AbstractSocial‐ecological systems like fisheries provide food, livelihoods and recreation. However, lack of data and its integration into governance hinders their conservation and management. Stakeholders possess site‐specific knowledge crucial for confronting these challenges. There is increasing recognition that Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) is valuable, but structural differences between ILK and quantitative archetypes have stalled the assimilation of ILK into fisheries management, despite acknowledged bias and uncertainty in scientific methods. Conducting a systematic review of fisheries‐associated ILK research (n = 397 articles), we examined how ILK is accessed, applied, distributed across space and species, and has evolved. We show that ILK has generated qualitative, semi‐quantitative and quantitative information for diverse taxa across 98 countries. Fisheries‐associated ILK research mostly targets small‐scale and artisanal fishers (70% of studies) and typically uses semi‐structured interviews (60%). We revealed large variability in sample size (n = 4–7638), predicted by the approach employed and the data generated (i.e. qualitative studies target smaller groups). Using thematic categorisation, we show that scientists are still exploring techniques, or ‘validating’ ILK through comparisons with quantitative scientific data (20%), and recording qualitative information of what fishers understand (40%). A few researchers are applying quantitative social science methods to derive trends in abundance, catch and effort. Such approaches facilitate recognition of local insight in fisheries management but fall short of accepting ILK as a valid complementary way of knowing about fisheries systems. This synthesis reveals that development and increased opportunities are needed to bridge ILK and quantitative scientific data.

This article explores Herbert McCabe’s work on the development of doctrine. It contends that he provides a perspective that helps theologians move beyond the stale disputes that identify one’s position on this subject as either ‘conservative’ or ‘progressive.’ In light of his notion of the nature of tradition and use of the concept of a revolution, he is able to argue that the Church’s ongoing reception of her deposit of faith is both a radical and conversative process. By implication, his portrait of this process enables Catholic theologians to carry out their work with academic freedom and joyful wonder.

Abstract The olfactory system has been extensively studied from an anatomical and functional point of view, yet how and where certain basic odor characteristics such as identity and concentration are represented in the brain remains poorly understood. The glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb is the first brain region that integrates olfactory signals and enables a topographic representation of odor identity. We investigated this odor encoding at the intraglomerular network level using genetic labeling, in vivo imaging, and computational methods. Our analyses demonstrated that glomerular glutamatergic neurons encode both odor identity and concentration. Furthermore, in vivo structural and functional imaging of sister neurons revealed the emergence of intraglomerular neuronal ensembles governed by odor identity and concentration. These findings revealed a novel network mechanism that enables the simultaneous coding of odor identity and concentration within glomerular modules, suggesting a potential mechanism for odor decorrelation and a new model for odor information processing in the olfactory bulb.

Abstract Expansive soils are one of a major challenging soil for road construction in all over the world, the swelling and shrinkage behavior of expansive soil response to changes in moisture content and as a consequence it's leading to pavement failure. From the chemical additives, hydrated lime is one of a common improver used to stabilize expansive soils, but the use of it can be expensive and lead economical limitation and also require a long curing time. A Cinder ash is both a naturally and industrially byproduct available mineral which has been the most likely auxiliary additive mineral for hydrated lime stabilization of expansive soils. This research work is designed to analyze the improvement of the problematic sub-grade soil with the conjugation of random distributed local natural cinder ash in the proportion of 20 to 35% with a 2 to 5% proportion of hydrated lime. The subgrade soil treated with the conjugation of cinder ash and hydrated lime indicated appropriate improvement in the engineering properties of the soil compared to the native subgrade soil. However, the test result showed a reduction in moisture content, swelling properties, and liquid limit, which were noted in all cinder ash and hydrated lime composites. The samples of soil and cinder ash are collected from Wolaita region Kindo Didaye Woreda Belle Keble of Ethiopia. The MDD, OMC, CBR, and UCS values of the untreated soil were 1.429g/cc, 25.71%, 2.85% and 36.5kpa respectively. The method of characterization is done as per AAS HTO and ASTM test methods, which are recommended by the Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA). The proportion used to treat expansive subgrade soil for characterization was, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% for cinder ash, and 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%, for hydrated lime are used accordingly. The analysis presented that, MDD increased and OMC decreased with increased percent of cinder ash and hydrated lime. The three-point soaked CBR test indicated that the value increased from 2.7–12.8%, this result shows that the CBR value is increased by 374% from the native soil CBR value when the expansive soil is treated with the mixture of 35% of cinder ash and 5% of hydrated lime. 4.54 kg surcharged swell value is decreased from 3.56–0.38% as a percent of 20 to 35 of cinder ash and 2 to 5 percent of hydrated lime are conjugated on an expansive soil. Besides, the developed simple linear regression analysis of a statistical model indicated a good agreement with the experimental study. Results from the current study concluded that stabilizing problematic subgrade soil with cinder ash and the hydrated lime mix was an economical and environmentally friendly investigation method to improve expansive subgrade soil. It can be shown from the conducted experimental results, developed excel graphs, and statistical model, the improvement method formed conjugation with successful environmental grip between cinder ash and hydrated lime composite was obtained.

AbstractDuring meiosis, the programmed formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by Spo11, a conserved topoisomerase-like protein, initiates homologous recombination that leads to crossovers between homologous chromosomes, essential for accurate segregation and genome evolution. Because DSBs are a threat to genome integrity, their number, distribution and timing of formation are regulated during the meiotic program. InS. cerevisiae, DSB interference prevents the coincident formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in neighboring hotspots through a Tel1/ATM dependent mechanism that remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that Tel1 is recruited to meiotic DSBs hotspots in response to Spo11-DSB formation. Tel1 also localizes to chromosomal axis sites in a DSB-dependent manner, thus supporting the TLAC model that postulates meiotic DSBs are being formed within the chromosome axis environment. Tel1 recruitment to meiotic DSBs, DSB interference and the meiotic DNA damage checkpoint are dependent on both the Tel1-FATC domain and the C-terminal moiety of Xrs2, known to mediate Tel1-Xrs2 interaction in somatic cells. However, in a Xrs2 (FxF/Y) mutant DSBs interference remains functional despite Tel1 binding to DSB sites being significantly reduced and the Tel1-dependent DNA damage checkpoint abolished. Altogether, this work highlights the complex regulation of Tel1 multiple functions in meiotic cells, and fine-tuning through interaction with Xrs2.

IntroductionIndigenous communities typically hold diverse traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of their social-ecological system. Much of this knowledge is embodied as skills related to subsistence practices within a specific landscape and is associated with community values and norms. Ways of knowing often reflect the different activities traditionally undertaken by men and women. The incursion of external forces, including urbanization, the cash economy and migration tends to diminish transmission of traditional embodied skills. Knowledge can be lost as culturally significant environments degrade or species become extirpated. Lack of opportunity to develop traditional knowledge and skills can diminish feelings of place and identity, and thus capacity for local environmental stewardship.MethodsThe Yangambi region, Democratic Republic of Congo is a hunting territory of the Turumbu ethnic group. We used questionnaires to explore how levels of wildmeat knowledge and skill may have changed over time among the Turumbu.ResultsThe responses showed lower levels of self-reported skill among women who started to participate in the last 10-15 years. This pattern partly reflects the period of ‘apprenticeship’ but may also suggest diminished learning opportunity in recent years. Skills in cooking, smoking, and selling wildmeat persisted at a higher level than skills in curing disease and gathering wild produce. There was a much more marked pattern for men, with diminishing levels of wildmeat skill reported for around 35-40 years, and even earlier for knowledge of traditional medicine and wildmeat taboos. Questions about mentoring suggested that women have maintained knowledge pathways between mother and daughter, while men showed a shift toward increased learning from uncles.DiscussionGender differences in sharing and learning TEK may be linked to the type of skills that remain valuable in a changing social, ecological, and economic context. Men traditionally undertake the capture elements of hunting, while women deal with wildmeat processing, marketing, and cooking. The Yangambi wildmeat system has evolved from subsistence to a strongly market-driven economy during the lifetime of our study participants. This shift may partly explain why market-based kills such as food smoking and selling have endured longer than hunter’s nature-based knowledge.

Responding to Pope John Paul II's call to give the "ethical grounds and personalistic reasons" behind the Church's teaching on sexual morality, this reflection written over the span of two articles analyzes the norms of the natural law related to human sexuality from a personalist perspective. The key ideas of this study are drawn from two passages: one from Gaudium et spes which states that "The sexual characteristics of man and the human faculty of reproduction wonderfully exceed the dispositions of lower forms of life", the other from Humanae vitae stating that "Conjugal love reveals its true nature and nobility when it is considered in its supreme origin, God, who is love … and it is of supreme importance to have an exact idea of these." (9) Drawing on the analysis of parts I and II shows, first, that the spousal act is in its original structure an "embodying act" intrinsically fashioned to embody spousal love: the self-donation, the intimacy, and the fruitfulness proper to the spirit's act of love animates the bodily act of sex from within, so that the spirit and the body form "one thing" in the spousal act. Secondly, this truth about the spousal act as structured by spousal love will mean that the norms governing human sexuality are not based on biological laws, but on the laws of love. Finally, Part II culminates in a reflection on the individual norms of sexual morality, showing how each of them follows the nature of spousal love. The precepts of the natural law are our guides to properly reverencing the sacred sphere of human sexuality, which is a condition for our flourishing as human persons.

Responding to Pope John Paul II's call to give the "ethical grounds and personalistic reasons" behind the Church's teaching on sexual morality, this reflection written over the span of two articles analyzes the norms of the natural law related to human sexuality from a personalist perspective. The key ideas of this study are drawn from two passages: one from Gaudium et spes which states that "The sexual characteristics of man and the human faculty of reproduction wonderfully exceed the dispositions of lower forms of life", the other from Humanae vitae stating that "Conjugal love reveals its true nature and nobility when it is considered in its supreme origin, God, who is love … and it is of supreme importance to have an exact idea of these." Part I provides an overview of natural law theory, explaining what it means that the natural law is not arbitrary, but the moral norms governing our actions in relation to the beings in the world are rooted in the nature and value of those things. Second, on the background of John Paul II's idea that "the body is the person," this article brings to light a type of bodily act (which I call an "embodying act") that is not only bodily, but one that forms an organic union with an act of the spirit. Finally, we examine here the nature of love as consisting of two dimensions: of mutual self-giving as well as the fruitfulness arising from mutual self-gift. The analysis of "embodying acts" together with the analysis of love will be crucial for arriving at one of the main conclusions in Part II, namely, that the Church's moral norms governing the use of the spousal act are not grounded in the biological structure of sex, but in the laws of love.

The Mpemba effect can be studied with Markovian dynamics in a nonequilibrium thermodynamics framework. The Markovian Mpemba effect can be observed in a variety of systems including the Ising model. We demonstrate that the Markovian Mpemba effect can be predicted in the Ising model with several machine learning methods: the decision tree algorithm, neural networks, linear regression, and nonlinear regression with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method. The positive and negative accuracy of these methods are compared. Additionally, we find that machine learning methods can be used to accurately extrapolate to data outside the range in which they were trained. Neural networks can even predict the existence of the Mpemba effect when they are trained only on data in which the Mpemba effect does not occur. This indicates that information about which coefficients result in the Mpemba effect is contained in coefficients where the results does not occur. Furthermore, neural networks can predict that the Mpemba effect does not occur for positive J, corresponding to the ferromagnetic Ising model even when they are only trained on negative J, corresponding to the antiferromagnetic Ising model. All of these results demonstrate that the Mpemba effect can be predicted in complex, computationally expensive systems, without explicit calculations of the eigenvectors.