Zone Divisions Research Articles

A novel data-driven relationship inference approach for automatic data tagging in building heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems

Building automation systems (BAS) data plays a critical role in monitoring a building's operational performance, implementing equipment/system's fault detection and diagnosis, as well as performing building maintenance. However, two major challenges hinder effective data analytics in the building industry. The first challenge is the low data interpretability and interoperability caused by customized naming conventions and various semantic models in BAS data labels. The second challenge is the inconsistent entity relationships among data labels used in various BAS applications. Although some studies have applied semantic analysis to annotate the contextual information of reading data, it relies too much on the quality of data pre-annotation. Considering the inherent ability of BAS data to display the operational status of building entities, we present a novel data-driven reference method to automatically tag the pivotal contextual information of measurements and equipment in heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. The main contributions include: 1) propose an Incremental Classification (IC) method to achieve automatic group tagging of measurements. Hence, the measurements which belong to the same monitoring point or equipment can be classified, 2) integrate Cluster and Correlation (CC) algorithms to identify logical zone divisions, and hence the measurements can be labeled with zone tags, and 3) apply an unsupervised deep learning algorithm, Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) to infer the functional relationship between the air handling unit (AHU) and associated variable air volume (VAV) boxes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by using real BAS data collected in a campus building. Our method results in 88.1 % accuracy in group tagging, 92.3 % accuracy in zone division inference, and 98.4 % accuracy in physical relationship inferring of AHUs and VAV boxes, respectively.

Fluctuating Wind Pressure Characteristics of Dome Roofs with Low Rise-Span Ratio

In this study, the flow patterns and fluctuating wind pressure characteristics around the roof of a spherical dome with a low rise–span ratio (f/D) were analyzed in detail. Significant differences were observed when compared to the results of previous studies on spherical dome roofs with relatively high f/D. The flow-pattern-based zone divisions and zone-specific pressure spectra models proposed in previous studies have limitations when applied to a spherical dome with an f/D ratio of 0.1, which is the subject of this study. Therefore, this study modified and proposed zone division and pressure spectra modeling methods based on the zone division and pressure spectra models of previous studies, and applied them to spherical dome roofs with a low rise–span ratio. Based on spectral statistics, the average error between the measured and simulated spectra was less than 4%, demonstrating high accuracy.

Do sociodemographic characteristics of SME entrepreneurs influence their tax (non)compliance behaviour?

The studies in tax compliance, tax evasion and tax morale often largely focus on the economic and behavioural factors responsible for tax (non)compliance, but very little attempt has been made to determine the extent to which the sociodemographic characteristics of taxpayers influence their (non)compliance behaviour in Nigeria. Therefore, the current study examines the influence of sociodemographic characteristics of SME entrepreneurs on tax (non)compliance behaviour. Information on tax non-compliance behaviour and sociodemographic variables was elicited from (N = 382) SME entrepreneurs from six geopolitical zone divisions of Nigeria using a questionnaire and executed by survey research tradition. The results of the study reveal that certain sociodemographic variables including age, education and business sectors of the SME entrepreneurs are significant determinants of tax (non)compliance behaviour, while gender and religiosity exert insignificant influence. The study concludes that beyond economic sanctions, tax incentives and taxpayers’ attitudes, certain sociodemographic factors are effective in encouraging or discouraging tax noncompliance in Nigeria. Most importantly, tax authorities must come to reality by including sociodemographic factors as part of their tax drive strategies. Further discussions of the study’s theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

APPLICATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL TOURISM CONCEPT TO THE DESIGN OF THE ECO-PARK SCIENCE CENTER

Eco-park Science Center Cibinong was built in 2003 with the aim of ex-situ plant conservation activities, research, education, recreation, and environmental services. Initially, this area was an agricultural and plantation area belonging to the people. The current conditions at the Eco-park science center are planted with various vegetation according to the diversity of Indonesian ecosystem types based on bioregions. Bioregions are regional zone divisions representing each forest area in Indonesia, such as the Sumatra, Java-Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua/Irian Jaya bioregions. This area is not only used as a place to explore knowledge but also as a recreation area. The recreational area in Ecopark still needs to have adequate facilities. Though many come for recreation, this study aims to apply the concept of educational tourism to the Cibinong Center Eco-park area. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method grounded theory and explorative in the field. After the data is collected, then the data will be processed and classified compared to the study literature. The study results show that the concept of educational tourism, which includes the cognitive domain (understanding, knowledge), is contained in the area constructed wetland, green wall, rain garden, forest tower 1, forest walk, forest tower two, and waste processing. The Affective Domain (related to feelings and attitudes) is contained in the area viewing spots 1, 2, and 3, Plaza 2. Whereas the psychomotor domain (related to movement and involving the limbs) is contained in the area of the forest walk, Promenade 1, 2, and 3 as well Amphitheater.

Tamil Handwritten Character Recognition System using Statistical Algorithmic Approaches

This framework gives a detailed research on recognizing Tamil handwritten characters using locational and directional approaches embedded with different combinations of zone and quad methodologies. Tamil language has 247 character classes and is widely spoken by the people in India (Tamil Nadu), Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka and so on. For considering the large character sets with their general and handwritten complexities, the two-stage feature extraction process has been experimented with to represent the character's structure. In the initial stage, the character's image is divided into nine equal zones and the structural features were extracted from each zone by the directional algorithmic approach, which denotes unique shape possibilities represented in zone divisions. A classification test has been performed to identify characters in this stage, but a structural portion of handwritten characters like unwanted loops and curves leads to negative results. Hence, locational features have been introduced to identify the position of structures. Each zone is subdivided into four quads further and the pixel availability has been taken as features from the quads to provide the solution for unnecessary portions and loops. With directional features taken from upper (3 columns × 1 row) and lower zones (3 columns × 1 row), corresponding location features have been added up for labeling a unique shape. Finally, to classify the characters, the directional features taken from middle zones (3 columns × 1 row) and their respective locational features have been added with labeled shapes of upper and lower zones. A suitable machine learning algorithm has been chosen for classifying the character classes. HP-Lab-India dataset and two different handwritten documents collected from the people of Tamil Nadu, India, have been tested by these approaches. This experimental research shows significant improvement in recognizing accurate characters. The final results of this approach have created a benchmark for the recognition of handwritten Tamil characters.

The dynamic characteristics of the center of pressure for toe-out gait: implications for footwear design

BackgroundToe-out gait is often used as a conservative technique to reduce knee adduction moment, which has been targeted to modify knee osteoarthritis progression. The center of pressure (COP) can not only be used to evaluate gait stability, but is also more reliable and practical than local plantar pressures as it does not depend on accurate foot zone divisions. However, to the authors’ knowledge, few study has reported the influence of the foot progression angle on the dynamic characteristics of the COP.Research questionThe aim of the study was to investigate the effects of the deliberately toe-out gait on the COP trajectory and stability during walking in healthy individuals.MethodsThirty healthy young adults were asked to walk along an 8-m walkway. A Footscan 1 m pressure plate was used to measure the center of pressure during walking.ResultsCompared to the normal gait, the COP of the toe-out gait shifted laterally during the initial contact phase, and shifted laterally and anteriorly during the forefoot contact phase. The mean anterior–posterior velocity of COP reduced by 0.109 m/s during the foot flat phase and the duration of the foot flat phase and forefoot push off phase increased by 4.5% and reduced by 7.0%, respectively.SignificanceCompared to the normal gait, the findings of this study suggest that biomechanical alteration of foot under our experimental conditions may decrease gait stability and increase forefoot load during toe-out walking. The situation may be improved by well-designed footwear or custom-made insole and the biomechanics analysis method can be used to test the efficacy of therapeutic footwear or insole for individuals with deliberately toe-out walking.Graphical

Multi-decadal shoreline change analysis in coast of Thiruchendur Taluk, Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu, India, using remote sensing and DSAS techniques

Shoreline position has been forwarding or retrograding due to many factors, among them climate change and human interferences play a major role. The shoreline changes can be analyzed by various methods. In the present study, Linear Regression Rate (LRR) method is applied for the demarcation of rate of shoreline changes along the coast of Thiruchendur Taluk, Thoothukudi district, by using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). It is an extension tool in ArcGIS. The length of the coast is 45 km. The coastal zone is further divided into three coastal zones based on their administrative division (panchayat union). The zones are Alwarthirunagiri coast, Thiruchendur coast, and Udankudi coast. These zone divisions are done for detailed mapping. Multi-date of remotely sensed data was used for mapping the details. These data are georeferenced with the UTM projection of WGS1984 and digitized the shorelines with the FCC color image. Transect lines were generated using DSAS tool. The transect lines starting from 752 to 1210 were used for present study to assess the shoreline changes. The tool had generated the LRR Statistic reports on each transect lines for all shorelines. The statistic report has been classified into five classes, viz., high erosion, low erosion, stable, low accretion, and high accretion. Finally, the shoreline has classified with LRR reports. The overall result shows that, low accretion has notied at 36 km (79%), high accretion perceived at 8.7 km (8.7%), and stable has observed in 8.3 km (8.3%), along the coast. Whereas, low erosion was noticed around 1.4 km (3.1%), and no high erosion was noticed along the study area. Thiruchendur and Udankudi coastal zones are mostly perceived low rate of shoreline changes with the rate from 1.02 to 3.96 m/year, happen in 18.9 km and 16.5 km, respectively. But, Alwarthirunagiri coast zone, low rate of erosion is noticed along the 1.4-km length of the shore. The study has concluded that, most of the Thiruchendur Taluk coastal areas are under the low-rate accretion, and the same area is observed as erosion along the coast due to both natural and human activities. Thiruchendur Taluk has major coastal cities, and a large number of people live around the coast. There are numerous natural resources and tourist places around the coast. Therefore, this coastal area shoreline changes studies should be examined.

Giant Panda National Park, a step towards streamlining protected areas and cohesive conservation management in China

The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to establish a Giant Panda National Park in 2020, one of the first national parks in the country. The plan will extend protection status to a significant amount of areas that were previously unprotected; it will also bring many of the existing giant panda protected areas under one authority in order to improve effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management. We provide an overview of the history and status of giant panda conservation and the rationale for creating the park. We also give first-hand information on details of the park design, including its general objectives, geographic range, zone divisions, management and funding structure, as well as analysis of the challenges and opportunities ahead. As a new conservation model for China, the Giant Panda National Park has the ambitious goal of standardizing conservation across a large region. It is a major step toward significantly expanding the amount of area protected and establishing a cohesive conservation network for a sustainable giant panda population in the wild.

Atypical PKC and Notch Inhibition Differentially Modulate Cortical Interneuron Subclass Fate from Embryonic Stem Cells.

SummaryRecent studies indicate that the location of neurogenesis within the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) critically influences the fate determination of cortical interneuron subgroups, with parvalbumin (Pv) interneurons originating from subventricular zone divisions and somatostatin (Sst) interneurons primarily arising from apical divisions. The aPKC-CBP and Notch signaling pathways regulate the transition from apical to basal progenitor and their differentiation into post-mitotic neurons. We find that aPKC inhibition enhances intermediate neurogenesis from stem cell-derived MGE progenitors, resulting in a markedly increased ratio of Pv- to Sst-expressing interneurons. Conversely, inhibition of Notch signaling enriches for Sst subtypes at the expense of Pv fates. These findings confirm that the mode of neurogenesis influences the fate of MGE-derived interneurons and provide a means of further enrichment for the generation of specific interneuron subgroups from pluripotent stem cells.

PENYATUAN ZONA WAKTU INDONESIA DAN IMPLIKASINYA PADA WAKTU IBADAH

<p align="center"><strong>PENYATUAN ZONA WAKTU INDONESIA DAN IMPLIKASINYA PADA WAKTU IBADAH</strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><em>Ahmad Junaidi</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Abstract:</em></strong><em> ‘Indonesian economical development extensive and speedy committee’ (KP3EI), at March 12 2012, unifies Indonesia zones which is now divided into three parts. These three time zone divisions, according to KP3EI, affect amount aspect of entities inefficiency. This paper tries both to elaborate implications that the unification effects to praying zones of Moslem community and to seek an alternative formulae for ideal time zone of Indonesian Republic (NKRI). The writer sees that the idea of those three zone unifications will affect s</em><em>}</em><em>alat time schedule reduction up to an hour for territories base on western Indonesian time zone ‘WIB’ (GMT +7) and vice versa for territories base on eastern Indonesian time zone ‘WIT’ (GMT –9). The territories base on central Indonesian time zone ‘WITA (GMT +8) is fixed due to its own base. The change from ‘WIB’ and ‘WIT’ to ‘WITA’ +8 is to effect second calculation results; but because that change value does not reach a second that can probably be neglected. The ideal zone of Indonesian territories, according to writer, relates not only to ‘religious’ activities but also to work activities. so that the three time zone divisions are the only solution. </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>zona waktu, penyatuan, implikasi, s</em><em>}</em><em>alat</em></p>

Reducing Peak Demand by Time Zone Divisions

For a large country like India, the electrical power demand is also large and the infrastructure cost for power is the largest among all the core sectors of economy. India has an emerging economy which requires high rate of growth of infrastructure in the power generation, transmission and distribution. The current peak demand in the country is approximately 1,50,000 MW which shall have a planned growth of at least 50 % over the next five years (Seventeenth Electric Power Survey of India, Central Electricity Authority, Government of India, March 2007). By implementing the time zone divisions each comprising of an integral number of contiguous states based on their total peak demand and geographical location, the total peak demand of the nation can be significantly cut down by spreading the peak demand of various states over time. The projected reduction in capital expenditure over a plan period of 5 years is substantial. Also, the estimated reduction in operations expenditure cannot be ignored.

Disaggregate models with aggregate data: Two UrbanSim applications

UrbanSim has significant data requirements. In particular, it requires disaggregate data (traditionally at the 150 meter by 150 meter gridcell level) for employment, households, and buildings. While such data are not always easily available, most regions have readily available data in a more aggregate form, often at the level of traffic analysis zone (TAZ) or other municipal divisions. This paper describes two UrbanSim applications for the cities of Brussels, Belgium and Lyon, France that adopted different approaches of using aggregate data. In Brussels, aggregate zonal data were disaggregated to the gridcell level. In the Lyon application, the zone was used as the unit of analysis and as such, each zone corresponds to one gridcell. The objectives of this paper are: 1) establish whether an UrbanSim model can be developed using aggregate data; 2) describe two different approaches to using aggregate data with UrbanSim and evaluate; and 3) evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using aggregate data, as well as the two different approaches described. In doing so, it advances knowledge in the field of transportation and land use modeling by helping modelers evaluate the use of an increasingly popular integrated transportation land use modeling option. Several conclusions flow from this work. First, aggregate data can be used to develop UrbanSim models. Second, only a limited amount of disaggregate information can be drawn from aggregate data. In the context of UrbanSim, this is manifested in models with relatively few variables and dubious simulation results—in other words, while it is possible to develop an UrbanSim application with aggregate data, it should not be used for applied analysis. Finally, the development of such models can be a relatively low-cost exercise to gain familiarity with UrbanSim’s functioning and data requirements. As a result, it can also be seen as an important first step to developing or evaluating UrbanSim for application in a new region.

Neurofilament Heavy Chain Expression Reveals a Unique Parasagittal Stripe Topography in the Mouse Cerebellum

Despite the general uniformity in cellular composition of the adult cerebellum (Cb), the expression of proteins such as ZebrinII/AldolaseC and the small heat shock protein HSP25 reveal striking patterns of parasagittal Purkinje cell (PC) stripes. Based on differences in the stripe configuration within subsets of lobules, the Cb can be further divided into four anterior-posterior transverse zones: anterior zone (AZ) = lobules I-V, central zone (CZ) = lobules VI-VII, posterior zone (PZ) = lobules VIII and anterior IX, and the nodular zone (NZ) = lobules posterior IX-X. Here we used whole-mount and tissue section immunohistochemistry to show that neurofilament heavy chain (NFH) expression alone divides all lobules of the mouse Cb into a complex series of parasagittal stripes of PCs. We revealed that the striped pattern of NFH in the vermis of the AZ and PZ was complementary to ZebrinII and phospholipase C ß3 (PLCß3), and corresponded to phospholipase C ß4 (PLCß4). In the CZ and NZ the stripe pattern of NFH was complementary to HSP25 and corresponded to PLCß3. The boundaries of the NFH stripes were not always sharply delineated. Instead, a gradual decrease in NFH expression was observed toward the edges of particular stripes, resulting in domains comprised of overlapping expression patterns. Furthermore, the terminal field distributions of mossy and climbing fibers had a complex but consistent topographical alignment with NFH stripes. In summary, NFH expression reveals an exquisite level of Cb stripe complexity that respects the transverse zone divisions and delineates an intricately patterned target field for Cb afferents.

Selective cortical interneuron and GABA deficits in cyclin D2-null mice

In contrast to cyclin D1 nulls (cD1-/-), mice without cyclin D2 (cD2-/-) lack cerebellar stellate interneurons; the reason for this is unknown. In the present study in cortex, we found a disproportionate loss of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in cD2-/- mice. This selective reduction in PV subtypes was associated with reduced frequency of GABA-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents in pyramidal neurons, as measured by voltage-clamp recordings, and increased cortical sharp activity in the EEGs of awake-behaving cD2-/- mice. Cell cycle regulation was examined in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), the major source of PV interneurons in mouse brain, and differences between cD2-/- and cD1-/- suggested that cD2 promotes subventricular zone (SVZ) divisions, exerting a stronger inhibitory influence on the p27 Cdk-inhibitor (Cdkn1b) to delay cell cycle exit of progenitors. We propose that cD2 promotes transit-amplifying divisions in the SVZ and that these ensure proper output of at least a subset of PV interneurons.

Effect of reduction of mobile communications co‐channel interference by transmission power control considering received signal level correlations

AbstractIn a small‐zone mobile communications system that reuses the same frequencies in geographically different places, the margin for interference required to obtain a required call quality (CIR margin) can be reduced when there are correlations between geographic variations of the desired and interfering waves in comparison to when there are no correlations.In a sector zone configuration allowing the arrival directions of desired and interfering waves to be the same direction, correlational relationships can be expected in the downlink circuit, while such relationships cannot be expected in the uplink circuit since the topographical and geological factors affecting the mobile stations are clearly different.In this paper, it has been clarified analytically that when there are correlations between geographic variations of desired and interfering waves of the downlink circuit, the CIR margin can be reduced even in the uplink circuit as well as in the downlink circuit by using adaptive transmission power control (ATPC). Next, the direction connecting the base station and the reception point is defined as the direction of arrival of the electric current and the correlational relationships between the arrival angle difference and the received signal level were studied on the basis of propagation test results, considering the differences in angles of the directions of arrival of desired and interfering waves in the downlink circuit (referred to as the arrival angle differences). In addition, the relationships between the spatial frequency utilization rate (spectrum efficiency) and the sector zone divisions of a wireless zone, closely related to the arrival angle differences, in a six‐wave interfering system having six interfering zones have been clarified.

A Dynamic Multiwell Data Base

Summary The concept of a data base is not new in the oil industry. Data collection, storage, and retrieval of single-well data, field data, and general information are practiced by most oil companies. A field usually contains a wealth of information in the form of log, core, geological, geophysical, test, and production data, and these should be used collectively to enhance the understanding of the reservoir's geometry and dynamics. At present, most items of data are collected and processed independently. What has not been effectively achieved is a dynamic data base in which all the data can be interacted and efficiently used to obtain field maps and grids, well-to-well correlations, and transforms to optimize data in wells where data are limited. This paper discusses the principle, structure. and application of a dynamic data base that allows data to be not only retrieved and displayed, but also used to evaluate trends, calibrate and reinterpret new and old data, and optimize both the single-well and field results. Additional data are readily integrated into the system; in addition, the data base can be used to check and calibrate new data and then to update existing field models, trends, and grids. Statistical data banks can be created and used to optimize the information from old logging suites and to estimate missing parameters, such as permeability. Field and reservoir zone parameters can be modified easily. Output data, in the form of tabulations, maps, and grids, can be obtained readily and used as input data in reservoir simulation. Examples that demonstrate how the data base can be used effectively by all levels of management are presented. Introduction What is a data base? Any collection and organization of data on tapes, hard copies and files, or a computer may be called a data base. In constructing a data base, four important questions need to be addressed. What Type of Data Will be Stored in the Data Base? Data stored within a database system can be divided into two groups. Zone and Field Data (Macrodata). Data concerning formations, zones within formations, subzones within zones, and such parameters as average porosity, permeability-thickness, kh, pressure, p, productivity index, and volume of hydrocarbon fall into this category. General data relating to the field and to each well (such as well coordinates, mean sea level, and kelly bushing) are also covered in this group. These data can take the form of numbers, names, and codes, such as the name of fields (e.g., Zakum and Asab), geographical locations (e.g., land and offshore), formation names (e.g., Arab and Thamama), and zone and subzone divisions (e.g., Zones A and B and Subzone A1). Well Data (Microdata). This category includes high-sampling-rate data such aslog data (raw ocomputer-processed) that arusually indexed to depth and usually sampled every 1/2 ft [0.15 m],core data that are also indexed to depth, andother high-sampling-rate data that are usually indexed to depth or time (e.g., well test data, mud and cuttings log, and drilling rate). For the purpose of clarity, these two types of data will be referred to in all subsequent discussions as macro- and microdata, respectively. A large proportion of the macrodata is derived from the microdata. The volume of the reservoir is derived by integrating the depth-indexed porosity values from computed log data stored as microdata. Various reservoir volumes may be desired if there are different porosity cutoffs. The volume of hydrocarbon is derived by integrating the sum of porosity and hydrocarbon saturation. Different cutoff values may be used. Many other parameters, like kh and volume of moved hydrocarbon (MHC), can be derived similarly. Who Will Use This Data Base? If a data base is to be used successfully, it must serve the needs of management for monitoring and control, of specialists for technical applications, and of technical personnel for report compilation. How Flexible and Dynamic Is the Selected Data Base? The unique nature of petrophysical data demands a specially designed data base structure. Thus, the initial framework and design of a data base are the most important steps. A general-purpose business database package often is used to handle both the macro- and microdata. package often is used to handle both the macro- and microdata. This can lead to a slow, inflexible system. In addition, such a data base may be difficult to maintain and upgrade.

Differential responsiveness of cells in the visual zones of the cat's LP-pulvinar complex to visual stimuli.

Multiple visual field representations are contained within the feline LP-pulvinar complex; regions differentiated by their afferent and efferent connectivity patterns as the striate-, tecto- and retino-recipient zones. Cell responses from these visuotopic zones were investigated in immobilized cats under N2O/O2 supplemented with pentobarbitone or Althesin, using spot, bar and textured stimuli. Response fields recorded within the LP-pulvinar complex were classified as diffuse, concentric, movement-, direction- or orientation-sensitive. Concentric receptive fields were further classified as sustained (X), transient (Y) or tonic/phasic W-cells. Direction- and movement-sensitive cells predominated in the striate- and tecto-recipient zones, respectively. Motion of noise fields, or noise bars against an identical stationary noise background elicited vigorous responses from cells in the striate zone, many showing a preference for noise stimuli. In contrast, cells from the tectal zone and other divisions of the LP-pulvinar complex were insensitive to noise. The retino-recipient zone at the lateral margin of the pulvinar nucleus was characterized by cells with concentric receptive fields, the majority exhibiting properties similar to W-cells in the LGNd. The evidence supports the notion of functional subdivision within the LP-pulvinar complex corresponding to the visuotopically organized regions defined by their connectivity patterns. Consideration of the retino-recipient zone as an extension of the LGNd-MIN complex is discussed.