Zinc Industry Research Articles

Recovery of Lesser-Known Strategic Metals: The Gallium and Germanium Cases

Being not as popular as other elements, such as cobalt, lithium, and rare earth elements, both gallium and germanium have wide use in target developments/industries, thus making them valuable and strategically critical metals. The principal sources for the recovery of both metals are secondary wastes of the bauxite (gallium) or zinc (germanium) industries; also, their recycling from waste materials is necessary. The characteristics of these materials make hydrometallurgical operations widely useful in recovering both gallium and germanium from the various sources containing them. The present work reviews the most recent applications (in 2024) of the various operations applied to the recovery of gallium or germanium from various resources.

Clean-up of wastewater discharged from zinc industry through application of zeolite 4A produced from a waste contaminated by lubricant oil components

The zeolite 4 A powders were sustainably derived from clay-based waste contaminated with the spent lubricant oil. Then, the products were used to treat the wastewater discharged from a local zinc industry. The main challenge is removal of toxic organic components from the waste and conversion of obtained precursor to the zeolite structure, simultaneously. The variation in crystallinity was studied as a function of composition, fusion temperature, aging, and recrystallization times. The zinc adsorption was found to be markedly dependent not only on sodium carbonate/waste ratio but also on aluminum hydroxide content. However, pronounced adsorption was observed over the particles fabricated through the fusion at 900 °C. The relative crystallinity, ∼32 %, is crucial for the effective immobilization of heavy metal ions like Cd2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ from the wastewater. This level of crystallinity is achievable with the control of aging and recrystallization times, both in 3 h. The maximal zinc adsorption capacity, ∼143 mg g−1, was obtained for the particles with large pores, 48 nm, facilitating the ion diffusion into the adsorbent. On the other hand, the appropriate electrical charge surface expressed based on zeta potential, −43 mV, provided a proper condition for the electrostatic adsorption.

Some Recent Advances in Germanium Recovery from Various Resources

Though nowadays germanium does not reach the range of popularity of other metals, i.e., rare earth elements, its utility in target industries makes it a strategic metal. Though germanium can be found in a series of raw materials, the principal source for its recovery is from secondary wastes of the zinc industry; also, the recyclability of germanium-bearing waste materials is becoming of interest. In this recovery and due to the size of the target materials, because the diffusion and reaction are to be considered, hydrometallurgy performs a key role in achieving this goal. The present work reviews the most recent applications (2023 and 2024 years) of hydrometallurgical operations on the recovery of germanium from different solid and liquid sources.

Life cycle assessment and product carbon footprint for SHG zinc production

The industry’s environmental impact has moved into focus at global level. Regulators, supply chains, and the financial sector need credible, standardized, and transparent information for multiple reasons. These include regulatory targets for limiting emissions, downstream user optimizations, and developing science-based emission reduction strategies. By characterizing environmental impacts, companies can satisfy stakeholder demands and measure progress towards goals. In this paper, an introduction to life cycle assessment (LCA) for reporting on environmental impacts, including the product carbon footprint as global warming potential is given. Average results from the most recent global LCA update for special high-grade zinc production are summarized. Resulting carbon footprint information is then used to derive the zinc industry’s baseline carbon footprint as the starting point for the decarbonization roadmap for the global zinc industry.

Preface

10th International Symposium on Lead and Zinc ProcessingThe Lead-Zinc conference series, initiated by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) in 1970, has evolved into a global collaboration of metallurgical societies. This conference series is held every three or five years. It is heartening to acknowledge the significant role played by international organizations including the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS), Metallurgy & Materials Society of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (MetSoc), the Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan (MMIJ), the Society of Metallurgists and Miners (GDMB, Germany), and the Nonferrous Metals Society of China (NFSoc) in fostering knowledge exchange and advancements in lead and zinc industries.The 10th International Symposium on Lead and Zinc Processing (PbZn 2023) was held in Changsha, China, organized by NFSoc and co-sponsored by Central South University (CSU), China ENFI Engineering Corporation (ENFI), and Hunan Science and Technology Association (HSTA). PbZn 2023 had more than 800 attendees, 230 presentations from over 20 countries. This proceedings volume is the result of over a year of collaborative effort, involving authors, editors, and volunteers. Comprising contributions from 20 countries, the volume reflects the global nature of lead and zinc industries, covering business trends, plant operations, fundamental developments, emerging technologies, and environmental considerations. We hope that this compilation will serve as a valuable record of the Lead-Zinc 2023 symposium and become a standard reference for the processing of lead and zinc.We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all the contributors, reviewers, and volunteers who have dedicated their time and expertise to make this proceedings volume a reality.List of International organization, International Organizing Committee, Editorial Committee are available in this Pdf.

Recycling potential of secondary zinc materials

Circularity is a decisive corner stone of a sustainable use of raw materials. This has been recognized at global level and is pushed forward specifically in Europe and e.g., Japan. Based on intensive desk top research and interviews with experts from the zinc industry, information on secondary raw materials for zinc recovery was compiled. This paper comprises of an overview of zinc bearing wastes, residues, and by-products occurring in all stages of zinc mining, production, as well as first-use and end-use production. These materials are quantified and characterized, and ways of recycling are described.As a result, potentials for an increase of zinc recycling rates are identified. Mine tailings are a meaningful resource for zinc recovery. Industrial wastes occurring in zinc smelters, such as Jarosite, Goethite, and their likes are in the scope of research projects aiming at recycling zinc and other valuable metals. Residues, ashes, drosses, slags that are produced in first use operation of the zinc value chain, such as galvanizing, zinc die casting, or brass plants are recycled almost completely in Europe and in many other regions in the world. The biggest potential for increasing recycling rates for zinc still lies in steel mill dusts. Also, the majority of zinc die cast parts seem to end up in waste incineration and dump sites. This low end-of-life zinc recycling rate bears room for additional recycling opportunities via an improvement of the intelligent collection and sorting of waste and other innovative recycling processes utilizing residues from waste-to-energy plants.

Low Carbon and High Efficient Utilization of Zinc-bearing Dust in Iron & Steel Industry by Rotary Kiln Process

More than 50 million tons per year of zinc-bearing dust with large amounts of zinc and iron resources is produced by iron and steel smelting in China, which is classified as hazardous solid waste. The zinc-bearing dust is an important secondary resource, in which the zinc and iron can be recycled as raw materials for the iron and zinc industries after separating them. Rotary kiln reduction is one of the main methods for separating zinc and iron from zinc-bearing dust. In this study, the 5 mm composite pellets containing zinc-bearing dust is prepared by forced disturbed pelleting as reduction charge. The rotary kiln system with controllable temperature field and atmosphere field by multi-point quantitative air suppling is used as the main equipment of reduction. This technology can realize the treatment of raw materials with high iron and zinc content in rotary kiln, but also can effectively improve the production efficiency and the quality of zinc oxide powder, reduce the kiln-ringing. Compared with the conventional rotary kiln method, the processing capacity of zinc-bearing dust increase by 30%. The zinc removal ratio reaches 95% and the ZnO content of zinc oxide powder is 53.93 wt.%. The TFe content and ZnO content of reduction product are 60.56 wt.% and 0.25%, respectively. The annual operation ratio of zinc-iron separation by rotary kiln with zinc-bearing dust is 92%. The metallization rate of reduction product is controllable. The reduction product with metallization rate of 65.97% can be used as a sintering raw material, and the comprehensive energy consumption is 187kgce/t. The reduction product with metallization rate of 88% can 1 be used as a converter steelmaking raw material, and the comprehensive energy consumption is 253.1kgce/t.

The transformation behaviour of ZnFe2O4 spinel particles in the CaO-FexO-SiO2-ZnO slag system

Treating zinc hydrometallurgical residues and other Zn-bearing solid waste in direct lead smelting processes has been recognized as the preferred solution for the sustainable development of the lead and zinc industry. However, new technical problems occurred when changing the starting material of lead-making processes, the pyrometallurgical process for treating zinc hydrometallurgical residues and zinc bearing solid waste usually had the CaO-FexO-SiO2-ZnO slag. Along with the increasing of Zn content in the raw material, high ZnO slag formed, and the ZnFe2O4 spinel particles intended to precipitate from the molten slag. The understanding of the particle behaviour of ZnFe2O4 spinel was the core part of monitoring the slag properties. This study investigated the transformation behaviour of zinc ferrite spinel particles and the changes in glassy slag phase through the high-temperature phase equilibrium experimental technique, and the temperature was 1100 °C-1300 °C and the oxygen potential was 10−8 atm – 10−4 atm. It is found that the particle size of ZnFe2O4 spinel in the molten slag increased along with the increasing of the oxygen potential. The Zn/Fe mass ratio in spinel particles decreased when increasing of temperature and it increased when increasing of oxygen potential. The Fe/SiO2 mass ratio and the Zn content in glassy slag phase gradually increased along with increasing temperature and they decreased along with increasing oxygen potential. The growing and decomposition of ZnFe2O4 spinel was essentially a process of material exchange with the glassy slag phase.

Research on Hydrothermal Iron Removal From Wet Zinc Refining Solutions and Iron Residue Reduces Emissions

For the conventional wet zinc refining processes of the jarosite method and goethite method of iron removal, the process that existed was iron residue low iron, high zinc, large amount of residue, and high cost of harmless treatment, this paper carried out a study on hydrothermal iron removal from wet zinc refining solutions and an iron residue that reduces emissions. The results show that the reaction temperature is a prerequisite for the precipitation of Fe3+ to precipitate hematite (Fe2O3). Prolonging the reaction time can induce the conversion of jarosite (KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6) to hematite. Increasing the partial pressure of oxygen will accelerate the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and promote the formation of the hematite phase. Under the optimized technical parameters of reaction temperature 180 °C, oxygen partial pressure 0.6 MPa, reaction time 3 h, and controlled alkali metal ion concentration, 92.49% of the iron in the solution was precipitated into the residue in the form of hematite(Fe2O3), and the precipitated iron residue contained 57.75% iron and 0.82% zinc; compared with the jarosite process, the amount of iron residue was reduced by about 65%, and the zinc content of iron residue was reduced by 5.86%. The use of hydrothermal mineralization iron precipitation processes can realize the mineralization precipitation of iron in solution under low-acid conditions and obtain hematite iron precipitation residue with iron content up to the industry standard of iron oxide. And can be realized for resource utilization, helping the wet process zinc industry to develop in a green and low-carbon direction.

Utilization of wollastonite, jarosite, and their blends for the sustainable development of concrete paver block mixes containing reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates.

While several research studies considered the utilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates for asphalt and concrete pavements, very few attempted its possible utilization for precast concrete applications like concrete paver blocks (CPBs). Moreover, few attempts made in the recent past to improve the strength properties of RAP inclusive concrete mixes by incorporating certain supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) have reported an insignificant or marginal effect. The present study attempts to comprehensively investigate the utilization potential of some locally and abundantly available materials having suitable physicochemical properties to improve the performance of a zero-slump CPB mix containing 50% RAP aggregates. The studied filler materials, namely, wollastonite (naturally occurring calcium metasilicate mineral) and jarosite (hazardous zinc industry waste), were used to replace 5-15% and 10-20% by volume of Portland cement in the 50% RAP CPB mix. Apart from their individual effects, the efficacy of wollastonite-jarosite blends was also investigated. Considering the lack of indoor storage facilities and economic aspects of CPBs, the influence of water spray curing regime on the performance of the RAP CPB mixes was studied and compared to that of continuous water curing regime. Inclusion of the considered fillers was found to statistically and significantly enhance the flexural strength, tensile splitting strength, and abrasion resistance of the 50% RAP CPB mix; however, the compressive strength (in most cases), permeable voids, water absorption, and water permeability properties showed an insignificant improvement. Results of thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the occurrence of pozzolanic reactivity, and microstructure analysis revealed improvements in packing of concrete matrix and ITZ with filler inclusion qualitatively substantiating the improvements in strength and durability characteristics. The toxicity characteristics of heavy metals that may leach from the hazardous jarosite-based RAP CPB mixes were found to be within permissible limits. Based on the performance requirements specified by IS, IRC, and ASTM standards, all the RAP CPB mixes with filler inclusions fulfilled the acceptance criteria for heavy traffic applications, and water spray curing can enact as an alternate method for curing these mixes. However, to avail maximum performance benefits, it is recommended to use 5% wollastonite, 15% jarosite, and a combination of 10% wollastonite and 10% jarosite as a Portland cement substitute to produce sustainable eco-friendly RAP CPB mixes.

Performance of cement mortar mixes containing fine reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates and zinc waste

Cement mortar mixes were prepared to test the suitability of fine reclaimed asphalt pavement (FRAP) aggregates as a replacement for natural fine aggregates (NFA). With different amounts of NFA (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by weight) replaced with FRAP aggregates, the mechanical qualities of the mortar mix deteriorated. To counteract this, jarosite – a waste from the zinc industry – was used as a partial replacement for cement (replacements of 5%, 10% and 15%). The jarosite improved the microstructural, mechanical and shrinkage properties. For example, compared with the control mix (100% NFA), the mix containing 25% FRAP aggregates showed a 5.5% reduction in hardened density and a 14% reduction in compressive strength. With the addition of 10% jarosite, there was an increase of 4.85% in hardened density and 7% in compressive strength with respect to the mix containing 25% FRAP aggregates. It is thus suggested that 10% jarosite is used when FRAP aggregates are used to make cement mortar mixes. A cost analysis was also performed. The findings of this work are expected to inspire rational mix design recommendations for mortar mixes including FRAP aggregates, as well as bringing environmental and economic benefits by reducing carbon dioxide footprints.

Simultaneous Extraction of Valuable Metals from Iron-Containing Residues by Selective Chlorination and Evaporation

In different nonferrous metal-producing industry sectors, the impurity element iron has to be removed from the process solution. Examples for the arising residues are jarosite or goethite precipitates from nickel or zinc production but also red mud from aluminum production. Regardless of environmental concerns, the material is landfilled in almost any case, although valuables such as indium, silver, nickel, or zinc are present in considerable amounts. Within the presented research, a low carbon dioxide emitting multi-metal recovery from such iron-containing residues by means of a selective chlorination extraction has been fundamentally evaluated by experiments but also by comprehensive thermodynamic calculations. The paper summarizes the thermodynamic fundamental concept exploited to separate the dominating iron matrix from the valuable elements and shows verification experiments in a lab size of several grams. Through thermodynamic calculations and small-scale experiments with pure metal oxides and sulfates, it has been proven that the metal chlorides AlCl3∙6H2O, FeCl3∙6H2O, and MgCl2∙6H2O are viable and effective reactants for chlorination. In trials with actual industrial iron precipitation residues from the zinc industry, especially, the use of MgCl2∙6H2O and FeCl3∙6H2O leads to high extraction rates for the investigated valuable metals Ag, Au, Bi, Cu, In, Pb, Sn, and Zn.

Technical and Economic Comparison between Sodium and Ammonium Agents in the Jarosite Precipitation Process-An Evaluation for Industrial Applications.

Iron content can cause severe challenges through zinc production from zinc sulfide concentrate. The zinc industry extensively uses the jarosite precipitation process (JPP) to precipitate dissolved iron and remove it before transferring the solution to downstream stages. Precipitating agents (PAs) play an essential role in the JPP. However, surprisingly, no study compares the efficiency of various PAs on an industrial scale. As an innovative approach, this investigation compares the technical and economic aspects of using various sodium and ammonium compounds (hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, sulfates, and bisulfates) as typical PAs for the JPP at the Bafgh Zinc Smelting Company (BZSC) plant. Experimental results revealed that ammonium hydroxide, with 90.85% iron removal efficiency, had the highest performance, and sodium bisulfate and ammonium bisulfate had the lowest efficiency (74.54 and 77.13%, respectively). However, since ammonium hydroxide is a corrosive PA, it is not a promising alternative to sodium sulfate (with both economic and safety issues). Based on technical and economic assessments, sodium carbonate (84.31% iron removal efficiency) showed the highest potential for an efficient JPP.

Direct generation of Zn metal using laser-induced ZnS to eradicate carbon emissions from electrolysis Zn production

In response to the goal of net-zero emissions proposed by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Chinese government has pledged that carbon emissions will peak by 2030, and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. However, the high carbon energy structure of traditional industries has aggravated environmental problems, such as greenhouse effect and air pollution. The goal of carbon neutrality will be difficult to achieve without the development of disruptive theories and technologies. The electrolytic zinc industry requires high-temperature roasting at ∼1000 °C, generating large amounts of greenhouse gases and SO2. High concentrations of sulfuric acid (200 g/L) are subsequently used for electrolysis, and each ton of zinc produced generates 50 kg of anode slime with lead content of up to 16%, as well as 0.35 m3 of wastewater containing zinc and lead. To solve these problems, an optical metallurgy method is proposed in this study. The proposed method uses laser-induced photoreduction to decompose ZnS and reduce metal ions to metal. Results indicate that Zn0 and S8 can be detected on the surface of ZnS at a specific wavelength and laser fluence. The generation mechanism of Zn0 is such that laser induces an electronic transition that breaks ionic bond in ZnS, resulting in its decomposition and photoreduction to Zn0 under an inert argon gas atmosphere. This method does not reduce other metals in the mineral since it does not use high-temperature roasting, providing a new way of producing high-purity metal without greenhouse gas emissions and heavy metal pollution caused by traditional zinc electrolysis.

Synthesis, Characterization and Decomposition of Potassium Jarosite for Adsorptive As(V) Removal in Contaminated Water: Preliminary Study

Jarosite-type compounds precipitated in the zinc industry for iron control can also incorporate arsenic and can be used for wastewater treatment for As elimination. According with the last, this work is related to arsenic incorporation at room temperature in decomposed potassium jarosite. The work began with the synthesis of the compound at 75 °C for 9 h using Fe2(SO4)3 and K2SO4 at a pH of 1.1. Once jarosite was obtained, solids were subjected to an alkaline decomposition using NaOH at pH 10 for 30 min, and then As was added to the solution as HAsNaO4 and the pH modified by adding HNO3 until it reached a value of 1.1. The initial, intermediate, and final products were wholly characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). The obtained results show that As(V) can be adsorbed by ionic exchange in the amorphous FeOH structure of decomposed jarosite and when pH decreased to 1.1, the compound recrystallized, incorporating up to 6% As on average, which is indicative that this process can be used to reduce As in contaminated waters.

Exploring the potential health and ecological damage of lead–zinc production activities in China: A life cycle assessment perspective

Lead and zinc are indispensable nonferrous metals in the current industrialized society because of their position as raw materials for various industrial products. However, the massive environmental burden imposed by the activities of the lead–zinc industry will trigger potential social impacts. This study systematically evaluated the environmental and social economic burden of lead–zinc production activities at the national level during the entire industrial chain via life cycle assessment coupled with economic assessment method. China, the world's largest lead and zinc metal producer, was used as an example. Results demonstrated that in 2018, the national values of the potential threats to human health, ecosystem quality, and social economy were 3.55 × 105 DALY, 1.27 × 104 species. yr, and 3.90 × 1010 $, respectively. The potential social economic impact of China's lead–zinc production increased by 49% from 2008 to 2018. Direct emission was the primary contributor in most environmental impact categories (i.e., freshwater ecotoxicity, particulates formation, non-carcinogens, and carcinogens), except for global warming, in which electricity generation was the main contributor. Heavy metals emitted during the mining and dressing stage provided the predominant contribution to ecosystem quality degradation. Copper discharged into water was identified as a key substance that accounted for 59% of the overall potential threats. Henan, Hunan, and Yunnan provinces were the dominant provinces contributing to the overall social economic impacts of lead–zinc smelting. Additionally, association analysis indicated a significant correlation between the lead–zinc smelting activities and multiple cancers (e.g., stomach, brain, liver, and colon cancers). Adopting environmentally-friendly and cost-effectiveness wastewater treatment technology (e.g., adsorption) or water reuse is recommended to reduce heavy metal emissions. The development of renewable electricity and implementing cross-regional electricity transmission options have important benefits for reducing the environmental and social economic burden of the lead–zinc production activities. The application of long-term marginal power would alleviate the environmental burden in global warming category by 32.1%. The dust removal technologies of selective catalytic reduction, electrostatic precipitator, and wet flue gas desulfurization are implemented in combination to remove carcinogenic heavy metals from the air to reduce health risks and socio-economic losses.

Zinc Vaporization and Self-reduction Behavior of Industrial Waste Residues for Recycling to the HIsarna Furnace

Within the steelmaking industry, a large amount of zinc-bearing waste is produced which cannot be effectively treated through integrated steel mills. Concurrently, zinc smelters generate waste residues containing significant amounts of iron and zinc which are stored or landfilled. The zinc concentration of iron and steelmaking residues inhibits its recycling to the blast furnace but is insufficient to be sent directly to the zinc producers. Consequently, a means of up-concentration is required. The pilot HIsarna ironmaking furnace has shown potential for processing secondary iron-bearing resources. Furthermore, zinc can be concentrated in the off-gas flue dust, providing an enriched input for zinc smelters. The potential recyclability of blast furnace (BF) and basic oxygen furnace (BOF) dust and ‘goethite’ residue from the zinc industry has been studied. The input materials have been comprehensively characterized and their reduction–vaporization behavior, has been investigated. Individual samples were tested at temperatures of up to 1300 °C. Here, it was shown that minimal reduction of iron and volatilization of zinc occurred in the goethite and BOF samples. Conversely, even at 1000 °C, the BF dust showed complete reduction of iron and removal of zinc within 30 min. This was due to its high carbon content (40 wt%) which can act as a reductant. Consequently, mixtures of BOF dust and goethite with BF dust were studied. It has been shown that mixtures of 30:70 BF dust to goethite and 20:80 BF dust to BOF dust are suitable for recovering zinc to the gas phase and fully reducing the contained iron.Graphical

Influence of Different Carbon Content on Reduction of Zinc Oxide via Metal Bath

Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is an important secondary resource for the zinc industry. The most common process for its recycling is the pyro-metallurgical treatment in the Waelz process. However, this process focuses on the recycling of the zinc, whereas the recovery of other metals from the EAFD—such as iron and other alloying elements—is neglected. An up-to-date version of reprocessing can involve multi-metal recycling by means of a metal bath containing carbon. The use of a liquid iron alloy requires a higher processing temperature, which enables the reduction and melting of iron oxides as well as other compounds occurring in the dust. Furthermore, the Zn yield is higher and the reduction kinetics are faster than in the Waelz process. This paper is only focused on the zinc reduction in such a metal bath. In order to determine the influence of the carbon content in the molten metal on the reduction rate, experiments were carried out on the reduction behavior of zinc oxide using a synthetic slag. This slag, with a basicity B2 = 1, was applied to an iron bath with varying carbon contents. (0.85%, 2.16%, 2.89%, and 4.15%) The decrease in the zinc oxide concentration was monitored, along with the reaction rates calculated from these data. It was found that the reaction rate increases with rising carbon content in the melt.

A review on the characterization and use of ISF slag as fine aggregate in cement concrete

Imperial smelting furnace (ISF) slag is one among many other materials when dumped as such can cause serious environmental damage due to the presence of the heavy metals in it. This article presents a review of the available scientific literature and identifies the current trends and research gap regarding the utilisation of ISF slag in the production of concrete and mortars. Based on this state of the art, it can be concluded that ISF slag can be safely used to replace around 50% of conventionally used fine aggregate for the production of concrete. Such a concrete is both corrosion and acid resistant as well. At 60% utilisation of ISF, the durability parameters of the concrete mixes reduce. However, properties like flexural strength and pull-off strength have been noted to be within acceptable limits. Due to the rough texture of ISF particles, the interfacial transitional zone (ITZ) formed between ISF slag and cement particles is denser and hence the water absorption reduced by 20–25% in mixes with 60% ISF slag. It was also understood that ISF slag’s interaction with cement hydration in delaying the setting and hardening process can be avoided if the slag particles are coarser than 0.3 mm. Additionally, the heavy metals found in ISF slag are effectively bound in the cement matrix, hence protecting the environment from heavy metal contamination. On the negative side, mixes showed reduced resistance to abrasion when ISF slag was used as fine aggregate even at 10% utilisation. Hence from this study it can be concluded that ISF slag can be safely used to replace 50% of fine aggregate to produce durable concrete with appropriate mechanical performance. On such usage, the mining and environmental problems associated with dumping of ISF can be effectively resolved hence making the zinc industry more sustainable.

Sustainable Utilization of Waste Jarosite As Alternative Filler in Asphalt Mixes

AbstractJarosite (JS) is an industrial solid waste obtained from zinc industries that plays an important role as a pollutant engendering soil and ground water contamination. The present research ar...