Purpose: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) , hepatitis C virus are causes of significant morbidity and mortality across the World .HIV and HBV&HCV are blood-borne viruses transmitted usually through sexual contact and use of unsterilized needles. Their similar means of transmission increases the risk of contracting both infections concurrently. This study was aimed at assessing the knowledge, practices and attitude of pregnant women on prevention and transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and C with respect to educational level at the Mifi health district. Methodology: This study was a descriptive cross sectional study involving pregnant women who visited different health centers with the Mifi health district between the month of January to june 2023. Sampling was done by convenience Data was analysed using version 20.0. and the data was presented in tables and bar graphs, meanwhile the pearson chi square test was used to compare variables under investigation at a confidence interval of 95%, providing a 5% error margin. Descriptive values were expressed as the frequency, percentage, and mean ± standard deviation (SD). Findings: Out of the 467 participants, 80.73% were within the poor knowledge range whereas 12.63% showed good knowledge (while 6.63 recorded excellent knowledge scores. 44.96% were within the poor practice range while 55.03% showed good practice. majority showed poor attitude toward transmission and prevention of HIV, HBV and HCV as only 18(3.85%) were willing to meet the doctor if they were diagnosed of any of the above mention infections meaning 449 (96.14%) will embrace fear and sadness. Majority of pregnant women in this study had good knowledge regarding prevention and transmission of HIV,HBV and. Irrespective of the knowledge, practices and attitude of the participants were generally poor at the Mifi health district in Cameroon. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This research have come to set standard in health facilities in the mifi health district by proving beyond doubt that pregnant women are co infected with both HIV,HBV, and HCV and giving the poor attitude and practices among women that fuel the transmissions of these infections, we stand to advocate that all women presenting for ANC, should be compulsorily tested for HIV,HBV and HCV and equally much education on the transmission mode of these infections by the nurses should be implemented. This study have saved as an eye opener to policy makers to impost the testing of HIV, HBV and HCV during every first ANC visit and possibly two weeks before delivery.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of nutrition labeling on food choices and diet quality in France. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: In France, the Nutri-Score labeling system has been found to significantly influence food choices towards healthier options by providing clear nutritional information on packaged foods. Studies indicate that consumers are more likely to select products with higher Nutri-Score ratings, indicative of healthier nutritional profiles, leading to improved overall diet quality and potentially reducing the risk of diet-related health issues. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Health belief model (HBM), theory of planned behavior (TPB) & social cognitive theory (SCT) may be used to anchor future studies on impact of nutrition labeling on food choices and diet quality in France. Emphasize interpretive labels that simplify complex nutritional information and facilitate quick comprehension across diverse demographic and cultural groups. Advocate for harmonized nutrition labeling regulations at national and international levels to ensure consistency and comparability across products and regions.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of air quality on respiratory health in urban areas in Japan. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Research in Japan indicates a clear link between urban air quality and respiratory health, with pollutants like PM2.5 and nitrogen dioxide posing significant risks. High pollution levels, stemming from factors like vehicular emissions and industrial activities, are particularly detrimental in densely populated areas. Vulnerable groups, such as children and the elderly, are especially affected, experiencing worsened symptoms and reduced lung function. Urgent implementation of effective air quality management measures is crucial to protect public health in Japanese cities. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Environmental justice theory, exposure-response theory & place-based theory may be used to anchor future studies on analyze the influence of air quality on respiratory health in urban areas in Japan. Implement community-based interventions that target vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, in collaboration with local stakeholders and healthcare providers. Advocate for stricter air quality standards and regulations at the local, national, and international levels to reduce emissions of pollutants from industrial sources, transportation, and residential activities.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of air quality on respiratory health in children in Mexico. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: High air pollution levels in Mexico, largely from traffic and industry, worsen respiratory health in children. This includes higher rates of asthma, respiratory infections, and decreased lung function. Urban areas with limited healthcare access are hit hardest. Urgent action is needed, including stricter regulations and public health initiatives, to protect Mexican children's well-being. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Environmental determinism theory, bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory & health belief model (HBM) may be used to anchor future studies on analyze the impact of air quality on respiratory health in children in Mexico. Encourage pediatricians and healthcare providers to routinely discuss air quality issues during visits and provide guidance on minimizing exposure, especially in areas with known poor air quality. Policy initiatives should aim to reduce the emission of key pollutants identified in the research as harmful to children's respiratory health.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of telemedicine interventions on mental health outcomes during pandemics in Brazil. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Research in Brazil shows promising results for telemedicine's effectiveness in improving mental health outcomes during pandemics. Telemedicine interventions, like virtual therapy sessions, enhance access to care, especially in remote areas. Patients express satisfaction with remote mental health support, citing convenience. However, challenges such as the digital divide and privacy issues require attention for equitable and confidential service delivery. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social cognitive theory (SCT), technology acceptance model (TAM) & health belief model (HBM) may be used to anchor future studies on analyze effectiveness of telemedicine interventions on mental health outcomes during pandemics in Brazil. Telemedicine platforms should be designed to accommodate Brazil's diverse cultural and linguistic landscape. Policy makers should develop clear regulatory guidelines for telemedicine practice in Brazil, particularly concerning licensure, privacy protection, and reimbursement policies.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of dietary interventions on type 2 diabetes management in Zambia. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Dietary interventions in Zambia for managing Type 2 Diabetes showed improved glycemic control, emphasizing fresh foods and reducing processed ones. Participants reported better adherence, leading to weight loss and reduced medication dependency. Additionally, improvements in lipid profiles and blood pressure were noted, highlighting broader cardiovascular benefits. Overall, culturally tailored dietary interventions are crucial for effective Type 2 Diabetes management in Zambia. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social cognitive theory (SCT), health belief model (HBM) & trans theoretical model (TTM) may be used to anchor future studies on analyze the effects of dietary interventions on type 2 diabetes management in Zambia. Emphasize the importance of individualized dietary approaches in diabetes management, considering factors such as cultural preferences, socioeconomic status and comorbidities. Promote policies that prioritize nutrition education, access to healthy foods, and community-based interventions aimed at preventing and managing type 2 diabetes.

Purpose: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a significant global health challenge, contributing to 50% of worldwide morbidity and 63% of mortality. The burden is particularly substantial in low—and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 80% of NCD-related deaths occur. This study evaluated barriers and challenges to effective screening and linkages of NCDs in Nyeri County. Methodology: A quasi-experimental non-equivalent pre-and post-test design was conducted from May 2022 to March 2023. The study employed multistage cluster and random sampling to select ten community units, resulting in 150 community health volunteers (CHVs) in the control unit and 150 in the intervention group. Data collection was facilitated through the KOBO app. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 28.0, and qualitative data was audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed via N-Vivo 12 and findings were presented in textual descriptions and thematic analysis that included direct quotes from participants, descriptions of observed behaviors, and interpretations of patterns and themes. Findings: The study shows that 59.3% of respondents have minimal information, and 92.7 % (n =139) have no clear understanding of NCDs, with a pre-intervention capacity of 48.8%. Independent sample t-test showed a significant difference in capacity from a pre-intervention average of 48.75 (SD±5.7) %, which increased to 68.28 (SD±7.6) %, p<0.001. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: There is a need for a comprehensive, and culturally sensitive training for that will focus on modern healthcare practices, implementing more structured, community-centric approaches involving effective communication, mobilization, and sensitization will enhance the capacity and acceptance of CHVs' roles in combating NCDs. Continuous research and evaluation should ensure practical changes including innovations and use of mobile apps like NCDs app and wheel. An easy-to-use CHV mobile app, continuous capacity building and increased awareness and training will greatly improve on CHVs screening and linkages. Therefore, in this era of technology and use of mobile phones, there is need to develop an app that can be integrated with CHVs mobile phones, Healthcare facility and clients for close NCD monitoring and referral.

Purpose: To explore the nursing students’ future intentions upon graduation.
 Methodology: The study adopted a comparative cross-sectional survey of first-year nursing students and final-year nursing students on their future intentions upon graduation. The sample size was determined using Fisher et al., formula. Participants were selected through simple random sampling and those who met the eligibility criteria were included in the study. An online questionnaire was administered using a free Open Data Kit (ODK). The summary sheet from ODK software was downloaded, and data was cleaned, coded, and entered into R statistical package for analysis. Descriptive frequencies were generated for demographic and social characteristics; chi-square tests and proportion tests were used to determine significance when appropriate. Frequency counts, median, and percentages were tabulated for categorical variables.
 Findings: The study revealed that 99% (224/226) of the students would like to pursue a career in nursing after completing the diploma training. A higher proportion 69.1% (155/224) of the students who intend to pursue a career in nursing would prefer to pursue their nursing career outside of Kenya. There is a significant (P=0.004) difference since between the two groups as a higher proportion 77.5% (100/129) of Students in their first year of the study indicated they would prefer to pursue their career outside Kenya compared to 56.7% (55/97) students in their final year of the study. The study also revealed that 98.2% (222/226) of the students intend to pursue a degree in nursing upon completion of the KRCHN training.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Policy: Regarding policy, this study suggests that the government collaborate with other nations to develop regulations that allow nurses to pursue education and employment abroad. After completing their training, nurses should be required to stay in Kenya for a predetermined period of time and should as most student nurses would wish to emigrate; thus, this will help alleviate the shortage.

Purpose: It is well known that anemia is one of the medical problems during pregnancy and it can be encountered through health education. However, the rate of iron deficiency anemia is increasing among pregnant women. This study sought to find the knowledge of pregnant women who were attending primary healthcare institutions in Oman regarding gestational anemia. Also to find out if there is an association between demographic data and women’s knowledge about gestational anemia during pregnancy.
 Methodology: This study used a quantitative study, descriptive cross-sectional design. The researchers selected five primary healthcare institutions (Antenatal Clinics) in Sohar Wilayate in North Batinah Governorate in Oman to reach pregnant women who had been diagnosed with anemia. The data was collected via a questionnaire including two sections: participants’ sociodemographic characteristics and knowledge sections with 235 participants. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.72 and measured in different studies.
 Findings: The results of this study showed that women in Oman had lack of knowledge regarding many aspects related to gestational anemia. For example, they did not know about the signs and symptoms, nutrition that prevent anemia, and the effect of anemia on pregnancy outcomes. Data also showed that knowledge was significantly associated among pregnant women who were above 40, highly educated, working, and multigravida.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Knowing pregnant women's knowledge regarding gestational anemia could help the policymakers in the Ministry of Health formulate the best approach to offer health education and services for pregnant women with gestational anemia in Oman. This study came with many recommendations regarding knowledge, practice, and policy. Programs related to gestational anemia should be implemented to inform healthcare professionals, women, and their families about Iron deficiency anemia. Also, gestational anemia policy and guidelines are needed in healthcare institutions, and all healthcare professionals should be informed of the policy regularly. Healthcare professionals should be trained to educate and support women with gestational anemia during the antenatal and postnatal periods.