ZigBee Module Research Articles

New coding scheme for the state estimation and reference tracking of nonlinear dynamic systems over the packet erasure channel (IoT): Applications in tele-operation of autonomous vehicles

This paper presents a new technique for the state estimation and reference tracking of nonlinear dynamic systems over the packet erasure channel, which is an abstract model for transmission via the Internet, WiFi wireless network and ZigBee modules. A new encoder and decoder for real time state estimation of nonlinear dynamic systems at the end of communication link when the measurements are sent through the limited capacity erasure channel, are presented. Then, using the available results from control theory, a controller for reference tracking and hence the stability of the system is also designed. That is, for nonlinear systems, almost sure asymptotic state estimation and reference tracking techniques including an encoder, decoder and a controller are presented. The satisfactory performances of the proposed state estimation and control techniques are illustrated via computer simulations by applying the proposed techniques on the unicycle model, which represents the dynamics of autonomous vehicles.

실시간 산불 모니터링을 위한 이벤트 처리 기반 저전력 저비용 무선 센서 네트워크

In this paper, we propose an event-driven low-power low-cost wireless sensor network (WSN) for real time wildfire monitoring. The proposed system will be mainly deployed and operated in a fire alert (or monitoring) area that could be divided into several sectors, each sector consisting of a controller (AP: access point) and its controlled nodes. For the evaluation of the proposed system, we implement a test bed (TB) using Arduino Uno board that has a smoke detector and a ZigBee module. The presented sensor nodes that are operated in power saving mode (PSM) during most of idle period have a longer battery life. Once a node detects smoke sample (which is termed as sensData) that is larger than a given threshold, it will generate a transmission message, called msgSensInfo (msgSensInfo1 for node fusion or msgSensInfo2 for AP fusion), and transmit that message to the AP and then the remote server. When a sensing event or a wake-up message event occurs, the presented node system is woken up from PSM, and gives a prompt (real-time) response including sensing message msgSensInfo generation and its transmission to AP. The proposed system has a data fusion algorithm collecting and synthesizing either multiple spatial samples (in case of AP fusion) or multiple time samples (in case of node fusion) that improves the fire detection performance further. Therefore, compared to existing low-cost WSN schemes, the proposed low-cost WSN scheme would be better at the perspective of real time performance, cost-effectiveness, and life-cycle such that it would be a good candidate for wildfire prevention as well as initial fire fighting.

Methane Monitoring in Kitchen Based on ZigBee Antenna Array

With the obvious improvement in people’s quality of life, the use of natural gas is becoming increasingly common. Household natural gas has hidden safety hazards while being hygienic and convenient. There are many gas explosion accidents every year, and life and property are seriously damaged. When the natural gas body leaks a little and the methane concentration in the air is extremely low, the methane sensor may fail to report, and the signal is weak or the early warning signal cannot be processed in time, which brings hidden dangers to the accident of gas explosion. In this paper, an optimized array of antenna arrays is designed based on the ZigBee network. Use multiple MQ-4 sensor arrays to detect the methane concentration in the kitchen, and send the weak signals collected by the four methane sensors to the ZigBee router in the same direction through the four antennas of the ZigBee module. The router timely and accurately transmits to the ZigBee coordinator and uses ZigBee network technology to upload the alarm information to the cell monitoring center through wireless. The simulation test results show that the diamond antenna array can quickly detect the change of methane concentration, and has high sensitivity and reliability.

Trilateration Method For Estimating Location in RSSI-Based Indoor Positioning System Using Zigbee Protocol

Wireless network technology that is used today is developing rapidly because of the increasing need for location information of an object with high accuracy. Global Positioning System (GPS) is a technology to estimate the current location. Unfortunately, GPS has a disadvantage of low accuracy of 10 meters when used indoors. Therefore, it began to be developed with the concept of an indoor positioning system. This is a technology used to estimate the location of objects in a building by utilizing WSN (Wireless Sensor Network). The purpose of this study is to estimate the location of the unknown nodes in the lecturer room as an object and obtain the accuracy of the system being tested. The positioning process is based on the received signal strength (RSSI) on the unknown node using the ZigBee module. The trilateration method is used to estimate unknown node located at the observation area based on the signal strength received at the time of testing. The result shows that the path loss coefficient value at the observation area is 0.9836 and the Mean Square Error of the test is 1.251 meters, which indicates that the system can be a solution to the indoor GPS problem.

Human Computer Interaction Based on Hand Gesture

Many hand-controlled robots are developed for visually impaired people in order to make them live confidently. This project work proposes a Human Computer Interactions with the help of gestures recognition wireless to help physically handicapped persons to move robot in desired direction lives. The project work is framed into three stages. First, gesture capturing and recognition – gesture capturing uses a laptop or pc camera that takes input from our hands and gesture recognition based on the finger count algorithm. Secondly, Transmission of data wireless – ZigBEE Module is used for serial transmission of data, Finally, Movement of Robot - The robot will move based on the fingers opened or fingers closed and displays the direction in laptop or pc in which direction the robot is moving. This project work can be able to insist the physically enabled people in their daily life. The entire process will run on Arduino Uno, ZigBEE Module, L293D Motor Driver

Smart Agricultural Management using IoT Based Automation Sensors

All humans mainly rely on cultivation for food. Agriculture acts as a backbone for many countries’ economy. Deprived of agriculture there could be no towns, universities, industries or workplaces. As humans we have to improvise our cultivation to increase the gained profit and also to handle all the food demands due to the increase in world population. Basically we need to have a basic understanding about our environment and its altering conditions to improvise our farm production techniques. Manual collection of these agricultural data will not be qualitative since there won’t be any data collection of earlier techniques used by our ancestors. Such information is required to avoid invalid conclusions before being utilized in our current agricultural methodologies. IoT in agricultural field plays a vital role in providing improvements in cultivation techniques, disease diagnosis, providing fertility rates, water stress level, field monitoring, detecting soil erosion, smart data handling, analysis of crop yield, automation to water spreading, better product’s quality, risk management, effective data handling etc. We can utilize IoT wireless networks for the collection of all the information necessary for agriculture. We can receive spatial data from IoT cameras and many more new technologies utilized to improvise the irrigation methodology. The decision making will be improved with more security and optimized outcome will be gained. In our proposed method, a smart agricultural methodology based on IoT platform is proposed. The collection of various data related to fertilization, soil, environment, irrigation etc. are done to perform data correlation and data filtering. Crop forecasting and prediction can be done to perform perfect farming by agricultural assessment. Our proposed model can be integrated to any IoT sensors; cameras etc. in a virtual manner and it supports cloud data storage as well. A stable connectivity is also possible between the IoT devices. Here we have provided a detailed survey of all the research works we have referenced, our proposed model along with the architecture, hardware (Microcontrollers, Zigbee Module, Moisture sensor etc.) and software (Debugging, Simulator, Dip Trace, Monitoring etc.) used, result evaluation is also done for temperature, humidity value, channel status etc. All the results are graphically represented and our brief conclusion is given.

Self-Automated Agriculture System using IoT

The world populationsupposed to reach 9.8 billion by 2050 and is difficult of feed such population . So for feeding the entire population the agriculture sector should be embed with IOT and farmers also should adopt this technology [1]. It is essential to increase the productivity of farming and agricultural process with the help of technologies like IoT.IoT can make farming easier by reducing the cost by decreasing the intervention of farmers in this field through automation. This paper aim is to develop a self- autonomous agriculture system works by connecting physical devices and systems to the internet. IoT is a very promising technology to drive the agricultural sector, it is the backbone for sustainable development mainly in developing countriesthat are experiencing rapid population growth like China, India etc, stressed natural resources, agricultural productivity reduction due to climate change. Hence the paper aims at making the agriculture smart using IoT technologies. The projects include a GPS based robot to perform tasks like weeding, spraying, moisture sensing, bird scaring, keeping vigilance, etc. This project requires smart irrigation with smart control and best decision making based on accurate real time data. Thisincludes crop management, waste management, warehouse management, theft control etc. Controlling of all the operations will be through a remote smart device like phone or computer connected to Internet and the operations will be performed by using sensors, Wi-Fi or ZigBee modules, cellular, LoRa,camera and actuators with micro-controller and raspberry pi [2].

ZigBee-based Parameter Monitoring and Controlling Scheme for Multiple DC Motors

Objective/aim: This study suggests a safe and economical wireless control and monitoring system for multiple DC motors based on ZigBee wireless communication. Methods: A set of sensors is used to control and monitor the information regarding the multiple DC motors parameters such as voltage, speed, temperature, and over-current and then transmit this information through the wireless ZigBee Protocol. A microcontroller is used for information collection and storage. According to monitored information, the DC motor will be stopped or started by the control signal via the computer interface produced with ZigBee when a certain condition is accomplished. Findings: The developed system can perform various operations like the automatic on/off of multiple DC motors, forward & reverse, speed control, checking overload condition, current measuring, and voltage measuring. The parameters: voltage, current, temperature, revolution per minute (RPM) can be detected in real-time by sensors and transferred to the host computer, displayed and store in an excel file. A ZigBee device is used to receive and transmit data efficiently from microcontroller to the PC and vice versa. In the past, similar systems were used for a single DC motor which was expensive such as PLC and Wi-Fi. In this work, a cost-effective ZigBee-based system is used for multiple DC motors. Applications/improvements: The proposed system can be further improved and modified for the real-time measuring system for AC machines. Moreover, the proposed wireless monitoring system can be enhanced with artificial intelligence. Keyword: DC Motor, Wireless Control and ZigBee Module, Microcontroller, Monitoring System.

A Delay-Tolerable Master–Slave Current-Sharing Control Scheme for Parallel-Operated Interfacing Inverters With Low-Bandwidth Communication

Parallel-operated inverters with common dc and ac bus can be used as an interface for dc systems connecting to an ac network. High cost and complicated wiring of communication are the main drawbacks of communication-based current-sharing methods for the parallel systems. Many new communication tools, e.g., power line communication (PLC), Bluetooth, and Zigbee modules, are cheap and require no extra wire connection, but have low communication bandwidth and low data rate, which result in a large communication delay and zero-order-hold period that could cause stability issues if used to transmit control signals. This article presents a method to mitigate the instability issue caused by communication effects, in parallel grid-tied inverter system with master-slave current-sharing control. First, the master-slave current-sharing control scheme is introduced. Then, the influence of communication delay and zero-order-hold on the system is analyzed. And design criterion to reduce the influence of low-bandwidth communication (LBCom) is studied and determined. New approaches, by designing a current reference low-pass filter and a voltage feedforward loop in slave modules, are introduced. The performance of the proposed control structure and design criteria are experimentally verified. With the proposed method, LBCom tools can be applied to systems with master-slave control architecture while keeping the robustness and transient performance, with improved modularity and operation flexibility.

Intelligent Surrounding Recognition for Robot Direction Control

In this study, we present a novel robot navigation system based on multi-sensors. The sensors include laser range finder, electronic compass, Zig-bee module and camera, to construct the navigation and monitoring system for robot. This system can remote control robot and monitor its status by real-time images for security patrol in the room at any time. Based on sensing information, micro-controller can control motors to drive its moving directions and speed. Laser scanning rangefinder is used to allow the robot to detect obstacles by the viewing range of 0 to 240 degrees. Zig-Bee locator can provide relative indoor position information in a wide space. The electronic compass is adopted to control the moving direction of robot. The computer calculates the sensing data and its results are sent to the micro-controller, to enable the robot walking on the middle of the passageway. The system is successfully implemented and demonstrated in real environment.

A review on smart wearable devices for soldier safety during battlefield using WSN technology

In current years, warfare plays a vital role in the nation's security. Army soldiers play an important and major role in combats as well as in providing peace to the nation. Soldiers provide security to the nation; it is important to safeguard their lives with minimum social responsibilities as they are risking their lives in protecting us. To improve their security, advanced devices are equipped with the soldiers to view their status of the health and as well as the live location of the soldier and a lot more. In this paper, it is focused to provide the safety to the soldiers in all aspects by giving the smart wearable's using WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) technology. Smart wearable like a smart vest, smart helmet, and the smart strap is equipped with BSN (Body Sensor Network) to determine the various psychological parameters and mental state of the solider. These smart wearable devices are capable of monitoring the health of soldier and ability to track the live location in real-time, by this if a soldier gets injured in the battlefield within no time the information transmitted to the control unit using LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Networking) and to the nearby soldiers using Zigbee module by forming a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET), so that the control unit can take any necessary actions for saving the life of the soldier.

At-Home Medical Equipment for the Physically Impaired using Zig Bee and GPS Conrole

In the absence of anyone, old people and people who depend on others may fall down accidentally due to lack of strength. Durable Medical Equipment (DME) is medical equipment installed at home. The proposed system helps in activating and sending the DME to the nearby hospital which can save a patient’s life. This system has two sections. One is the multiple Zigbee transmitting section installed at home which includes the DME and sensors and the other section is the Zigbee receiver present at the hospitals. Also, this system is independent of current-infrastructure such as cell-towers, internet etc. In case of any power outage for many days during any natural disaster, the patient status is sent through Zigbee protocol. The proposed system is designed by using ARM 32-bit microcontroller. This system includes GPS, ZIGBEE, temperature sensor and heart beat sensor modules. All these modules are attached to the target patient at home. The GPS finds out the location of the patient. The heart beat sensor gives the output in digital form when we kept the finger on the sensor. The room temperature was sensed by the temperature sensor. Once the controller gets the information from these devices, the information is sent over the Zigbee protocol to the Zigbee receiver section and allows the nearby hospital staff know about the condition and location of patient.

Design and Implementation of Smart Helmet and Intelligent Bike System

A smart helmet that covers and protects the head from any damage in driving a two-wheeler vehicle. The main aim of our project is to provide safety for a rider and to make life of citizens more secure while driving a vehicle. The alcohol sensor is used to detect the alcohol content in riders breath. If rider is in drunk state, without wearing the helmet the bike will not start. In this situation, the rider should have to wear the helmet then only the rider can start the bike. Zigbee module acts as transceiver to communicate between the sensors and control devices. The respective person of registered number can know the details whether the rider was drunk or not. The main advantage is to avoid the two-wheeler accidents and drunk drive cases. This project mainly focus on wearing of helmet or not.

Construction of Wireless Stethoscope with Noise Reduction Feature using Zigbee Module

Stethoscope is the most generally employed tool in the health care. Sometimes hearing the patient’s heart sound or murmurs which are low in amplitude may lead to false diagnoses and this project helps to overcome several problems. The physician will be able to monitor his patient’s condition by the graph displayed using the MATLAB software in his laptop with the use of ZigBee module. MATLAB software is used for analyzing the heart sounds, so the doctor will be able to diagnoses the graph accurately. ZigBee module is employed for wireless transmission of data from the stethoscope to the doctors who are far away from the patients while the stethoscope is in contact with the patients. When immediate assistance is required i.e. when the readings cross the threshold level, a buzzer would alert the authorities for the immediate assistance. All the components could be built and controlled through the Arduino microcontroller which is easy and simple to implement. Thus our project aims at helping people and as well as doctors for easy and accurate diagnoses through the extensive use of embedded systems and wireless communication technology.

Implementing a Distance Estimator for a Wildlife Tracking System Based on 802.15.4

In this work, a novel distance estimation mechanism using received signal strength indication (RSSI) signals with ZigBee modules is designed, implemented and tested in several scenarios. This estimator was used for a research project focused on a wildlife behavioral classification system deployed in Doñana’s National Park. As a supporting feature for that project, this work was implemented for locating animal’s collars acting as wireless nodes in order to find those who went outside of the coverage area of the network or that were accidentally detached from animals. This work describes the system architecture and the implementation of a mobile assistant capable of recovering devices located beyond the coverage of the network. The analytical model needed for distance estimation and the signal filtering are described, as well as the difficulties that the researchers must deal when building robust location estimators. This theoretical model was applied to three different scenarios and tested with two validation experiments.

Efficient Energy Management System using Zigbee for Residential Application

Energy management system is one of the challenging tasks associated with residential buildings. The cost of energy is purely based on the amount of energy consumed during peak hours. This paper focuses on an efficient energy management system for the control of energy consumption during peak hours. ZigBee module is used to monitor the energy consumed by the home appliances. The working of the proposed system is categorized into two modes of operation: normal time and peak time. During normal time, all home appliances can be operated and the cost of energy will be at normal rate. Whereas, during peak time, high rating machines will be shut down, that is controlled by ZigBee and the light loads will be operated from battery supply. Thus the proposed system reduces the energy consumption and is cost effective. Simulation analysis is done using proteus software. Hardware model is also implemented which proves that the proposed energy management system improves the energy efficiency.

Vehicular Crash Signaling System

The rise in demand for automobiles has resulted in a palpable increase in the traffic density, thereby giving way to more road accidents over time. Many a times, casualties of a road accident fail to live after they fall victim to poor emergency facilities and inadequate accident response time. It is not viable to anticipate road accidents but the repercussions can be minimized at the very least. If given immediate medical attention and care, the number of deaths caused as a result of road accidents could be reduced to a considerably low number. The primary hindrance in casualties receiving appropriate medical care is the fact that the rescue services do not receive any piece of information about the accident and sometimes, even when the information is passed on, it is usually received late. Hence to ensure that victims get adequate medical help on time, there is a need for an efficient automatic system. The Crash Signaling System uses a combination of technologies such as vibration sensor, Zigbee, GSM and GPS modules that detects the impact of the accident as well as the point of accident and conveys the information of the location to the nearby emergency care unit. It also sends information about the point of accident to the vehicles in the vicinity which then would help the drivers of oncoming vehicles to stay alert and drive cautiously. The ZigBee module assists in sending the alert message about the point of accident to the vehicles in the vicinity. The proposed system ensures that the emergency services are made accessible to accident victims in a timely manner and shares the information of the accident to the nearest hospital or rescue team via a GSM module. Besides it also sends a message to the victim’s emergency contacts. This system can be used in all in all vehicles for accident detection and reporting. VANET is a similar wireless communication technology which employs V2V and V2I

Detection of Heart Abnormalities Using Fuzzy Decision Making and Wireless Transmission of Disease Information

Abstract This research work aims to implement the automatic detection of heart abnormality type without doctor’s assessment using electrocardiogram (ECG) features. First, the ECG signal is acquired via Ag-AgCl electrodes, preprocessed using the adaptive Wiener filter to remove the noises and classified with the help of feature extraction techniques and fuzzy decision making (FDM) algorithm. The FDM also finds the type of heart abnormality based on ECG features, such as RRp interval, R peak amplitude detection, and QRS complex interval, and then sends the classified type to the doctor wirelessly via a ZigBee module. The virtual instrument software has been used to validate the proposed concept, and results of both software and hardware parts have been presented to show the effectiveness of the work.

Intelligent Autonomous Vehicle for Indoor Mail Delivery Using Wireless Sensor Network

The number of office transactions continually increasing ,therefore, several techniques proposed to improve quality of service for the office work. Improvements including electronic archiving limited; they didn’t solve the problem of transferring parcels. Thus, paper transactions still exist inside a single office building and the transfer needed within a time limit. This leads to suggesting the autonomous vehicle for solving the delivery problem. In-order-to enable such the navigation within the indoor environment, an acceptable localization accuracy must exist. The wireless fingerprinting with Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) for classification suggested in this research for localization estimation. Furthermore, the estimated location fused with the Odometer to bring more stable results. The Accuracy gained about 4.1cm which enables the vehicle to localize and navigate. ZigBee modules with Arduino microcontrollers are the basic items of the research.

Automated Anesthesia Injector for Patient Monitoring System using Unified Technology Learning Platform

This work focuses on the level of anaesthesia injected to the patient at a specified time span and to observe the various physical parameters of the patient such as temperature, heartbeat, blood pressure, glucose level, blood level and respiration of the patient in an effective manner. To avoid the death of a patient in the anaesthetic condition during operation, an anaesthesiologist is with the patient at the time of surgery to monitor the patient. In the existing system, for the monitoring of anaesthesia, Anaesthesiologist will accompany the patient until the patient becomes stable. To overcome the above issue, the proposed automated patient monitoring system will hog the limelight in hospitals in the near future. Through automation in the monitoring system with high speed advanced ARM 8 processor which executes large instructions used for the implementation. The automatic anaesthesia monitoring system has capable of monitoring multiple parameters, which is essential for the patient during the anaesthetic condition. The physical parameters are sensed using suitable sensors and transmitted through the Zigbee module over a wireless network to the anaesthesiologist so that the anaesthesiologist can monitor the patient anaesthetic condition and other parameters at their own premises. Also, they can view the results in the monitor screen with the help of a personal computer. The proposed system reduces the risk of severe injury and death during anaesthesia. The proposed system is executed using the Unified Technology Learning Platform and the simulation results against various parameters of the patient are performed using Labview software.