Abstract Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in dogs induces hemodynamic and respiratory changes due to pneumoperitoneum, thereby making fluid therapy a central element of perioperative management. This retrospective, single-center study evaluated the effect of two crystalloid strategies: restrictive (5 mL/kg/h) and liberal (10 mL/kg/h), in 104 dogs anesthetized between 2014 and 2025 and subjected to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The primary outcome was perioperative mortality (≤7 days). Secondary outcomes included cardiovascular instability, hypothermia, vasopressor requirement, transfusion requirement, acute kidney injury, hospital resource utilization and short-term recovery. Analyses included between-group comparisons, multivariate logistic regression, and propensity to score matching (1:1). Mortality was low and similar between strategies. The liberal strategy was associated with higher frequency of hypothermia and lower minimum intraoperative temperature, while the restrictive strategy required higher maximum vasopressor doses, without increased severe events. In multivariate models, longer anesthetic time was associated with cardiovascular instability and hypothermia; higher body weight was protective against hypothermia. Findings remained consistent after matching. Therefore, in canine laparoscopic cholecystectomy, restrictive (5 mL/kg/h) and liberal (10 mL/kg/h) strategies showed similar clinical results; choice should be individualized based on each patient’s clinical status.

Abstract Although IgG heavy chain glycans play a crucial role in mediating immunoglobulin G (IgG) effector functions, data on their structure in cattle remain limited. This study investigated whether pre-ruminant to ruminant transition in dairy calves is associated with changes in the expression of terminal galactose (Gal) and sialic acid (SA) on their IgG heavy chain glycans. The study was conducted using pooled serum samples from four groups of 20 calves, with median ages of 48±9, 75±7, 103±7, and 141±8 days (Group I, II, III, and IV, respectively). Gal and SA expression on affinity-isolated serum IgG heavy chains was analyzed by Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA I) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) lectin blots. Gal and SA were expressed on IgG heavy chains of all age groups. The expression of Gal was highest in the youngest calves (Group I) and decreased by 40%, 53%, and 62% in Groups II, III, and IV, respectively. In contrast, SA expression was lowest in Group I, increased sharply in Group II (2.9 times higher than in Group I), remained stable in Group III, and slightly decreased in Group IV. The Gal-to-SA ratio in Group I was 5 to 6 times higher than in the older groups. This study highlights the dynamic changes in glycosylation of calf IgG molecules during preruminant to ruminant transition. Remains to be determined whether observed agedependent increase in SA expression might represent an adaptation to the evolving gastrointestinal microbiome in this period, when shifting toward sialylated, anti-inflammatory IgG that may help protect immature tissues from inflammatory damage.

Abstract This paper explores the biological diversity of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis , its ecological functions, and its economic importance for local communities. By analyzing the ecological roles of mussels in the preservation of ecosystems, as well as their contribution to the local economy through fishing and aquaculture, the work provides a comprehensive insight into their importance and the threats they face. The aim of this study is to analyze the presence of the bacterium Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and determine statistical significance in mussels collected from three different locations in Montenegro: Herceg Novi, Tivat, and Kotor. The analyses were carried out during different seasons, in a period of two years, 2022 and 2023. This approach enabled a detailed analysis of seasonal variations in the level of mussel contamination. Preliminary results show that the highest concentrations of E. coli were recorded during the summer months, which can be associated with increased tourist activities and a greater load on the sewage system. The lowest levels of contamination were registered during the winter months. This reduction occurs because tourist and industrial activity decreases, resulting in less waste and wastewater production. Furthermore, precipitation and winds that dilute pollutants increase, while lower temperatures slow down biological processes. Among the localities analyzed, samples from Kotor showed the highest average concentration of E. coli , while samples from Herceg Novi had the lowest values. These results indicate significant differences in the degree of pollution between localities and seasons, which can have serious consequences for human health, and the ecosystem. The presence of E. coli in mussels directly threatens the safety of food products, because the consumption of contaminated mussels can lead to various gastrointestinal diseases. Also, long-term pollution can disrupt the balance of marine ecosystems, affecting biodiversity and the stability of mussel populations.

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the presence of heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Hg) in the muscle tissue of fish from the Sava River, from two locations: upstream of Belgrade near Obrenovac and in Belgrade. In order to determine the content of heavy metals in fish muscle tissue, 196 samples of different types of fish were collected: Prussian carp, carp, perch and catfish, during the fall and spring of 2023 – 2025. The content of heavy metals was determined by means of atomic absorption spetrometry. The highest average content of Pb (0.282±0.068 mg/kg) and Hg (0.303±0.116 mg/kg) was found in the muscle tissue of catfish, while the lowest average content of Pb and Hg was determined in the muscle tissue of perch (0.088±0.025 mg/kg), (0.090±0.038 mg/kg), respectively. The highest average content of Cd was recorded in the muscle tissue of carp (0.103±0.030 mg/kg), while the lowest was found in the muscle tissue of catfish (0.032±0.015 mg/kg). In all tested samples, the determined concentrations of Pb and Hg were below the maximum allowed concentrations regulated by the Rulebook of the Republic of Serbia and European Union regulations. The determined concentrations of Cd in the muscle tissue of carp, catfish and Prussian carp were on several locations above the maximum allowed concentration of 0.05 mg/kg of fresh fish. Fish from this part of the Sava river cannot be considered completely safe for human consumption, especially when it comes to species that show a tendency to accumulate Cd. Overall, seasonal variations were more evident than spatial differences, with several species showing moderately higher metal concentrations in spring, particularly in 2025, indicating subtle but recurring seasonal tendencies. Differences between the territories upstream of Belgrade and within Belgrade were generally small, although mercury levels were consistently higher at the downstream location, suggesting a mild but stable spatial influence.

Abstract Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) is an immune-mediated central nervous system disorder in dogs in which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a key role in diagnosis and monitoring. This case report describes a five-year-old spayed female Chihuahua (3.9 kg) presented with acute right-sided weakness, anorexia, and vomiting. The initial MRI demonstrated multifocal T2/FLAIR hyperintense lesions in the left frontal lobe with suspected disruption of the blood–brain barrier, consistent with MUO. Immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg twice daily, tapered to 0.15 mg/kg once daily) was administered in combination with imatinib (10 mg/kg once daily). Follow-up MRI after seven weeks revealed partial remission of lesions, restoration of blood–brain barrier integrity, and mild ventricular enlargement. At eleven months, chronic gliosis, progressive cerebral atrophy, and further ventricular dilation (39% vs. 29% at 7 weeks) were evident without new lesions. Clinical signs resolved within 25 days, but long-term therapy caused polyphagia, polydipsia, persistent alkaline phosphatase elevation, transient alanine aminotransferase increase, and episodes of hypertriglyceridemia. This case highlights the value of sequential MRI for documenting the transition from acute inflammation to partial remission and chronic structural change in MUO. Prednisolone-based immunosuppression combined with imatinib achieved sustained clinical improvement, while long-term monitoring was essential to detect progressive atrophy and treatment of related adverse effects.

Abstract The aim was to investigate the incidence, clinical presentation, and potential risk factors for suspected dorzolamide-induced blepharitis (DIB), in dogs diagnosed with glaucoma or hereditary glaucoma predisposition. A retrospective review was conducted using clinical records of 286 dogs with primary or secondary glaucoma, or a hereditary predisposition to glaucoma (goniodysgenesis), that received dorzolamide eye drops between October 1, 2012, and January 1, 2020. Cases of suspected DI B were identified based on resolution of blepharitis following drug withdrawal. Statistical analysis, including odds ratio calculations, was performed to assess the potential risk factors. Eighteen dogs (6.2%) developed DIB after dorzolamide use. The median time before the development of DI B was 60 days. A significant association was identified between dogs with a history of seasonal skin allergies and the development of blepharitis (odds ratio: 12.4, 95% CI: 4.04–35.3, p < 0.001). However, no significant association was found with prior intraocular surgery ( p = 0.26) or dry eye disease ( p = 0.19). Clinical symptoms resolved within a median of 60 days after discontinuing dorzolamide, and most dogs were successfully switched to brinzolamide without recurrence of symptoms. Seasonal allergies seem to be a significant risk factor for development of DI B. Dorzolamide is one of the most frequently used drugs for treatment of glaucoma, with relatively high prevalence of suspected delayed hypersensitivity reaction (blepharitis). Brinzolamide may be the safer option for the treatment of glaucoma in dogs.

Abstract Filaroid nematode Setaria tundra is a parasite well adapted to cervids, especially to roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ). Adult forms are located in the abdominal cavity, and infections are usually asymptomatic. During 2024, a total od 31 carcasses of roe deer were examined in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina). During gross pathologic examination nematodes were found in two cases and were identified as S. tundra by morphological and molecular analysis. In the Balkan region, this nematode has previously been described in Croatia and Serbia. This study represents the first report of S. tundra in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Genetic diversity parameters and neutrality tests of 50 cox1 sequences belonging to S. tundra from Europe indicate a genetic signature consistent with recent population expansion.

Abstract Bovine leukosis virus (BLV) negatively affects the immune health of cattle, increasing their susceptibility to diseases such as subclinical mastitis, a common condition in dairy cows that generates significant economic losses due to decreased milk production, treatment costs, and culling of animals. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between BLV seropositivity and subclinical mastitis in 200 cows from 20 specialized herds in the Aburrá Valley, north and east of Antioquia, Colombia. Milk and blood analyses were performed using the California mastitis test (CMT), somatic cell count (SCC) by flow cytometry, and BLV detection by ELISA. The results showed a 68% seropositivity to BLV, an average SCC of 168.350/mL, and a CMT index of 0.42. A high positive correlation (90%) was found between SCC and CMT, indicating the effectiveness of CMT as a diagnostic tool to assess mammary health. Furthermore, the negative correlation (-20%) between SCC and milk production evidences the impact of mastitis on productivity. The significant relationship between BLV seropositivity and increased SCC (P=0.00129) confirms the immunosuppressive effect of BLV, which predisposes cows to subclinical mastitis. In conclusion, bovine leukosis increases the susceptibility of cows to develop subclinical mastitis by weakening their immune system, compromising the general health of herds, and generating economic losses, highlighting the importance of the CMT as an efficient, rapid, and economical method for its diagnosis.

Abstract A 12–year–old castrated male mongrel was presented with an intestinal mass, weight loss, and hematochezia. Diagnostic imaging identified a soft tissue mass in the ileum and two enlarged intra–abdominal lymph nodes. Surgical resection was performed with intraoperative guidance using near–infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging and indocyanine green (ICG). The tumor exhibited reduced fluorescence compared to the surrounding intestine, enabling negative contrast–based visualization of the resection boundary and preservation of the ileocecal valve. Submucosal injection of ICG intraoperatively allowed clear visualization of lymphatic drainage and identification of a fluorescent sentinel lymph node (SLN). Histopathological examination confirmed complete excision of an invasive adenocarcinoma with tumor–free margins. The fluorescent lymph node was metastatic, while the non–fluorescent enlarged node was benign adipose tissue. The patient recovered uneventfully, with no recurrence or metastasis observed at the one–year follow–up. This case demonstrates the clinical utility of ICG–NIRF imaging in guiding margin assessment and SLN mapping during intestinal tumor surgery in a dog. The approach facilitated more accurate staging and conservative resection, potentially reducing surgical morbidity. This case report describes the first documented veterinary case of ICG–NIRF–guided resection and SLN mapping for canine intestinal adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by fungi of the genus Sporothrix, commonly found in tropical regions. This report describes the first documented case of feline and human sporotrichosis in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. A male cat developed progressive skin lesions, and its owner was also infected after being scratched. Tissue samples confirmed the presence of Sporothrix spp. through cytology, histopathology, fungal culture, and PCR. The initial treatment with fluconazole was switched to itraconazole after diagnostic confirmation. This report highlights the importance of rapid diagnosis and containment measures to control the spread of this zoonosis.