Zeylanicum Oil Research Articles

EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF CINNAMON ZEYLANICUM 0IL EXTRACT IN INHIBITION OF BACTERIA IN LABORATORY BISCUIT

This study was aimed to investigate effect of cinnamon zeylnicum oil extract in inhibition of bacteria in laboratory biscuit.revealed chemical research on cinnamon oil extract has the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, resins, coumarins, terpenes, flavonoids, and stimulants. Using GC-MS and FT-IR analysis, it was found that the hot water extract contains terpenes, glycosides, resins, saponins, and phenols, indicating the effectiveness of these beneficial components in cinnamon oil extract. Biscuits were manufactured in the laboratory and fortified with different concentrations (0.125%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%) of C. Zeylanicum oil extract and stored for 10 days at room temperature. The results showed that 0.125% and 0.25% showed no inhibitory activity against bacterial counts, while those of 0.50% and 0.75% inhibited bacterial counts until the eighth day of storage. Regarding the sensory evaluation of the laboratory-manufactured biscuits fortified with cinnamon oil extract, treatment A5 (control) received the highest score of 6 for the texture property. In contrast, treatment A4 (0.75%) received the lowest score of 4.80. In the same property, for the smoothness attribute, treatment A2 (0.25%) received the highest score of 5.70, while treatment A4 (0.75%) received the lowest score of 4.10.

Synthesis of Melaleuca alternifolia &Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil microcapsules using molecular inclusion technique

The co-precipitation method was used to create inclusion complexes between Melaleuca alternifolia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil and β-cyclodextrin with ratios of 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10 and 1:11(w/w). Research was done to evaluate the influence of ratio on the effectiveness of β-cyclodextrin's inclusion in entrappingoil volatiles. Microcapsules recovery, the surface and total extracted oils were all examined as part of complex's characterization. At a ratio of 1:11 between tea tree oil and β-cyclodextrin, the oil retention reached a maximum of 86.33% and highest oil encapsulation efficiency of 85.71% was achieved. In case of Cinnamon bark oil microcapsules, at ratio 1:11, total oil retention of 87.55% and oil encapsulation efficiency of 85.05% was achieved. Optical microscopy was also used to determine the structure of the microcapsules.

Bio-guided chemical characterization and nano-formulation studies of selected edible volatile oils with potential antibacterial and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities

The recent pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has opened the door to potential threats of the respiratory system. The discovery of drugs from natural sources is one of the most important strategies for treating the upper respiratory tract. In this study, we investigated the selected formulated EOs activities against Gram-negative (E. coli, K. pneumonia, and P. aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (S. aureus, E. fecalis) bacteria and against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, with the mode of action investigated as anti-SARS-CoV-2. Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Syzygium aromaticum EOs were the most promising antibacterial oils. C. zeylanicum EO showed MIC values of 1, 1, 2, ≤0.5, and 8 µg/mL against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. fecalis, respectively, while S. aromaticum EO showed MIC values of 8, 4, 32, 8, 32 µg/mL against the same organisms. The cytotoxic activity of the oil samples was tested in VERO-E6 cells using (MTT) assay and showed that the safest oil was F. vulgare, then L. nobilis, C. carvi, S. aromaticum, and E. globulus. The most potent antiviral EOs were C. zeylanicum oil and S. aromaticum, with IC50 value of 15.16 and 96.5 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the safety index of S. aromaticum EO (26.3) was greater than the oil of C. zeylanicum (7.25). The mechanism by which C. zeylanicum oil exerts its antiviral activity may involve both the virucidal effect and its impact on viral reproduction. The nano-emulsion dosage form of the potent EOs was prepared and re-examined against the same bacterial and viral strains. Finally, the chemical characterization of these promising essential oils was analyzed and identified using the GC–MS approach. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the in vitro investigation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of these selected essential oils, along with a proposed mechanism for the potent oil's activity.

Insecticidal plants as trade opportunities and use by small vegetable producers: an example using essential oils to control Diaphania hyalinata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

Production and sale of botanical insecticides depend on knowing the potential opportunities for these products. Essential oils from plants secondary metabolism can control pests, especially in agricultural systems where synthetic insecticides are limited, as in organic agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of essential oils to Diaphania hyalinata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and to show regions with the potential to use Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus sinensis, and Syzygium aromaticum in the formulation and commercialization of insecticides to control this insect. The C. zeylanicum oil was more toxic to larvae and pupae and the S. aromaticum to eggs of D. hyalinata. Essential oils are an alternative for the management of D. hyalinata. The production of pesticides from essential oils of C. zeylanicum, C. sinensis, and S. aromaticum to control D. hyalinata has high potential in America. Also, Asia, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia can extract these plants to formulate insecticide molecules for the America countries.

Exploring the potential of Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil against drug resistant Helicobacter pylori-producing cytotoxic genes.

Thirty-one of sixty dyspeptic patients tested positive for Helicobacter pylori colonization in this study, as determined by histopathology and 16S rRNA. The cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA) genes were found in 67.7 and 93.5% of H. pylori patients, respectively. The cagA gene was found to be associated with 100% of patients with duodenal erosion and ulceration identified via endoscopy examination. In addition, 86.7% of patients with cancerous and precancerous lesions, glandular atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia identified via histopathology examination. The vacA s1m1 mutation was associated with more severe forms of gastric erosion and ulceration, as well as the presence of precancerous and cancerous lesions. Eighteen (64.3%) of the twenty-eight isolates were classified as multi-drug resistant (MDR) or pan-drug resistant (PDR) H. pylori. Due to a resurgence of interest in alternative therapies derived from plants as a result of H. pylori resistance to the majority of commonly used antibiotics, the inhibitory activity of five essential oils extracted from some commonly used medicinal plants was evaluated in vitro against drug-resistant H. pylori clinical isolates. Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil demonstrated the highest anti-H. pylori activity when compared to the other essential oils tested. Cinnamaldehyde was the most abundant compound in C. zeylanicum (65.91%). The toxicological evaluation established the safety of C. zeylanicum oil for human use. As a result, C. zeylanicum essential oil may represent a novel antibacterial agent capable of combating drug-resistant H. pylori carrying cytotoxin genes.

In Vitro Activity of Several Essential Oils Extracted from Aromatic Plants against Ascosphaera apis.

The use of natural substances such as essentials oils against bee pathogens is of great interest as an alternative to traditional methods based on synthetic compounds like antibiotics and fungicides, in order to minimize the risk of having toxic residues in hive products and to prevent the development of resistance phenomena. This study evaluated the inhibitory, fungicidal and sporicidal activity of ten essential oils extracted from aromatic plants against Ascosphaera apis, the etiological agent of chalkbrood, an invasive honey bee mycosis. The most effective essential oils were Thymus herba-barona, Thymus capitatus and Cinnamomum zeylanicum, which showed values of minimum fungicidal concentration and minimum sporicidal concentration ranging from 200 to 400 ppm. Carvacrol was the main component of Thymus capitatus and Thymus herba-barona oils, whereas cinnamic aldehyde prevailed in Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil. Further in-apiary studies will allow the evaluation of side effects on bees and residues in hive products.

Preparation of nanoemulsion of Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil and evaluation of its larvicidal activity against a main malaria vector Anopheles stephensi.

There is a growing need to use green and efficient larvicidal as alternatives for conventional chemicals in vector control programs. Nanotechnology has provided a promising approach for research and development of new larvicides. Larvicidal potential of a nanoemulsion of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil reports against Anopheles stephensi. The nanoemulsion of was formulated in various ratios comprising of C. zeylanicum oil, tween 80, span 20 and water by stirrer. It was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). All components of C. zeylanicum essential oil were identified by GC-MS analysis. The larvicidal potential of the oil and its nanoformulation were evaluated against larvae of An. stephensi. The stability and durability of nanoemulsion was observed over a period of time. Sixty one components in the oil were identified, cinnamaldehyde (56.803%) was the main component. The LC90 and LC50 values of C. zeylanicum essential oil were calculated as 49ppm and 37ppm, respectively. The nanoemulsion droplets were found spherical in shape. It was able to kill 100% of larvae in up to 3days. It was stable after dilution and increased its larvicidal activity up to 32% compared with the essential oil. A novel larvicide based on nanotechnology introduced. This experiment clearly showed increasing larvicidal activity and residual effect of the nanoformulation in comparison with the bulk essential oil. It could be concluded that this nanoemulsion may be considered as safe larvicide and should be subject of more research in this field.

The role of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil, (E)‐cinnamaldehyde and (E)‐cinnamaldehyde oxime in the control of Meloidogyne incognita

AbstractThe search for natural nematicides that are biodegradable with little or no human toxicity has intensified in recent years. In this context, the use of essential oils has the potential to function as an alternative plant–parasitic nematode control strategy, and their characterization may identify new nematicidal molecules. In this study, the nematicidal activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil, its most abundant biochemical component and its analogue were evaluated against Meloidogyne incognita. Mean LC50 and LC95 values for C. zeylanicum oil were 49 µg/ml and 131 µg/ml, respectively. When J2 placed in C. zeylanicum oil at its LC50 concentration were used to inoculate tomato plants, the reduction in numbers of galls and eggs versus samples inoculated using J2 and no C. zeylanicum oil was 98%. C. zeylanicum essential oil reduced levels of M. incognita J2 that hatched 38%–54%, while carbofuran (positive control) did not prevent hatching. C. zeylanicum oil applied at a concentration of 800 µg/ml to a potted substrate containing infested tomato plants significantly reduced numbers of M. incognita galls. The cinnamaldehyde molecule within C. zeylanicum oil had LC50 and LC95 values of 64 and 768 µg/ml, respectively, while LC50 and LC95 values for cinnamaldehyde oxime were 323 and 529 µg/ml, respectively. Both cinnamaldehyde and its oxime inhibited hatching in M. incognita J2. These findings indicate that C. zeylanicum essential oil, its major biochemical component, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde oxime (a cinnamaldehyde analogue) can be used to reduce levels of M. incognita.

Milk preservation: Enhancing the anti-Staphylococcus aureus potency using essential oils specific mixture

This study aims to calculate the optimal formula combining Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Myrtus communis, and Lavandula stoechas essential oils to enhance their anti-Staphylococcus aureus effects. Firstly, a chemical analysis of essential oils (EOs) was assessed. Secondly, their antibacterial activities were screened against several bacterial strains with a special emphasis on S. aureus one. Finally, a specific mixture design plan was elaborated to determine the combination presenting the highest protection against S. aureus. Thus, the complex simplex-centroid mixture design was adopted to build polynomial models detailing the relationship between the anti-S. aureus activity and the proportion of each essential oil. Obtained results indicated compositional variabilities between studied samples. Indeed, the major compounds were camphor (35%), α-pinene (75%), cinnamaldehyde (89%) and eugenol (75%) for lavender, myrtle, cinnamon, and clove EOs, respectively. Additionally, the antibacterial activity test illustrated that all studied EOs were potent antimicrobial agents especially cinnamon and clove ones (from 15 to 39 mm inhibition zone). The search for the most effective combination for milk preservation against S. aureus suggested that a mixture of 58.8% cinnamon, 34.4% clove, and 6.8% lavender presents the optimal efficiency (reduction to 1 ± 0.1 × 106 CFU.ml−1). Thereby, this formula could be considered as a potential alternative for food safety against S. aureus contamination, particularly in milk and dairy industries.

Fumigant effect of essential oils against pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) and rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.) in stored products

Objectives: To develop a method to replace the usage of synthetic fumigants in stored product pest management. Methodology: For this purpose, we employed four plant based essential oils namely, Lantana camara (Lantana) oil, Citronella nardus (Citronella) oil, Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon) oil and Trachyspermmum copicum (Ajwain) oil and evaluated against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L., and rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L., for their fumigant toxicity and the weight loss caused by them. The oils of Lantana and Citronella were extracted from leaves, Cinnamon and Ajwain from barks and seeds respectively. Findings: Among the essential oils tested for fumigant toxicity, C. zeylanicum performed better with Lethal Concentration (LC50) of 23.16 and 21.91ml in minimal period of exposure i.e. at 12 h of treatment and found effective against adults of test insects viz., C. chinensis, and S. oryzae respectively. During the maximum period of exposure i.e. at 72 h. the fumigation efficacy of T. copicum was noticed to be the highest (3.43 ml) against adults of C. chinensis whereas C. zeylanicum was found better against S. oryzae (6.19ml). The minimum loss of pulse grains was observed in C. zeylanicum treated at 60 % of 24 h LC50 ; with 7.41 % weight loss. The minimum weight loss was noticed in C. zeylanicum about 60 % of 24 h LC50 with 9.68 per cent against S. oryzae. The fumigant toxicity bioassay revealed that as the exposure period increases, mortality of test insects also found increased i.e. exposure period directly proportional to mortality of insects. Keywords: Coleoptera; essential oils; fumigant toxicity; stored product pests; volatiles

Insecticidal Efficacy of Essential Oils from Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Thymus vulgaris, Ferula assafoetida L on Callosobruchus maculatus F

Introduction: The plants have well-developed defense mechanisms against pests and are excellent sources of new insecticidal substances.
 Materials and methods: An experiment was conducted on Hamedan Agricultural Research Center, as factorial based on completely randomized blocks in 3 replications during 2009. Experimental treatments included 10 levels concentration with Cinnamomum zeylanicum (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 75, 100, 200, 300) µl, 7 levels concentration with Thymus vulgaris (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 10, 20, 30) µl, 6 levels concentration with Ferula assafoetida L (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150) µl as the time at 3 levels (8, 24, 48) hours as the second factor. 1 ml of solutiones were applied on filter papers with Whatman No. 1. Then each dried paper was placed and 10 C. maculatus adults was placed. Each set of treatment was repeated 3 times and number of dead insects in was counted at an interval of 8, 24, 48 hours respectively.
 Conclusion: Percentage mortality was calculated. It has been results that the C. zeylanicum, T. vulgaris, F. assafoetida L essential oils showed 13%, 56%, 10% mortality adult of C. maculatus at dose of 5 µl of C. zeylanicum, 0.25 µl of T. vulgaris, 30 µl of F. assafoetida L respectively. Further concentration increase to 300 µl of C. zeylanicum oil, 30 µl of T. vulgaris, 150 µl F. assafoetida L yielded mortality of 100% against adult C. maculatus respectively.

Cinnamomun zeylanicum oil and trans-cinnamaldehyde against Alternaria brown spot in tangerine: direct effects and induced resistance

Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) has proven activity against several plant-pathogenic fungi and can reduce fungal diseases to an extent comparable to that achieved using commercial fungicides. Thus, the goal of the present work was to identify the active constituents of this essential oil and determine the direct fungicidal mode of action as well as putative indirect action by activation of citrus plant resistance against Alternaria brown spot (ABS). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of essential oil extracted from Cinnamomum zeylanicum leaves resulted in the identification of the active constituents eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde, which had, respectively, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 250 and 62.5 μg mL−1 against Alternaria alternata, while, under the same conditions, the MICs for a commercial fungicide and CEO were 1250 and 500 μg mL−1 respectively. Fungal growth inhibition assays showed that eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde (CNE) prevent fungal growth by direct fungicidal action and proved that CNE is mainly responsible for the anti-fungal activity of C. zeylanicum essential oil (CEO). CEO decreased the incidence of ABS disease to a greater extent than a commercial copper fungicide and was comparable to a commercial plant activator. Both CEO and its active constituent showed the ability to activate plant defense enzymes, demonstrating a high capacity to induce the citrus plant defense response. Therefore, both the essential oil and its active constituent have potential use in the development of new organic structures and analogues to control ABS disease caused by A. alternata.

Fumigant toxicity of some plant volatile oils against pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus

Fumigant toxicity of five plant volatile oils viz., ginger oil (Zingiber officinale), patchouli oil (Pogoste moncablin), garlic oil (Allium sativum), cinnamon oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and lemon oil (Citruslimon) were evaluated at 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% concentrations against the egg, larva, adult of the pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus along with their effect on the oviposition. The results revealed that the fumigant toxicity indicated by the lowest egg hatching of 10% was observed with 1.0% concentration of C. zeylanicum and Z. officinale; also, maximum larval mortality of 90% was observed. The adult mortality was 90% with C. zeylanicum oil at 1.0% and 72.50% with Z. officinale oil at 1.0%. C. zeylanicum and Z. officinale at 1.0% concentration also resulted in minimum oviposition of 3.00 and 4.25 eggs, respectively in contrast to 74 to 78 eggs in untreated control.

Antimicrobial activity of spices essential oils and its effectiveness on mature biofilms of human pathogens

The antibacterial activity of Pimpinella anisum L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Cuminum cyminum L. essential oils (EOs) against some common pathogenic microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 1915, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 10005, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231) and their biofilms was studied. The EOs inhibitory effects were evaluated by both Agar Well Diffusion assay and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determination. The most active EOs, cinnamon and cloves, were also tested on 18, 24, 48, 72 hours mature biofilms. Cinnamon and cloves exhibited the best results showing a significant activity against all the tested bacteria. Concerning biofilm, results suggest that Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil may be a useful approach to impair the biofilm produced by the tested Gram-negative bacteria.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Essential Oil Reduces Infestation by Alphitobius diaperinus in Poultry Litter

Background: Even though insecticides are managed and the period of sanitary emptiness in poultry is respected, the elimination of Alphitobius diaperinus may not be successful. The use of essential oils of plant origin presents as a good alternative in the substitution of insecticides with synthetic molecules, since they are easy to obtain, with rapid degradation and without risk of residues for non-target organisms. The main objective of the present study was to examine whether Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil reduces Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) infestations under experimental conditions, without causing toxicity to broilers chicks exposed to treated litter.Materials, Methods & Results: The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications per treatment. The treatments were as follows: solvent control using the diluent Dimethyl Sulfoxide 5% (oil diluent); chemical control using 5 g/m² cypermethrin; one spray of C. zeylanicum 5% oil; and two sprays of C. zeylanicum 5% oil. Each experimental unit was infested with 150 lesser mealworm adults. At 15 days of the broiler chick’s life, blood was collected for biochemi­cal analysis (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerides and uric acid), and liver fragments were isolated for histopathological analysis. Using TupeTrap devices, we counted lesser mealworm 40 days after treatment. The treatments did not alter biochemical variables, and did not cause histopathological lesions in liver. The treatments with C. zeylanicum 5% oil with one and two sprays efficiently reduced lesser mealworm infestation compared with solvent control. Cypermethrin treatment had no effect.Discussion: Many of the commercial products present low effectiveness in the control of A. diaperinus, since the target organisms develop resistance to the product. In the present study, we used a higher cypermethrin dose than that recom­mended by the manufacturer, in order to increase efficacy in the face of possible resistance. Even so, cypermethrin did not efficiently control the organism. The effectiveness of the essential oil of C. zeylanicum tested can be attributed to the compounds found in greater quantity in the oil composition, such as cinnamaldehyde (41.27%), linalool (13.05%) and methyl eugenol (10.87%), characterized as responsible for the action of oil repellency. Monoterpenoid compounds found in essential oils extracted from plants have insecticidal action acting on the central nervous system of insects, which impairs their development, being characterized as neurotoxic compounds. The results found with the essential oil of C. zeylanicum are of great importance, since the control of A. diaperinus is not efficient because this organism has behavior that favors reinfestation in the poultry houses, such as shelter in cracks, in the draperies, below the feeders and in the soil. The biochemical analyzes of the blood can as important tools to assist in the monitoring of broilers health, in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and therefore the results presented are of great importance since they assist in the search for alternative methods for the control of A. diaperinus, where we can affirm that the essential oil of C. zeylanicum does not cause toxicity to broilers. Based on these results we can affirm that essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 5%, is an effective substitute for existing commercially-available insecticides.Keywords: alternative control, cinnamon oil, insecticide, lesser mealworm.

BIOFILM FORMATION OF METHICILLIN AND VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPECIES ISOLATED FROM CELLULAR PHONES

Objective: The goal of the study was to explore the occurrence of methicillin and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus species from cellular phones and preventive measures to avoid contamination. Methods: The issues addressed in this investigation are i) Isolation of bacteria from 70 cellular phones through swab culture method ii) Characterization of the isolates by standard biochemical test iii) Antibiogram pattern study of the isolates iv) Molecular identification of the selected isolate through 16s rDNA sequencing v) Virulence study through biofilm assay vi) Susceptibility of the isolates against commonly used disinfectants and essential oils through disc diffusion. Results: All 70 different cellular phone used in this study harbored 120 isolates of bacteria. Of which, we recorded high incidence of Gram-positive cocci (51.6%) and 22 isolates were identified as Staphylococcus species. Three isolates (52N6, 53N9 and 53N6) were resistant to both methicillin and vancomycin, in addition, showed resistance against several other antibiotics. The strain 53N6 that exhibited multidrug resistance was further identified as Staphylococcus sp. strain CPC53N6 through 16s rDNA sequencing with NCBI accession no. KX858346. Virulence activity of the isolate was observed by its biofilm forming capacity as revealed from SEM imaging and the biofilms were composed of aggregated cocci and fibriform extracellular matrix. All the Staphylococcus isolates, including CPC53N6, were sensitive to disinfectants like dettol and cinnamon (Cinnamon zeylanicum) oil indicating their use as preventive measures. Conclusion: Thus, the methicillin and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus species of cellular phones can be decontaminated through cinnamon oil to minimize further transmission.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Essential Oil Reduces Infestation by Alphitobius diaperinus in Poultry Litter

Background: Even though insecticides are managed and the period of sanitary emptiness in poultry is respected, the elimination of Alphitobius diaperinus may not be successful. The use of essential oils of plant origin presents as a good alternative in the substitution of insecticides with synthetic molecules, since they are easy to obtain, with rapid degradationand without risk of residues for non-target organisms. The main objective of the present study was to examine whether Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil reduces Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) infestations under experimental conditions, without causing toxicity to broilers chicks exposed to treated litter.Materials, Methods & Results: The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications per treatment. The treatments were as follows: solvent control using the diluent Dimethyl Sulfoxide 5% (oil diluent); chemical control using 5 g/m² cypermethrin; one spray of C. zeylanicum 5% oil; and two sprays of C. zeylanicum 5% oil. Each experimental unit was infested with 150 lesser mealworm adults. At 15 days of the broiler chick’s life, blood was collected for biochemical analysis (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerides and uric acid), and liver fragments were isolated for histopathological analysis. Using TupeTrap devices, we counted lesser mealworm 40 days after treatment. The treatments did not alter biochemical variables, and did not causehistopathological lesions in liver. The treatments with C. zeylanicum 5% oil with one and two sprays efficiently reduced lesser mealworm infestation compared with solvent control. Cypermethrin treatment had no effect.Discussion: Many of the commercial products present low effectiveness in the control of A. diaperinus, since the target organisms develop resistance to the product. In the present study, we used a higher cypermethrin dose than that recommended by the manufacturer, in order to increase efficacy in the face of possible resistance. Even so, cypermethrin did not efficiently control the organism. The effectiveness of the essential oil of C. zeylanicum tested can be attributed to the compounds found in greater quantity in the oil composition, such as cinnamaldehyde (41.27%), linalool (13.05%) and methyl eugenol (10.87%), characterized as responsible for the action of oil repellency. Monoterpenoid compounds found in essential oils extracted from plants have insecticidal action acting on the central nervous system of insects, which impairs their development, being characterized as neurotoxic compounds. The results found with the essential oil of C. zeylanicum are of great importance, since the control of A. diaperinus is not efficient because this organism has behavior that favors reinfestation in the poultry houses, such as shelter in cracks, in the draperies, below the feeders and in the soil. The biochemical analyzes of the blood can as important tools to assist in the monitoring of broilers health, in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and therefore the results presented are of great importance since they assist in the search for alternative methods for the control of A. diaperinus, where we can affirm that the essential oil of C. zeylanicum does not cause toxicity to broilers. Based on these results we can affirm that essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 5%, is an effective substitute for existing commercially-available insecticides.Keywords: alternative control, cinnamon oil, insecticide, lesser mealworm.

Effective Management of the Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) Using PVA Nanofibers Loaded with Cinnamomum zeylanicum Essential Oil

Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) is one of the most common insect pests of cultivated potato in tropical and subtropical regions. In this research, a potential strategy to improve the insecticidal activity of plant essential oils for the effective management of P. operculella was studied. The insecticidal and residual effects of nanofiber oil (NFO) and pure essential oil (PEO) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum were assessed on PTM under laboratory conditions. The nanofibers were made by the electrospinning method using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer. The morphological characteristics of the nanofibers were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The chemical constituents of cinnamon essential oil (EO) were detected by GC/MS. Fumigant toxicity of NFO and PEO were evaluated on different growth stages (egg, male and female adults) of P. operculella. SEM and FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of EO on the nanofiber structure. The yield of the EO from C. zelanicum on the nanofibers was 1.86%. GC/MS analysis showed that cinnamaldehyde was the primary constituent (69.88%) of cinnamon EO. LC50 values of C. zelanicum EO and NFO were 4.92 and 1.76 μl/l air for eggs, 0.444 and 0.212 μl/l air for female adults, and 0.424 and 0.192 μl/l air for male adults, respectively. Fumigant bioassays revealed that NFO was more toxic than C. zeylanicum oil against at all stages of P. operculella. The residual effect of PEO and NFO was evaluated against the egg stage of the P. operculella. NFO lost insecticidal effectiveness 47 days after application, while the efficacy of PEO decreased 15 days after application. Our results suggest that NFO of C. zeylanicum can be used as an effective new tool for the management of P. operculella.

Insecticidal activities of their components derived from the essential oils of Cinnamomum sp. barks and against Ricania sp. (Homoptera: Ricaniidae), a newly recorded pest.

Insecticidal activities of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum oils and their components are not known against Ricania sp. Insecticidal activities of major components derived from C. cassia and C. zeylanicum oils were examined in spray and leaf-dipping bioassays against Ricania sp. nymphs and adults. The LC50 value of C. cassia and C. zeylanicum oils was 37.66 and 72.62 mg L-1 , respectively, in leaf-dipping bioassays against Ricania sp. nymphs, and 77.38 and 134.86 mg L-1 in spray bioassays against Ricania sp. adults. The insecticidal activity of C. cassia oil was 1.74-1.93 times greater than that of C. zeylanicum oil. When examined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, the cinnamaldehyde content of C. cassia and C. zeylanicum oils was 80.20% and 46.32%, respectively. Based on the LC50 values of cinnamaldehyde, hydrocinnamaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde against Ricania sp. nymphs and adults, cinnamaldehyde (LC50 , 31.25 and 62.43 mg L-1 ) demonstrated the most potent insecticidal activity, followed by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde (172.19 and 212.77 mg L-1 ) and hydrocinnamaldehyde (275.05 and 318.63 mg L-1 ). The findings revealed that C. cassia oil, C. zeylanicum oil and cinnamaldehyde have potential value in the management of Ricania sp. and could be valuable as effective insecticides. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Acaricidal and insecticidal activities of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum barks cultivated from France and India against Dermatophagoides spp., Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Ricania sp.

The chemical composition of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark oils cultivated from France and India was analyzed by GC–MS. The main components of C. zeylanicum oil were cinnamaldehyde (63.97 and 67.21%) and eugenol (6.84 and 19.79%) from France and India, respectively. Acaricidal and insecticidal activities of C. zeylanicum oils against Dermatophagoides sp, T. putrescentiae and Ricania sp. were evident. The LC50 values of C. zeylanicum oil were 123.77 and 93.06 mg/L in samples from France and India, respectively, against Ricania sp. adults in the spray bioassay. Using the leaf-dipping bioassay, the LC50 values of the oil from France and India were 80.99 and 57.44 mg/L, respectively, against Ricania sp. nymphs. Acaricidal activity of the C. zeylanicum oil from India in the fabric disk bioassay (LD50, 0.64, 0.51 and 1.72 μg/cm3, respectively) was greater than France oil (LD50, 0.92, 0.81 and 1.82 μg/cm3, respectively). In the filter paper bioassay, india oil (LD50, 1.82, 1.55 and 3.08 μg/cm2, respectively) was more potent than France oil (LD50, 2.07, 1.94 and 6.20 μg/cm2, respectively) against D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus and T. putrescentiae. The results indicate that the essential oils of C. zeylanicum barks could be an effective natural acaricide and insecticide for controlling house dust mites, stored food mites and fruit pests.