In order to increase the durability and quality of bananas, this research discusses the design of an economical gas-based dehydrator with the application of PID control for valves and gas, specifically for small and medium-scale home industries. The main objective was to develop a cost-effective and efficient solution for drying bananas without sacrificing nutritional quality and taste. The dehydrator system is designed using PID control to obtain accurate and precise temperatures during the drying process. The algorithm is that the PID control will regulate and adjust how much gas is released through the valve based on the difference between the desired and actual temperature in the drying room. The best constants of PID we get are P = 1, I = 2, and D = 3. By applying these constants, the time taken by the system to change a signal from 30oC to 100oC of temperature is about 5 minutes, with a maximum overshoot of about 10%. In addition, the system required 25 minutes to achieve a steady state with an error value of about 5% from the setpoint. From the results of this experiment, it would be declared that the performance of the dehydrator built has indicated good performance. The minimum temperature that could be generated by the dehydrator is 90oC, while the maximum temperature is set 150oC. The experiment shows that this dehydrator can reduce the water content of a 1-2 g banana fruit by up to 50% within 60 minutes and 26% for a 10 g banana fruit mass simultaneously. The results also show that the dehydrator maintained optimal banana fruit quality based on texture, colour, and taste. Thus, these results indicate the great potential of gas-based dehydrators with PID control as an innovative solution for the home fruit processing industry, offering a combination of efficiency and cost-effectiveness

One of Indonesia's primary causes of air pollution is the significant level of human activity, particularly the continued use of fossil-fuel-powered vehicles. The incomplete combustion of fossil fuels can lead to gas and particle pollutants forming, impacting the environment. However, the instruments utilized for detecting environmental pollutants are relatively expensive. Therefore, motor vehicle emission tests use low-cost sensors with parameters such as CO, CO2, NO2, PM2.5, temperature, and RH. The flow rate measures the emission gas flow extracted from a vehicle's exhaust into the testing chamber and then released into the air for disposal. The flow rate utilized in these tests ranges from 12 to 15 lpm. The tests are conducted over 10 minutes to ensure accuracy, obtaining average readings for the measured parameters. For the measurement results using a low-cost sensor, the average value for CO is 383.891 ppm, NO2 is 10.7237 ppm, CO2 is 5,254 ppm, PM2.5 is 50.25 ?g/m3, temperature and RH is 28.9 °C and 76%. The official test results obtained a CO value of 1,200 ppm, CO2 of 140,000 ppm, and a temperature of 80 °C. This difference is because the reading range of low-cost sensors is relatively small but has a stable data trend.

Forensics plays a crucial role in legal enforcement, particularly in cases where objects or human victims undergoing forensic identification have suffered significant damage. Teeth offer a robust solution in the identification process due to their resilience to various circumstances. Forensic odontology focuses on dental identification for judicial purposes. One crucial parameter in forensic odontology is age estimation. Generally, an individual's dental development is directly related to age, which can be observed through the dental pulp. The dental pulp tends to narrow or widen with increasing age. In this study, an image processing system using the Adaptive Region Growing Approach (ARGA) method was developed for dental pulp molar radiograph images. Subsequently, the dental pulp images were classified using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method. The research process encompassed data collection, image processing, feature extraction, and molar dental pulp size classification. The results demonstrated an accuracy of over 80% in the system, using specific parameters such as an adjustment threshold of OTSU 1.15, a clip limit histogram Equalization of 0.1, a polynomial kernel type, and one against one coding type for data classification into four classes. This study concludes that the Adaptive Region Growing Approach (ARGA) method and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification can be effectively implemented in age estimation using panoramic radiograph images. This has the potential for significant applications in forensic odontology, supporting victim identification in legal enforcement.

This paper reports a prototype of a low-cost tracking and monitoring system to address the challenges faced by Indonesian fishermen. The lack of safety equipment in their boats exposes them to high risks of work-related accidents and illnesses. Data from the National Basarnas Center reveals a staggering 24,000 annual fatalities among fishermen during their activities. These issues stem from a combination of factors: poorly designed boats, low prioritization of safety, and the lack of readily available preventive measures. Moreover, the development of telecommunications infrastructure in aquatic areas presents its unique obstacles. In response, this study proposes a prototype design for a "Fishing Boat Safety Monitoring System" utilizing LoRa and Microsensors for proactive and preventive measurement by tracking the boat position and sending the data via a long-distance wireless transmission with Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) scheme based on frequency-spread spectrum technology. This LPWAN serves as the substitution for cellular network which is usually not available in the ocean. The tracking system uses a low-cost TTGO T-Beam LoRa32 V1.1 Microcontroller Unit (MCU) board that has an embedded SX1276 LoRa module and Neo-6M GPS module. The system also uses a GY-25 gyroscope microsensor. The system implemented a 923 MHz LoRa signal for point-to-point communication between the transmitter to receiver. This research has successfully yielded a developed device capable of tracking the location of boats up to 2 km from the shoreline with -113 dBm received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and around 60% of data quality of service (QoS). Further research will explore the use of high-gain antennas and signal amplifiers integration with embedded LoRa on the MCU board to expand the coverage area of the LoRa signal.

This research aims to enhance control systems for Brushless DC (BLDC) motors by introducing Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control as a straightforward yet reliable solution, known for its precision, quick responsiveness, and stability. Emphasizing its suitability for BLDC motor speed control, the study addresses PID controller windup challenges, highlighting anti-windup techniques crucial for maintaining system stability. The primary focus is on improving the performance of an anti-windup PID controller for BLDC motor speed control in electric vehicles. Through simulations and analyses, the research aims to minimize steady-state error and overshooting, contributing to overall operational efficiency. Practical implementation involves optimizing the PID anti-windup controller's gain using the MATLAB PID Tuner and implementing it in the Arduino IDE. Experimental tests, which cover constant and varying step function scenarios, are conducted on the designed hardware. Results show the PID anti-windup controller's superiority, exhibiting significantly lower overshoot values of 5.42% and 3.35% compared to 13.26% and 23.76%, respectively. Despite its higher control action, the traditional PID controller displays a more pronounced overshoot. This research is a significant step toward advancing control systems for electric vehicles and optimizing BLDC motor performance in practical applications.

The development of Device-to-Device (D2D) communication as an alternative communication scheme continues to grow. D2D communication enables each device to communicate directly with other devices without going through the Evolved Node B (eNB). These days, D2D communication can be implemented in conventional cellular communication, and use the same spectrum as the conventional cellular user (underlay). This underlay scheme can improve the cell’s spectrum efficiency, but the interference level that happens in the cell is increased. Because D2D communication and cellular communication use the same spectrum, there will be interference between D2D user equipment (DUE) and Cellular user Equipment (CUE). A well-designed radio resource allocation is needed to reduce the interference level, while maintaining the overall performance of the cell. In this research, Simplified Particle Swarm Optimization (SPSO) is proposed to overcome this problem. SPSO is a PSO-based algorithm with a limited number of iterations designed to halt calculations when the PSO algorithm cannot find a solution. If SPSO exceeds the limit iteration, a greedy algorithm is executed to do the allocation process. From the simulation, the SPSO algorithm can achieve 1.3310 × 108 bps, 12.3239 bps/Hz, 2.1328 × 103 bps/Watt and 92% on total sumrate, spectral efficiency, power efficiency, and system fairness respectively. These number is better if compared with the conventional greedy allocation algorithm. The total sumrate, spectral efficiency, and power efficiency are increased by 0.9%, 0.74%, and 0.95% in average datarate, spectral efficiency, and power efficiency respectively. Meanwhile the SPSO’s system fairness is decreased by 1.65% compared with the conventional greedy algorithm.

The limitations of expensive main monitoring stations can be addressed by using low-cost sensor-based measuring stations. A low-cost sensor-based air quality monitoring system has been implemented in Telkom University, BRIN Pasteur, and BRIN Taman Sari areas to measure PM2.5 and CO2 concentration in Bandung vertically and horizontally. Vertically, the CO2 concentration at the highest measuring station is indirectly affected by local activities. However, PM2.5 concentration is still influenced by local actions. Horizontally, using the independent T-test and ANOVA, PM2.5 concentrations tended to be homogeneous regarding the significance values in the four periods, namely 0.916, 0.03, 0.727, and 0.047. Meanwhile, the concentration of CO2 at each station tends to be heterogeneous along significance values of 0.646, 0.03, 0.02, and 0.01. The vertical and horizontal analysis shows that CO2 concentrations tend to be heterogeneous due to differences in altitude and spatial characteristics of the measurement sites. Meanwhile, PM2.5 tends to be more homogeneous by having the same pattern at different heights and spatial locations. The long-distance potential sources of PM2.5 are estimated to come from the Indian Ocean and Cirebon region because they have the highest PSCF and CWT values, 0.5-0.7 and 55-65 µg/m3.


 
 
 Technological developments in the field of telecommunications have progressed. However, the more cellular network users, the more traffic on the Base Station (BS) will be. One way to overcome this is to implement a Device-To-device (D2D) communication system. However, when D2D User Equipment (DUE) reuses Cellular User channel resources Equipment (CUE), then interference will occur. This research is conducted to address interference problems and maximize energy efficiency for CUEs and DUEs by implementing the Greedy algorithm with additional power control. The aim is to block unnecessary resources and optimize resource allocation. The Optimal Power Control (OPC) scheme will utilize the transmit power threshold. The simulation scheme for the D2D communication system used is the uplink and underlay mode single-cell system model. Where the DUE pair will use the same resources as the CUE that has been given by the BS. Resources in CUE can only be reused by one pair of DUEs, and vice versa. The greedy algorithm using power control gets superior performance at a sum rate of 1.79 × 107 bps with an increase of 36.03%. Spectral efficiency of 2.49 bps/Hz with an increase of 36.03%. The power efficiency of 2.08 × 103 bps/mw with an increase of 118.47%. Based on the result the greedy algorithm without power control gets superior performance at CU Fairness of 1 with an increase of 50.14%.
 
 


 
 
 Visible light communication (VLC) is an emerging and promising technology that exploits the visible light spectrum for data transmission. However, one of the major challenges in VLC is how to efficiently allocate the scarce modulation bandwidth to multiple users while avoiding interference and maintaining signal quality. To tackle this challenge, we propose a novel scheme that combines non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with static power allocation (SPA) and pulse position modulation (PPM) in VLC. We conduct simulations in a realistic indoor scenario with a 9x9x3 m room and a single 12-watt LED at the center, using a line of sight (LOS) channel with a field of view (FOV) of 70o. The results show that our scheme achieves superior performance, with user 1 and user 2 obtaining signal-to-interference noise ratio (SINR) values of 20 dB and 74 dB, respectively. Our scheme can effectively overcome the limitations of VLC, such as low data rate, limited coverage area, and high sensitivity to ambient light noise, and pave the way for future VLC applications.