitats – notably those of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros while also imperiling rural economies reliant on agriculture and fisheries. The review paper also highlights the major economic losses, infrastructure damage and public health hazards linked to invaders such as Parthenium hysterophorus, etc. this study provides a comprehensive synthesis to guide future research and policies aimed at mitigating invasive alien plants impacts in Assam By combining scattered evidence and emphasizing integrated management strategies—biological control, habitat restoration and policy interventions are crucial in order to reduce the impact and spread of invasive alien plants in Assam.

The rapid and widespread application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) across various industrial sectors has raised substantial environmental apprehensions, especially concerning their impact on aquatic ecosystems. In light of these concerns, the current study evaluates the toxicological effects of AgNP exposure on the hematological parameters and oxidative stress biomarkers in Labeo rohita, a freshwater fish species of considerable economic importance in aquaculture. To elucidate the interaction of AgNPs along with biological tissues, the nanoparticles characterization was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopic techniques, enabling a detailed analysis of their physicochemical behavior. The experimental design follows a dose-dependent exposure regimen over 21 days. Hematological assessments were performed during this period, focusing on indices such as hemoglobin concentration, RBC count, and WBC count. Concurrently, oxidative stress biomarkers such as catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured in hepatic tissues. The findings revealed significant deviations in both hematological and oxidative stress parameters, indicating pronounced cytotoxic effects and oxidative damage induced by AgNPs. These outcomes highlight the urgent necessity for comprehensive ecological risk assessments of nanoparticle pollutants in freshwater environments, particularly to ensure aquatic biodiversity and maintain ecosystem stability.

Climate change is accelerating the release, distribution, and toxicity of numerous environmental contaminants, posing new risks to human and ecological health. This review synthesizes recent evidence (2017–2024) on the interaction between climate-related factors and contaminants such as heavy metals, PFAS, microplastics, biotoxins, and endocrine disrupting compounds. A comparative account, based on literature data, maps how temperature rise, altered precipitation, permafrost thaw, and extreme events influence contaminant mobility and hazard profiles. The findings highlight emerging toxins, shifts in exposure pathways, and compounded health threats, emphasizing the need for integrated climate toxicology risk frameworks. Addressing these risks requires targeted monitoring, improved public health preparedness, and proactive policy responses.

This study examines the morphometric characteristics and drainage anomalies of the Kanchi River Basin, which is a tributary of the Subarnarekha River located in Jharkhand, India. SRTM DEM data alongside ArcGIS 10.3.1 were utilized to outline the drainage system and conduct morphometric evaluations. The recorded drainage density stands at 1.13 km/km², the stream frequency at 0.97 streams/km², and the relative relief at 276.66 m. The anomalies in DD range from –1.23 to –2.35 km/km², while the anomalies in stream frequency range from –1.21 to –4.77stream/km². The basin is elongated, moderately dissection, and is influenced by the underlying structure. Tectonic activity and variations in lithology have a significant impact on how drainage anomalies are spatially distributed. The combination of DEM and GIS has proven effective for geomorphological studies, assisting in watershed management and planning for land use.