ABSTRACT This article investigates the EU’s global potential leadership and actorness in the development and diffusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI). In the EU, AI has raised societal and policy concern due to persisting evidence of the technology disregarding ethical principles and fundamental rights. To address these risks, European institutions and politicians project leadership claims for global norms underpinned by a human-centric and rights-based approach. This article qualitatively assesses the extent to which such leadership claims can be realised through the lens actorness. It concludes that whilst EU official discourse is ambitious in tone, for the EU to realise its potential and exercise effective exemplary and diplomatic leadership in the global AI domain, it must address existing deficiencies in its actorness capabilities internally and externally.

ABSTRACT Purpose The purpose of the present study is to improve the quality of prediction of soft tissue morphology by clarifying the relationship between the amount of three-dimensional (3-D) changes of hard tissue and the morphological differences of the soft tissue chin before and after orthognathic surgery in skeletal class III malocclusion. Materials and methods Preoperative and six-month postoperative CT was used to analyze the changes in 26 adult Japanese skeletal class III patients. The mean age was 25.5 years. Lateral cephalograms were analyzed to evaluate the initial antero-posterior jaw relationship and the changes before and after treatment. Three-D masks and bone structures were reconstructed using 3-D modelling software, and the final chin models were defined for further analysis following voxel-based registration. Correlation and linear regression analyses were performed to clarify the relationship between the movement of the soft tissue chin and the underlying bone. Results The soft tissue chin volume and surface area significantly increased after surgery. The thickness of the chin significantly increased only at pogonion and menton after surgery. Furthermore, a statistically significant correlation between the movement of soft tissue chin and underlying bone was found. Consequently, the regression model predicted the changes in soft tissue chin from the movement of the underlying bone. Conclusion Three-D analysis of the soft tissue chin revealed a significant change in response to surgical orthodontic treatment in skeletal class III adult patients, and soft tissue chin movement could be predicted by using 3-D CT data when planning orthognathic treatment.

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the development and transformation of Yugoslav nationalism with the spotlight on its two main incarnations – the Yugoslav idea as articulated in the centralized and monarchic state of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (1918–41) and the development of the Yugoslav project during the state socialist period (1945–91). Using the analytical tools of historical sociology and particularly the grounded nationalism approach, the author aims to explore the social dynamics of Yugoslav nationalism as it changed its form during the twentieth century. The paper zooms in on the key historical processes that have shaped the organizational, ideological, and micro-interactional grounding of Yugoslav nationalism. The author argues that, despite the relatively strong nominal commitment towards building civic nationhood, the Yugoslav project has paradoxically provided organizational, ideological, and micro-interactional mechanisms for the relatively continuous rise of ethnic nationalisms. The failure of Yugoslav nationalism stems in part from its uneven, underdeveloped, or misdirected grounding. It is this structural unevenness that also contributed to the relatively continuous proliferation of much better-grounded ethnic nationalisms.

ABSTRACT Many students struggle with algebra and often turn to instructional explanatory videos (IEVs) as learning resources. This feasibility study explored whether students implicitly recognize quality indicators in algebra videos and how these influence their choices. Using Conjoint analysis in a 2×2 design, we examined the focus on subject-matter didactical and multimedia features among 34 students aged 14–15 years. We presented authentic IEVs on solving algebraic equations varying in didactical and multimedia features. Bayesian analysis revealed that both didactical and multimedia features influenced video choices with no notable differences in impact strength. Student characteristics (mathematics achievement, interest, and self-concept) affected preferences only for the didactical features. The study concludes that students can identify quality indicators in math videos, although this recognition is limited and may be further enhanced through targeted guidance. Methodologically, conjoint analysis demonstrated its efficacy in mathematics education research, effectively addressing social desirability bias and implicit behaviors.

ABSTRACT In some countries, pharmacists have obtained prescribing rights to improve quality and accessibility of care and reduce physician workload. This case study explored pharmacists’ current roles in and potential for prescribing in primary care in the Netherlands, where prescribing rights for pharmacists do not exist. Participatory observations of pharmacists working in either general practice or community pharmacy were conducted, as were semi-structured interviews about current and potential practice. The latter were extended to patients and other healthcare professionals, mainly general practitioners, resulting in 34 interviews in total. Thematic analyses revealed that pharmacists, in all cases, wrote prescriptions that were then authorized by a physician before dispensing. General practice-based pharmacists often prescribed medications during patient consultations. Community pharmacists mainly influenced prescribing through (a) medication reviews where the physician and/or practice nurse often were consulted to make treatment decisions, and (b) collaborative agreements with physicians to start or substitute medications in specific situations. These findings imply that the pharmacists’ current roles in prescribing in the Netherlands resemble collaborative prescribing practices in other countries. We also identified several issues that should be addressed before formally introducing pharmacist prescribing, such as definitions of tasks and responsibilities and prescribing-specific training for pharmacists.

ABSTRACT This paper centers on social activism, a distinctive form of behavior characterized by escalating actions that vary in degrees of difficulty and commitment. Rather than adopting a Likert scaling approach, we embrace a Thurstone technique to construct a commitment to social activism scale (CSAS). We incorporate focus groups, online survey data, and tests of validity in a multistage approach. The validity of CSAS was examined using convergent (activist identity and activist intention) and discriminant (trait anger and dogmatism) scales. Moving forward, the Thurstone scaling procedure used can be mirrored to improve theoretical work studying escalating behaviors across communication topics.

ABSTRACT Lighthouses are enduring symbols of maritime heritage, representing the history and identity of coastal communities. Over the last few decades, however, these structures have been increasingly decommissioned and divested especially in response to the rise of navigational technologies and costly maintenance. Remarkably little academic scrutiny has been paid to the present and future challenges of these sites, and even less attention has been given to contexts of lighthouse closure, reuse, and replication. In response, this paper combines lighthouse infrastructure data with media analyses and qualitative interviews to explore the ‘afterlives’ of Canada’s historic lighthouses, examining their transformations and the cultural politics involved in their reuse and replica (or faux lighthouses). We argue that historic lighthouses are not only significant features of maritime heritage but also serve as contemporary sites of coastal change and growth. By studying their afterlives, the paper sheds light on the intricate and complicated lifecycles of lighthouses and the communities that depend on them. Overall, we contribute to a broader understanding of coastal heritage, emphasizing the importance of examining adaptive reuse and the emergence of replica lighthouses as practices that renegotiate established values, meanings, and emotions associated with these iconic structures.

ABSTRACT Youth who are racially and ethnically marginalized in the United States are placed at risk for mental health disparities and inequities. We propose that promoting social-emotional competencies through universal school-based service delivery is one potential solution for improving the accessibility and quality of support for these youth. We further propose that mindfulness-based school interventions may be especially useful as universal supports for promoting social-emotional competencies, as they are broadly effective, low-cost, scalable, and flexible. This work unpacks the empirical and logical proposition driving this proposal, and then provides guidelines to help school-based consultants (e.g., school psychologists, counselors, social workers, and other mental health professionals in schools) translate this proposition into practice. Our guidelines have two emphases: first, we offer recommendations for consultants to support implementers in tailoring mindfulness-based school interventions to engage the student population; second, we discuss strategies for consultants to support implementers themselves as they engage with the process of implementing mindfulness-based interventions in schools.

The reporting of adverse events (AEs) relating to medical devices is a long-standing area of concern, with suboptimal reporting due to a range of factors including a failure to recognize the association of AEs with medical devices, lack of knowledge of how to report AEs, and a general culture of nonreporting. The introduction of artificial intelligence as a medical device (AIaMD) requires a robust safety monitoring environment that recognizes both generic risks of a medical device and some of the increasingly recognized risks of AIaMD (such as algorithmic bias). There is an urgent need to understand the limitations of current AE reporting systems and explore potential mechanisms for how AEs could be detected, attributed, and reported with a view to improving the early detection of safety signals. The systematic review outlined in this protocol aims to yield insights into the frequency and severity of AEs while characterizing the events using existing regulatory guidance. Publicly accessible AE databases will be searched to identify AE reports for AIaMD. Scoping searches have identified 3 regulatory territories for which public access to AE reports is provided: the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. AEs will be included for analysis if an artificial intelligence (AI) medical device is involved. Software as a medical device without AI is not within the scope of this review. Data extraction will be conducted using a data extraction tool designed for this review and will be done independently by AUK and a second reviewer. Descriptive analysis will be conducted to identify the types of AEs being reported, and their frequency, for different types of AIaMD. AEs will be analyzed and characterized according to existing regulatory guidance. Scoping searches are being conducted with screening to begin in April 2024. Data extraction and synthesis will commence in May 2024, with planned completion by August 2024. The review will highlight the types of AEs being reported for different types of AI medical devices and where the gaps are. It is anticipated that there will be particularly low rates of reporting for indirect harms associated with AIaMD. To our knowledge, this will be the first systematic review of 3 different regulatory sources reporting AEs associated with AIaMD. The review will focus on real-world evidence, which brings certain limitations, compounded by the opacity of regulatory databases generally. The review will outline the characteristics and frequency of AEs reported for AIaMD and help regulators and policy makers to continue developing robust safety monitoring processes. PRR1-10.2196/48156.

ABSTRACT In the past decade or so, an increasing number of construction organizations have shifted from traditional CAD to BIM, which requires organizations to make corresponding changes and can be seen as a progressive organizational change. However, existing research knows little about the organizational management mechanisms for BIM implementation. From the perspective of organizational change, considering the role of transformational leadership and organizational unlearning, this study constructs a framework to explore the organizational mechanism of BIM implementation. Based on empirical analysis of 124 samples from mainland China, it was found that transformational leadership contributes to the improvement of an organization’s BIM implementation level and the pathway is mainly achieved through organizational unlearning. This study contributes to the construction industry’s organizational change and new technology implementation by inferring and validating the positive roles of transformational leadership and organizational unlearning in promoting BIM implementation. Research findings can also provide helpful guidance for industry participants to implement BIM within organizations successfully.