Abstract Little is known about the ecology of early instars of most aquatic insects, particularly their associations with microhabitat (<1 m2) features, such as sediment size distributions, other abiotic parameters, and the overall invertebrate community. This study sought to explore correlations between various biotic and abiotic parameters of a southern Colorado stream and the presence of early instars of Epeorus longimanus (Eaton) (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae). A total of 18 samples collected in 2007 and 2013 using a Hess sampler in riffle habitats were used to correlate the size of individuals with biological and abiotic characteristics of the stream, including sediment size, periphyton biomass, entrained organic matter, and the remainder of the benthic invertebrate community, all of which were measured using material from within the sampler. Results from both years showed that early instars of E. longimanus were more likely to be found in areas with smaller sediment sizes, higher live periphyton biomass (but lower overall organic matter), and lower densities of invertebrate predators.

Startups heavily rely on capital for their business activities, often acquired through borrowing. Securing capital loans with guarantees is vital to ensure repayment. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) offer valuable intangible assets that can serve as collateral. However, Indonesia's current regulations on using IPR as collateral, particularly in debt financing, are insufficient. In contrast, Singapore and Malaysia successfully implemented the Intellectual Property Financing Scheme (IPFS). This paper examines a regulatory model for implementing IPFS in Indonesia. It explores how to effectively utilize intellectual property schemes as debt guarantees in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. The author uses the normative juridical research method for this study. The analysis concludes that IPFS is a viable solution for Indonesia if two key indicators are met. First, a due diligence scheme for intellectual property assets must be developed and optimized to ensure reliable and valuable collateral. Second, implementing a nationally integrated Government Program to optimize startup capital will support the successful adoption of IPFS in Indonesia. By establishing a robust regulatory model and embracing IPFS, Indonesia can harness the potential of its intellectual property assets to boost startup capital and encourage business growth. This will improve financing accessibility for startups and foster an environment conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship in the country.

Indonesia recognizes the importance of fair competition for economic growth and consumer welfare. To ensure a level playing field, the country has established legislation and regulations that prohibit monopolistic practices and promote healthy competition. Key laws include the Indonesian Anti-Monopoly Law and the Law on Business Competition Supervision and Control. Business trials play a crucial role in enforcing these laws. Courts serve as arbiters in cases involving alleged monopolistic practices, employing thorough examinations of evidence, expert testimonies, and legal arguments presented by the parties involved. The burden of proof rests on the plaintiff, who must demonstrate the existence of anti-competitive behavior and its adverse effects on the market. The Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices in Business Trials in Indonesia encompasses various types of anti-competitive conduct, such as price fixing, market division, and abuse of dominant market position. Violations of these laws can result in significant penalties, including substantial fines, dissolution of companies, and criminal charges for individuals involved. To strengthen the effectiveness of business trials, Indonesia has established regulatory bodies such as the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU). The KPPU plays a crucial role in investigating alleged violations, providing recommendations to the courts, and monitoring compliance with rulings. Despite the robust legal framework, challenges remain in enforcement. Collaboration between government agencies, the judiciary, and the business community is essential. Additionally, monitoring and updating the legal framework to address evolving market dynamics and emerging forms of anti-competitive practices are necessary.

ABSTRACT The value of courage has been discussed for over two millennia; however, courage remains understudied in empirical research relative to its potential workplace influence. The current article applies social identity theory (SIT) to hypothesize that antecedents of social courage do not only relate to overtly beneficial outcomes. Specifically, we hypothesize that organizational identification and moral identity not only relate to social courage, but also to unethical pro-organizational behaviors. We also use SIT to hypothesize that moral identity moderates these relations. Our study supports each of these proposals, with the exception of the moderating influence of moral identity on the relation of organizational identification and workplace social courage. The results demonstrate that SIT is a viable lens to understand courage, broadening the theoretical scope surrounding the construct. We also demonstrate that some antecedents of courage may produce duplicitous effects, and practitioners should not assume that courage’s antecedents are always beneficial.

BackgroundThe widespread social isolation measures recently utilized to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 to older adults may have exuded unexpected consequences. Social isolation among older adults is a risk factor for poor health outcomes. Innovative solutions to balancing public safety and health maintenance for those with dementia and their caregivers are needed.MethodsA sample of N = 82 dementia caregivers participated in a web-based survey to investigate their perceptions on (1) changes in personal mental health due to isolation from their loved one, and (2) the perceived need for use of smart mobile device app use in these situations.ResultsThe majority of our sample (87%) reported experiencing negative mental health outcomes beyond those experienced in typical situations. Furthermore, over 70% of caregivers were concerned with the care their loved on received during social isolation. Finally, 67% reported perceived need to use SMD apps in these times of social isolation.ConclusionOur findings provide preliminary insight into troubling consequences occurring when individuals with dementia are socially isolated from their caregivers. An inverse relationship between SMD app use and poor mental health points to the potential for communication technology to lessen the negative impacts of social isolation, when it becomes necessary to public safety.

BackgroundThe COVID‐19 lockdown and social isolation protocols implemented to slow the spread of the virus created a unique environment of separation between individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) and their informal caregivers. The health and wellness of dementia caregivers has been shown to be affected by the challenges of their caregiving role. Yet the inability to fulfill these roles may exude equally detrimental health outcomes. Furthermore, the impact of communication technologies such as smart phone and tablet apps, is not yet fully understood. This study investigated the mental health outcomes of ADRD caregivers in the wake of widespread COVID‐19 related social isolation, and the influence of app use on these outcomes.MethodCaregiver perceptions were gathered via a web‐based survey (available in both French and English). Inclusion criteria included: self‐reported status as a dementia caregiver, 18 years of age or older, and ability to read either English or French. Survey data was analyzed via descriptive statistics and specific variables of interested were investigated deeper via principal component analysis and ordinal regression model analysis.ResultA total of 84 complete surveys (67 English, 17 French) were collected. Of these, 80% reported that their loved one was isolated due to some form of institutionalization or hospitalization. Furthermore, 87% of respondents reported that they experienced negative mental health outcomes related to either experiencing, or worrying about isolation from their loved one. Using no or only 1 smart device application was significantly associated with increased likelihood of negative mental health outcomes for the caregiver.ConclusionThese findings highlight the need for methods of mitigating the negative effects of physical separation in periods of health and safety‐related lockdowns and isolation. Furthermore, the potential alleviating effect of increased technology use was indicated by the increased risk of health concerns with less app use as compared to more app use. Future studies should further investigate the extent to which various smart personal device applications can facilitate care provision at a distance.

AbstractDuring a recent pig carrion succession study in northwest Florida, United States, we noticed an abundance of spiders but found that literature on spider ecology at carrion is sparse and scattered. We compiled a literature review of 569 carrion succession studies, of which 37 studies specifically mentioned the presence of spiders, with less than a third providing species-level identifications and only half providing family-level identifications. Nineteen spider families have been reported at carrion in the literature. Spiders are recognized as generalist, opportunistic predators in carrion succession studies, but only 38% of the studies that mentioned spiders during carrion succession included any ecological information. Data on spiders in the present experiment were compared to background samples, finding that the difference in abundance was statistically significant for all spider species combined. Seven species of spiders from five families were identified from both background and carrion succession samples; statistical differences in abundance were found for three species: the linyphiid Florinda coccinea and the lycosids Tigrosa annexa and Pirata seminolus. The family Corinnidae is reported from carrion for the first time. This research reviews the existing literature on spider ecology during carrion succession, provides additional data on species identity and abundance, and demonstrates the potential significance of spiders in carrion ecology and forensic investigations.

Fire ants (Solenopsis spp.) have increasingly been reported from carrion in the southeastern United States and are now a part of the normal succession community. There have been previous observations of these ants altering carrion and preying on other carrion-attendant fauna; however, the overall effects of these activities on carrion decomposition rates, community composition, and blow fly larval development are poorly understood. Alteration of these ecological processes by fire ants could affect the forensic interpretation of entomological data. We conducted a study in Mississippi and Florida whereby portions of the succession fauna were excluded from access to pig carrion to study the relative effects of fire ants and blow flies on carrion decomposition and succession: a control with all fauna having access, a second treatment where fire ants and other geophilic taxa were excluded, and a third treatment in which blow flies and other large organisms were excluded. Fire ants inflicted lesions in the carrion, buried portions that touched the ground, and preyed on some members of the succession fauna. Their exclusion did not affect carrion decomposition rates that were measured but slightly affected the overall carrion community, and strongly affected the oviposition and development of blow flies. Despite the presence of fire ants early in the control, blow flies were eventually able to overcome predation of eggs and larvae, continue colonization, and complete development; however, the delay in the colonization of blow flies on carrion could affect the determination of postmortem intervals when development rates of blow flies are considered in the calculation.