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FACULTY OF LAW IN SUBOTICA – “NORTHERN STAR” OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA

The paper presents the results of the research on the conditions, aims and outcomes of the establishment of the Faculty of Law in Subotica immediately after the First World War, at the time when the southeastern part of former Hungary considered Serbian Vojvodina became the northeastern part of the newly established Yugoslav state. This is the first institution of higher education in this area. At the beginning of the 1920s two branches of the University of Belgrade were established away from the capital, one in the northeast, and the other in the southeast of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SCS). The establishment of the Faculty of Law in Subotica and the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje was explained by the need to enable young people living far from Belgrade to gain higher education in the closer surroundings. In reality, the Faculty of Law in Subotica had the task of becoming a clearly recognizable and dignified border fortress. University teachers and students were expected to be sophisticated guardians of the north-eastern border of the Yugoslav kingdom. At approximately the same time, two reputable universities in Hungary, whose headquarters after the First World War remained outside Hungary, in Romania and Czechoslovakia, moved to towns near the new southeastern borders. The paper presents examples that in a special way testify of the problems and dilemmas that teachers and students of the Faculty of Law faced during the interwar period, as well as arguments to support the claim that the national mission of the Faculty of Law in Subotica significantly limited the academic autonomy of this institution of higher education.

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POLITICS OF RUSSIA IN EUROPE 1870-1875 (END OF NEUTRALIZATION OF THE BLACK SEA. LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS)

The Treaty of Paris signed on 30 March 1856 was humiliating for Russia. Especially grave were the articles of the Treaty that concerned the Black Sea. The provision on the neutralization of the Black Sea forbade Russia to have a fleet in its waters, as well as to build forts and infrastructure. In the Treaty of 15 April 1856 Great Britain, France and Austria pledged to supervise if Russia would honour the conditions of the Treaty of Paris, which created the “Crimea Coalition.” After the defeat in the Crimea War Russia did not “lose the status of a great country,” but it was forced to give up on its earlier role in Europe, which weakened its international position. After taking over the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Alexander Gorchakov defined the aim of the Russian external politics: “I am looking for a man who will annul the provisions of the Treaty of Paris which refer to the issue of the Black Sea… I am looking for him and I will find him.” Thus, after the Paris Congress Russian politics had a unique purpose – it intensely sought the revision of the Treaty of Paris excluding everything else. Since France was not prepared to support Russia, St. Petersburg turned to Prussia, which showed good will to change the provisions on the Black Sea. This mutual rapprochement conditioned the subsequent formation of the League of the Three Emperors between Russia, Germany and Austria.

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MARIA FOLLIA, A COURT LADY OF THE HUNGARIAN QUEEN ELIZABETH ŁOKIETEK, ACCOMPANYING HER MISTRESS ON A JOURNEY TO ITALY

The journey and stay of the Hungarian queen Elizabeth Łokietek, mother of King Lajos the Great and widow of King Charles Robert, to the Kingdoms of Naples and Rome from June 1343 until May 1344, is a well-researched topic in historiography. On that journey the queen was accompanied, as a Hungarian chronicler noted, by her court, numerous ladies-in-waiting, girls of noble origin, Hungarian barons, knights and servants. Yet, of all the women accompanying the queen, only the identity of one of her court ladies is known, that of aristocrat Maria Follia. Her presence in the (closest) surrounding of the queen is testified by two diplomatic sources, one of Hungarian and another of Naples provenance. Maria was the widow of a recently deceased Hungarian palatine William Drugeth (who died in September 1342). The author in this paper investigates the causes and complex circumstances under which Maria Follia participated in the Italian journey of her mistress. The issue is all the more interesting since it is known that, after the death of palatine William, the Drugeth family, until then the most powerful Hungarian baron family, lost their wealth, fortune and positions in the royal court. One of the possible answers to this question is a conclusion that the palatine’s widow, independent of her husband’s family, stayed in good relations with Queen Elizabeth and kept her positions in the royal court.

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PREPARATIONS OF THE AUSTRIAN EXPEDITION TOWARDS INDIA 1775-1776

During the second half of the 18th century Austria’s trade policy sought to restore ties to India and other parts of Asia that had successfully existed during the period of the Ostend Company (1722-1731). In this respect, the increasingly successful activity of the British East India Company was an example for the Vienna government in indicating of which lucrative possibilities lay in the proper development of trade in the east. Austria soon decided to try to organize trade expeditions to India itself and the British experience was of primary importance to it. An indispensable link for the launch of such ventures was the opportunity for the representatives of the Austrian diplomatic network to meet directly with individuals from the group of traders who had already had extensive experience in trade with India. This was exactly the case in London in 1774, when the Austrian Ambassador Ludovico Luigi Carlo Maria di Barbiano di Belgiojoso met one of the most famous European entrepreneurs of the second half of the 18th century, William Bolts. It was the beginning of a new great Austrian adventure in Asia and at the same time an attempt to radically redefine the essential nature of the Habsburg position and philosophy. Immediately after the Austrian diplomatic network came into contact with Bolts, the sophisticated preparations of the expedition began, before the final take off in 1776.

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