Background: The goal of medical education is to develop skilled practitioners who are attuned to the health issues faced by the community. Although lectures are commonly employed to impart new information, a drawback is that the audience tends to be passive and may thus become disengaged. Learning is made up of various interconnected components and involves complex mental processes like problem-solving and analytical thinking. The goal of using structured methods and organized resources is to equip students with effective learning tools. This enables them to gain a deep understanding of cognitive processes and develop the relevant skills needed for their careers. Case-Based Learning (CBL) involves examining a health issue presented by a patient, analysing and understanding pertinent details from past cases, systematically exploring and evaluating the situation, and planning the appropriate management for the patient. Materials and methods: The present study was cross sectional case control study conducted in the department of anatomy, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur, Karnataka, India. Results: A total of 192 first year MBBS students participated in the first session of the study and 172 first year MBBS students participated in the second session of the study. The pre-test and post-test total scores of first and second session shows that students have performed better in CBL group when compared to the traditional lecture method of teaching. In the Critical Thinking Exercise scores of session -1 and 2, CBL group was found to be higher when compared to the traditional lecture group which was statistically significant. Comparison of means of internal assessments scores of CBL and Traditional lecture groups showed that the mean internal assessments score of CBL group was higher compared to Traditional lecture group which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Incorporating case-based learning (CBL) into our medical curriculum as a regular teaching method for large group settings should be considered. The integration of didactic lectures with CBL proves to be an effective educational approach. Positive feedback from both students and faculty suggests that CBL has been successfully introduced in departments like anatomy. However, further research is needed to evaluate how well students learn, understand, and retain the course content to fully support the implementation of this method in large undergraduate classes. KEY WORDS: Case-based learning, Traditional teaching learning methods, Critical thinking.

Background: The vertebral arteries (VA) play a vital role in supplying blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. Vertebral artery anomalies, including abnormal origins, courses, and structural irregularities, heighten the risk of cerebrovascular events. Typically, the vertebral arteries arise from the posterosuperior aspect of the first part of the subclavian artery. The aim of this study is to present the presence of variation in the origin of vertebral artery Material and Methods: Twenty-eight embalmed cadavers allotted for 1st year MBBS dissection in the Department of Anatomy were used for the study. The triangle of vertebral artery was exposed in all the cadavers, and examined the origin of vertebral artery. Dimensions of the Triangle of Vertebral artery (TVA) and vertebral artery were then measured using a digital vernier caliper and the area and height of the TVA were calculated. Result: In the present study, we have evaluated the morphometric parameters of the TVA and vertebral artery. Even though there were no noticeable differences in the boundaries of TVA of both sides, the morphometric parameters showed slight difference in the measurements, but not significant. Among the 28 cadavers the unilateral origin of VA in one cadaver was from the arch of aorta between the left common carotid artery (LCA) and left subclavian artery (LSCA) . Discussion & Conclusion: The mean height of TVA was 26.3mm (range, 23.7-33.7 mm) on the left and 26.2mm (range, 23.5-32.8 mm) on the right. In the current study it was observed the origin of VA from the arch of aorta between the left common carotid artery (LCA) and left subclavian artery (LSCA). The current study found that 3.6% of the variations in the origin of VA. This study highlights the variation in the origin of the vertebral artery and accentuates the importance of identifying these variations in clinical practice. KEYWORDS: Vertebral Artery, Subclavian artery, Arch of Aorta, foramen transversarium.

Introduction: This study investigated the impact of Carousel Brainstorming, a collaborative and interactive teaching method, on student learning in anatomy education. Emphasizing active participation and knowledge exchange, Carousel Brainstorming aims to enhance critical thinking, teamwork, and the comprehension of complex medical concepts. The research addresses the need for objective measures in real-world settings and explores the effectiveness of Carousel Brainstorming compared to traditional Tutorials. Methodology: Phase-1 MBBS students (n=100) in the academic year 2023-2024 participated in the study through simple randomization. The research spanned four months, and after a didactic lecture on Mammary Gland, students were divided into two groups: Group A (Tutorials) and Group B (Carousel Brainstorming). The latter engaged in a structured session involving pretests, subgroups, and rotating discussions. Post-tests were administered, and a questionnaire assessed students' perceptions. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in pre-test, post-test, and difference scores between Carousel Brainstorming and Tutorials groups (p < 0.001). Carousel Brainstorming exhibited higher post-test mean scores (7.6) compared to Tutorials (5.0). Students strongly agreed (56.8%) that Carousel Brainstorming was effective. Conclusion: Carousel Brainstorming emerges as a well-received and beneficial teaching method in anatomy education. Its collaborative and interactive nature positively influences knowledge acquisition and retention, fostering active learning. Future research may explore long-term impacts and diverse applications of Carousel Brainstorming in educational settings, offering a promising avenue for innovative pedagogy. KEYWORDS: Carousel Brainstorming, Anatomy education, Teaching-learning methods, Student perception, Learning gains.

Background: The suprarenal gland (SrG) presents a substantial circulatory supply compared to its size. The superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries (SrA) have one or more duplicate major branches, which supply each gland. this study aimed to observe the variable arteries and veins of the SrG. As the vessels of SrG are forming extensive network, they may get damaged during different surgical procedures like adrenalectomy, renal transplant surgeries Methods: Present study conducted with Twenty five cadavers embalmed in 10% formalin. The inclusion criteria for study were intact blood vessels along with SrGs and the exclusion criteria included the damaged blood vessels and SrGs. Dissection was carried out as per standard dissection protocol. Results: Origin of right superior suprarenal artery from inferior phrenic artery and superior mesenteric artery, Origin of right superior suprarenal artery from aorta and some other findings were noted. Conclusions: This study highlights the critical importance of understanding the anatomical variations in the vasculature of the SrG, particularly in the context of surgical interventions such as adrenalectomy and renal transplantation. The intricate and variable nature of the blood supply to the SrG, including the SrA, as well as their venous drainage, presents significant challenges during surgery. KEY WORDS: Suprarenal Gland, Suprarenal Artery, Suprarenal Vein, Phrenic Vessels.

The Development of basic sciences in health care field depends on a strong foundation of Anatomy. Cadavers are required for training of students of health professionals. The source of these cadavers, in earlier days, were executed criminals, unclaimed bodies and voluntary body donations. Though the most ethical way of procuring cadavers for education and research purposes is body donation, the incidence of body donations varies across the world. The reasons could be different from person to person and from region to region. Factors that influence this opinion has been shown to be spiritual, religious and cultural/traditional beliefs. Other factors which might influence the willingness to donate are age, gender, education, occupation, economy and law of the country. Spirituality with the sense of detachment and altruistic characteristics promote body donation. Age, males, education and awareness of body donation, occupation and economy also affect the intent to body donations. The health care community who understand the benefits of body donation are mostly not willing to donate because of personalized opinions of being dissected by colleagues, disrespectful behavior towards cadavers. The law of the country which encourages body donations try to address the fears and concerns of the common man to facilitate body donation. This could be in the form abiding to cremate as per his will after the utilisation of the body, written consent for the same and prioritizing his wish over others, providing due respect to the deceased in the form of memorial services, religious ceremonies and public display and honour of the donors KEYWORDS: Voluntary Body Donation, Perceptions, Beliefs, Good Cadaver Practices.

Background: External carotid artery is the predominant source of blood supply to the structures in the head and neck region. Morphological anomalies in the external and internal carotid arteries may lead to severe complications, when radiographic evaluations and surgical proceedings are done in the neck without any prior knowledge. Normal arterial diameters of external carotid arteries were important in-patient selection, preoperative planning, and design of new endovascular devices for arterial reconstruction. Material and Methods: A descriptive study was performed on 60 formalin fixed male and female Human adult cadavers, aged between 45 to 75 yrs in the department of Anatomy, Dr.Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research foundation, chinoutapalli and Mamatha academy of medical sciences, Hyderabad , during the academic years, 2018- 2023 during the academic years . Observations from both right and left external carotid arteries (total- 120 sides) were noted. Results: In the present study, positions of external carotid artery observed were, antero-medial in 90%, anterolateral in 6.66% and lateral position in 3.33% of cases. The mean ± standard deviation calculated for the diameter of lumen at the origin of external carotid artery on the right side was 0.623±0.048 cm and on the left side was 0.608±0.050cm. For both right and left sides was 0.616±0.049cm. Conclusion: Positional variations of external carotid artery observed in the present study were anterolateral and lateral positions. In such cases Carotid endarterectomy can be safely done, after transposing the internal carotid artery to normal location. Data on normal arterial diameters were helpful during reconstructive surgeries and manufacture of endovascular devices, respective to different ethnic groups. KEYWORDS: Common Carotid Artery, Carotid Artery External, Positional Variations, Lumen Geometry, Carotid Endarterectomy.

Introduction: Allethrin is a common pyrethroid, one of the major component of mosquito coils that is noxious. The aim of the current study is to see the protective effect of Vitamin C on an induced testicular damage by Allethrin as well as comparing it to withdrawal prognosis. Material and method: The Wistar rats comprised of following groups: Group 1-control group , Groups II, III, and IV- exposure groups. Each group consisted of 12 rats. These were subjected to mosquito coil fumes continuously overnight for eight hours every day for a duration of twelve weeks. To demonstrate the effects of withdrawal, Wistar rats from group III were kept in an environment free from additional exposure for eight weeks after the 12-week exposure period. In addition, Group IV received Vitamin C. Result: Group II exhibited significant alterations in the testicular architecture, including conspicuous shrinkage of seminiferous tubules, an increase in intertubular space, thickening and disruption of the basement membrane, decreased thickness of the germinal epithelium, sloughing of germinal cells into the lumen, reduced numbers and size of spermatogenic cells, retracted cytoplasmic processes of Sertoli cells, interstitial edema, lipid vacuolation, and deformation of Leydig cells. Withdrawal in group III showed some histopathological improvements, while group IV, treated with Vitamin C, demonstrated even more remarkable enhancements. Conclusion: Exposure of Wistar Albino rats to mosquito coils containing allethrin led to notable histopathological changes. However, these adverse effects can be ameliorated by incorporating daily antioxidant intake, such as Vitamin C supplementation. KEY WORDS: Mosquito Coil, Allethrin, Testicular, Seminiferous Tubules, Vitamin C, Antioxidant.

Background: Peer assisted learning (PAL), a dynamic teaching tool, fosters collaborative learning, knowledge acquisition, and skills development in medical education. Neuroanatomy is a critical and complex part of medical curriculum which students need to understand during initial period of anatomy learning. With the help of PAL, the struggle faced by first phase medical learners to complex learning patterns is addressed. The study aims to quantitatively define PAL’s outcomes by comparison of academic scores and evaluate learner’s perception towards PAL. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in UNS Autonomous State Medical College, Jaunpur in a batch of 99 first phase medical learners (year 2022-23). Teaching material, teaching learning methods and assessment material were created from select topics of neuroanatomy. PAL session was conducted for each (5) topic with 10 tutees in each session. After every session post-test analysis was done for both tutees and tutors, followed by a survey questionnaire assessing the benefits of PAL. Results: The results show a significant increase in performance metrics for learners after the PAL session, though the results were non-significant for tutors. The survey report suggests benefits from PAL in form of active engagement, improved problem-solving skills and enhanced critical thinking. Conclusion: The study underscores PAL as a valuable and effective teaching tool in medical education that can be used at the very outset of medical learning. It works as a supportive aid to low performers who face challenge in handling the complex parts of a curriculum. KEYWORDS: Peer Assisted Learning, Peer Tutoring, Medical Education, Neuroanatomy, First Phase Learners, Slow Learners.

Background: Lung vasculature has nutritive and functional roles. Unlike the bronchial tree which branches dichotomously into twenty-one generations, the pulmonary arteries give supernumerary branches to perfuse the neighboring parenchyma. The pulmonary arteries additionally branch for five more generations than airways before forming capillaries. Further pulmonary veins are interlobular in position. Hence the characterization quantifying the pulmonary vascular networks is challenging. Objective: In this study, we assessed the pulmonary vasculature in chest radiographs using the fractal analysis method on Image-J-Fiji software. Design: Cross-sectional study Settings: Patients referred to the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Akash Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Participants: One hundred and thirty-two chest radiographs of normal healthy individuals (aged 2 months to 80 years) were photographed. Each of these images was processed in the Image-J-Fiji software. A box-counting algorithm quantified the images. Data results of the fractal dimensions were validated at the probability of significance [0.05]. Results: The mean fractal dimension of the pulmonary vasculature was 1.39. For males and females, the Pearson's correlation coefficient between the fractal dimension and age in years was 0.102 and 0.16, respectively. In males, a chi-square value of 0.58, in females, a chi-square value of 1.03, degree of freedom 2 and critical value of p-value 0.05, showed the relation was statistically not significant. Comparison between fractal dimension and Gender using Cramer’s V test in males, 0.066, and in females, 0.088, indicates a weak association between fractal dimension and gender. Conclusion: The applicability of the fractal dimensions is to screen the high risks of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. The determination of fractal values helps evaluate the complexity of lung tumors. The baseline data concerning fractal properties of pulmonary vasculature obtained from this study helps to evaluate lung diseases like emphysema and vascular abnormalities during the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. KEYWORDS: Chest Radiograph, Image Analysis, Fractal dimension, Pulmonary vasculature.

Background: Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve , one of the motor terminal branches of facial nerve if injured inadvertently during different operative procedures in head & neck region, it produces neurodeficit as a – weakness of the lower lip muscles on the injured side. This study will increase our understanding about the anatomical details of this nerve in question, so that damage to this nerve during surgical intervention can be avoided. IN spite of considerable surgical importance, there are not many studies on Marginal Mandibular Nerve particularly from this zone of India which drives the present researcher to pursue this cadaver based study on Marginal Mandibular Nerve, one of the terminal branches of Facial Nerve with respect to its course relations and communication. Aim: The aim of the present study is to provide information regarding the number of branches of Marginal Mandibular Branch of Facial Nerve (MMBFN), relation of these branches to the facial vessels, communication between branches of MMBFN with other branches of Facial nerve and its relation to lower border of the body of the mandible. This knowledge will definitely help the surgeons performing Parotidectomy, Carotid end- arterectomy, Submandibular gland excision, Deep dissection of neck, Mandibular advancement surgery etc. Materials and Methods: A Cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College Kolkata, West Bengal within 2021 to 2023 after Institutional Ethical clearance. In this study 50 halves of faces of embalmed cadavers of both sexes were dissected & analysed. Number of branches, course & relation with facial vessels, relation with lower border of mandible & to deep fascia and communications of MMBFN if any was noted after meticulous dissection. All the variables collected for statistical analysis were then evaluated by SPSS 20.0.1 Results: In the present study, MMBFN was represented by Single branch in 42 (84%) cases, exhibit two rami in 14% cases and as three rami in 2% cases. 55(93.2%) out of 59 rami of MMBFN , crossed facial vessels externally and in 4(6.8%) branches, the MMBFN divided into two branches and reuniting again to form a single nerve trunk. The loop so formed enclosed facial artery. 20.3% of MMBFN passed above the inferior border of mandible,45.8% along the inferior border of mandible and 33.9% passed below the inferior border of mandible. Communication between the main or subsidiary branches of MMBFN was present in 10% cases and communication between MMBFN with Buccal branch of FN in 30% cases. Conclusion: Anatomical knowledge about the branching pattern and relationship of the MMBFN will help the Maxillofacial, Plastic/Cosmetic, General Surgeons to safely identify and preserve the Marginal Mandibular Nerve, during different operative procedures. KEYWORDS: Asymmetrical smile, Plastic Surgery, Pleomorphic adenoma, Rhytidectomy.