The intensity of armed conflicts on the international stage is increasing, posing significant risks to the lives of journalists disseminating information from conflict zones. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of international laws and organizations in ensuring the protection of rights and safety of journalists in armed conflict situations. The study focuses on examining the application and effectiveness of international legal acts, including the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, as well as analyzing the activities of major international organizations such as the UN and UNESCO, the Committee to Protect Journalists, and Reporters Without Borders. The authors highlight the historical essence of the development of international humanitarian law and emphasize its adaptation to modern conditions of warfare, characterized by diversity and ambiguity in conflicts. Special attention is given to the analysis of problems and challenges faced by journalists in conflict zones, and the role of international organizations in protecting their rights and freedoms. The article also presents recommendations for strengthening international and national defense mechanisms, as well as the need to improve informational support and educational programs for journalists working in conflict zones. In the conclusion of the research, the authors underscore the importance of global collaboration for the effective protection of journalists, identifying the necessity for further development and refinement of international regulatory mechanisms in the context of the constantly changing nature of armed conflicts

The objective of this research is to delve into the portrayal of China's national image within the framework of the "The Belt and Road Initiative". This study selects Kazakhstan's media outlet, the reports of "Kazinform" on China spanning from 2018 to 2022 as its subject of investigation, employing quantitative research methodology for a comprehensive examination, including the overall volume of coverage, key themes and content. And our focus is specifically directed towards the distribution patterns and overarching trends of political, economic and cultural themes within the reports. The research findings reveal that "Kazinform" presents a relatively objective and favorable image of China as a nation. In a more detailed context, "Kazinform" accurately reflects China's current state of development across five domains: politics, economics, culture, military affairs and society. Nonetheless, we have also identified instances of negative report. These reports serve to provide us with a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted dimensions of China's image within Kazakhstan's mainstream online media. Simultaneously, they shed light on the factors underlying the formation of the "Chinese perspective" within the content of reports, thereby facilitating a clearer appreciation of the significance of the "Belt and Road Initiative" within the geopolitical landscape of Central Asia

The formation and periods of development of the journalistic genre need to be monitored since ancient times. The coexistence of such concepts as society, politics, system, and people is natural from the day they appeared in human consciousness. Through the journalistic genre, facts related to truth and artistic language are transmitted, which can be perceived by society. In particular, since the Turkish people united and established the Turkic Khaganate in the 5th century, modern journalism of nomadic civilizations has also been formed. The journalistic genre occupies a special place in written monuments. The word "Publicus" itself also means "public". It follows that journalism presents to the public the most important and relevant information in society. The early written monuments considered the historical realities of that period, current political events, issues of the kagan, the kaganate. This is evidenced by the marked texts in such Orkhon monuments as "Tonikok", "Kultegin". The monuments of the Orkhon-Yensei script themselves belong to the "ancient Turkic era". The people who were part of the Eastern Turkish Kaganate read and spoke this language, that is, the same language was used in journalistic terms

Freedom of speech is the most important political right of citizens, guaranteed by the Constitution. A person differs in that freedom of speech also allows him to openly publish or remain silent in the press, at meetings and conferences, and categorically refuse to express an opinion. At the same time, freedom of speech is based on international standards and norms and is closely linked to the diversity of opinions. The most important opportunity to ensure freedom of speech in a democratic society is a free media, which has become a platform for publicity and self-expression. Only thanks to this, citizens can exercise freedom of speech and the right to express their point of view. This article delves into the primary indicators and methodologies used to assess freedom of speech in the media since 2002, focusing on the current international organization «Reporters sans frontières». The article examines Kazakhstan's ranking in the index over the period since the country gained independence, along with an analysis of the level of censorship and the conceptual frameworks of freedom of speech proposed by domestic scholars. The discussion encompasses the reasons and consequences behind Kazakhstan's ascent to the 33rd position in the «Reporters sans frontières» in 2022, as well as its subsequent 12th position in the same ranking in 2023. The presented data and facts undergo thorough analysis, revealing the distinctive features of changes in the field of freedom of speech within the country.

As the most recent information and communication technologies (ICT) are incorporated into various areas of life, including journalism, new axiological and deontological dilemmas, ethical disputes, and heated discussions have arisen in the media. To maintain a balance between the advancement of technology andthe defense of citizens' interests, this calls for thoughtful consideration of the renewal and improvement of professional attitudes, legal norms, and ethical principles of journalism, as well as an analysis of the likely outcomes of the dissemination of knowledge-intensive techniques. The axiological-deontological standing of a journalist might legitimately be regarded as the most crucial component of professionalism with the advent of ICT into media practice.

Game journalism, which combines the format of the media of local interests, at the present stage occupies a separate information area designed for a special audience. Nevertheless, the communication principles inherent in media information apply in the same way to any niche branches of the media market, as well as to the principles and functions of journalism in general. A computer game, having become a specific phenomenon of virtual culture, has made its own adjustments to the concepts of creativity and communicative relations with the audience. Since the game is based on an artistic image and a spatiotemporal organization, its aspects are similar in spirit to the communicative formats of the media. In addition, the main difference between a multiplayer game is considered to be an established virtual world, which develops even when the player is out of the game. And it also brings the functions of gamification closer to the functions of the media market, in the space of which the concept of gaming journalism is firmly established. The article examines the features of the interaction of game journalism as a communicative process with the audience through the prism of its formation and the possibilities of further development and substantiates the need for scientific discourse on this topic

Currently, media, technology and scientific research allow us to expand and more effectively use communication channels. This, in turn, causes the formation and change of sociocultural and political concepts in everyday life. This urgent problem required the development of new approaches with an interdisciplinary approach to reconstruct universities and educational institutions. In addition, this problem has led to the emergence of research aimed at studying psychology, sociology, patterns of political behaviour and the influence of the media on the audience. In this context, individuals specializing in the relationship between media and psychology were in demand not only in educational institutions, but also in areas such as politics, architecture, commerce, design and engineering. As a result of the use of media content (both new and traditional), psychology plays an important role. For example, studying the influence of the media, from television to newspapers, from social media channels to billboards, has made it possible to understand new global trends and cultural changes In this context, the main purpose of this research article is to determine theoretical conclusions in the study of psychological aspects in media and communication; to observe the psychological impact of viewers of different ages in media communication; to expand the scope of new approaches and methods in the field of medical psychology. The scientific conclusion of the study involves examining the psychological impact of sociocultural video presentations on a person through television, identifying the positive or negative impact of socio-cultural manifestations, examining the influence of spiritual and cognitive video presentations and programmes promoting violence, and a comprehensive analysis

The field of journalism has not been spared from the rapid development of technology. With the development of communication technologies, traditional journalism has been transformed. In the past, news was produced by media and consumed by the masses. However, the advent of drones has led to the emergence of citizen journalism as an alternative source of information in the news gathering process. Considered the «eyes in the air» of journalists, drones are offering new opportunities for both citizen journalists and large media companies. Drones have a great physical advantage in that they can display the area of damage spread in disasters such as fires, earthquakes, floods, the scale of events on battlefields, sporting events and concerts. It also creates conditions for quick access to the journalist's news and informative publication. However, the dangers posed by drone technology in areas such as national security, public health and safety, personal life and public safety, as well as legal and ethical issues, cannot be ignored in addition to expanding the possibilities of journalistic reporting. This article analyzes the new breath and contribution that the use of drones has brought to journalism, as well as its possibilities and limitations