Abstract This paper introduces a new method for creating an all-optical AND gate by utilizing a two-dimensional photonic crystal configuration for the first time. This gate design is intended for applications in optical computing and all-optical logic, offering the potential for rapid computation and parallel processing. The described gate is characterized by its compact dimensions and comprises two inputs and a single output. The high and low logic states are defined based on power values, where logic 0 corresponds to low power and logic 1 corresponds to high power emitted from the light source. To enhance the design process, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are utilized. ANNs offer a powerful tool for optimizing and fine-tuning the photonic crystal structure parameters to achieve the desired logic functionality. With the help of the applied ANNs, the design process is eased and high performance is achieved for the proposed photonic crystal structure. By integrating ANNs into the design process, this research opens up new possibilities for advancing the field of photonic logic circuits. Combining photonic crystals and ANN optimization provides a powerful approach to designing complex and efficient optical computing systems. The results show that the obtained power values are high for 1 logic state and low for the 0 logic state, which verifies the AND gate accuracy table. The achieved accurate results verify the validity of the proposed approach for achieving precise and reliable all-optical logic operations.

This paper introduces a novel algorithm for designing a low-pass filter (LPF) and a microstrip Wilkinson power divider (WPD) using a neural network surrogate model. The proposed algorithm is applicable to various microwave devices, enhancing their performance and frequency response. Desirable output parameters can be achieved for the designed LPF and WPD by using the proposed algorithm. The proposed artificial neural network (ANN) surrogate model is employed to calculate the dimensions of the LPF and WPD, resulting in their efficient design. The LPF and WPD designs incorporate open stubs, stepped impedances, triangular-shaped resonators, and meandered lines to achieve optimal performance. The compact LPF occupies a size of only 0.15 λg × 0.081 λg, and exhibits a sharp response within the transmission band, with a sharpness parameter of approximately 185 dB/GHz. The designed WPD, operating at 1.5 GHz, exhibits outstanding harmonics suppression from 2 GHz to 20 GHz, with attenuation levels exceeding 20 dB. The WPD successfully suppresses 12 unwanted harmonics (2nd to 13th). The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed design algorithm effectively accomplishes the LPF and WPD designs, exhibiting desirable parameters such as operating frequency and high-frequency harmonics suppression. The WPD demonstrates a low insertion loss of 0.1 dB (S21 = 0.1 dB), input and output return losses exceeding 30 dB (S11 = −35 dB, S22 = −30 dB), and an output ports isolation of more than 32 dB (S23 = −32 dB), making it suitable for integration into modern communication systems.

Skin ulcers can be the outcome of a cancerous tumor, or it could be due to an infection, or may be due to a pressure sore, or by vein problems. It can also be caused due to prolonged pressure on tissues or as an result of the increase of the UV Radiation due to the ozone depletion. In the modern ascensions of the electronic field, segmentation of skin ulcers using camera images has turned out to be an emergent area in the medical image processing discipline. Skin ulcer segmentation helps the user to determine the precise size of the ulcers. We have suggested a synergistic and an effective algorithm for the detection of skin ulcers based on watershed, and threshold segmentation and morphological operators. In this proposed approach we enhance the quality of the ulcer images acquired by the camera and then to detect the size of the skin ulcers, the morphological operators are applied.