Superconducting materials, with their zero resistance and high current density characteristics, offer a revolutionary solution to the bottleneck of energy transmission losses. This article systematically reviews the technical potential of superconducting materials in energy transmission, commercialization challenges, and innovative applications in distributed energy. Firstly, analyze the zero-resistance effect of superconducting cables, the Meissner effect, and their performance comparison with traditional copper cables. Then, the commercialization bottlenecks are revealed from three aspects: cooling costs, material processing, and temperature limitations. Finally, a modular integrated architecture for superconducting - energy storage is proposed, such as using SMES to stabilize wind power fluctuations, and its engineering value is verified in combination with scenarios like offshore wind power and superconducting current limiters. Studies have shown that superconducting technology holds strategic significance in enhancing power transmission efficiency and facilitating the integration of renewable energy. However, it is necessary to overcome the technical barriers in material preparation and system integration. In the future, efforts should be focused on exploring room-temperature superconductivity, optimizing the economic efficiency of cooling technologies, and achieving coordinated control of smart grids, in order to promote the large-scale implementation of superconducting energy transmission.

In this paper, superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) operation in the presence of a long-duration fault is presented. The SFCL device utilizes second-generation high-temperature superconducting (2G HTS) tapes, which exhibit zero resistance under normal operating conditions. When the current exceeds the critical threshold specific to the superconducting tape, then it undergoes a transition to a resistive state—a phenomenon known as quenching. As a consequence, this leads to introducing impedance into the circuit, effectively limiting the magnitude of the fault current. Additionally, this transition dissipates electrical energy as heat within the material. The generated energy corresponds to the product of the voltage drop across the quenched region and the current flowing through it during the fault duration. In specific configurations of the power system, it is expected that the SFCL should limit the fault current for an extended period of time. In such a situation, a certain amount of energy will be generated, and it must be verified that the tape loses its properties or parameters (e.g., lowering the critical current value) or is destroyed. Therefore, experimental tests of the tapes were conducted for various short-circuit current, voltage drop, and short-circuit duration values to assess the effect of the amount of generated energy on the 2G HTS tape. Additionally, recommendations are presented on how to protect the SFCL during long-lasting short circuits.

Abstract High temperature superconductor (HTS), by its flux-pinning property and zero resistance characteristics, is widely used in power and magnetic levitation systems. While during the operation procedure of HTS maglev, random appearance of foreign objects on the maglev track, will occupy a key cause of track irregularities and degrade the system’s stability and safety. In order to solve this issue, a foreign object detection system is designed, which comprises unmanned aerial vehicle and the You Only Look Once (YOLO) v5s model. The model is trained to fly the drone along the maglev track and collect image data. The visual model is used for recognition and annotation to detect foreign objects on the track. Drones cruise at a fixed altitude above the track, and high-definition cameras capture video data. The YOLOv5s visual algorithm is used to identify foreign objects attached to the magnetic track, accurately distinguishing between common magnetic and non-magnetic objects near the track. Based on this technology, there is no need to manually inspect the track, reducing the risk of foreign object intrusion caused by human factors and improving the safety and stable efficiency of train operation. This study is expected to provide a foundation for the subsequent operation of HTS high-speed lines and the detection of foreign objects on maglev train tracks.

Abstract Recently, two research groups reported the observation of ambient‐pressure superconductivity in few‐nanometers‐thick La 3‐x Pr x Ni 2 O 7‐δ (x = 0.0, 0.15, and 1.0) films with the onset transition temperature and zero resistance temperature . In this study, the reported self‐field critical current density and upper critical field for these films are analyzed. The La 3‐x Pr x Ni 2 O 7‐δ films are find to exhibit a large in‐plane London penetration depth, , and the Ginzburg–Landau parameter . The deduced values are within the uncertainty range for the independently reported . Such large values of explain the wide resistive transition in La 3‐x Pr x Ni 2 O 7‐δ films, because a large implies low superfluid density () and therefore large thermal fluctuations. Consequently, it is find that the calculated phase fluctuation temperature satisfies the inequality . It is also find that the data of and fit well to those of two‐gap models, of which the two‐band s ‐wave model (for which the ratios of the superconducting energy gap Δ(0) to the critical temperature and for the larger and smaller bands, respectively) is preferred. In addition, it is shown that bulk, highly compressed Ruddlesden–Popper nickelates La n+1 Ni n O 3n+1 ( n = 2,3) and ambient‐pressure La n+1 Ni n O 2n+2 ( n = 5) thin film demonstrate evidence of two‐band superconductivity.

We report enhanced superconductivity in the selenium on the verge of the β-Po–bcc phase transition, achieving up to 9.4 K at 140 GPa. The onset of superconductivity is confirmed by a direct zero-resistance drop R(T), and its nature was further validated by its suppression under an external magnetic field, at 140 GPa. An anomalously high R(T) peak preceding the zero resistance state suggests granular superconductivity. Our studies indicate that selenium does not react with hydrogen at 182 GPa at room temperature nor 102 GPa with laser heating to 3000 K, implying that the synthesis of selenium hydride requires higher energy conditions than the ones predicted theoretically. Our findings offer insights into the mechanism of phase-transition-related enhanced superconductivity and motivate further study into the search for high superconductors in elements at extremely high pressure.

Exploring the intricate interplay between magnetism and superconductivity is crucial for unveiling the underlying mechanisms of unconventional superconductivity. Here, we report on the magnetotransport evidence for the coexistence of a two-dimensional (2D) superconducting state and a 2D ferromagnetic state at the interface between amorphous CaZrO3 film and (111)-oriented KTaO3 single crystal. Remarkably, the fingerprint of ferromagnetism, i.e., hysteretic magnetoresistance loops, is observed in the superconducting state. The butterfly-shaped hysteresis with twin peaks emerges against the background of superconducting zero resistance, and the peak amplitude increases with the sweep rate of the magnetic field, indicating that the magnetization dynamics are at play in the superconducting state. Moreover, the magnetoresistance hysteresis is strongly dependent on temperature, achieving a maximum near the superconducting transition temperature. This behavior is well described by the thermal activated phase slip model. Density function theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the magnetic moment is primarily contributed by the Ta 5dyz orbital, and the Stoner ferromagnetism is identified. Our findings provide new insights into the interaction of magnetism and superconductivity at KTaO3-based oxide heterointerfaces.

Plant extracts can be a viable alternative to the commercial pesticides due to their low cost-producing values, low toxicity towards non-target organisms, biodegradability, non – specific mode of action towards pests which assures zero resistance risk and availability all over the world. In the present study, plant extracts from three plant species: Yucca filamentosa leaves, Tamarixtetrandra flower branches and garden parsley (Petroselinumcrispum) roots prepared by ethanol were testes in the in vitro conditions for antifungal activity towards conidiospores of Monilia fructigena which is one of the major plant pathogen on orchard cultures causing severe damages on the fruits. Tested plants are extremely available, easy to be grown and more over parsley is one of the most popular seasonings in the world. The results show that the extracts can express extremely strong action towards conidiospores of Monilia fructigena with promising future development as natural, low cost and low toxic fungicides. Keywords: plant extracts, Moniliafructigena, Yucca filamentosa, Tamarixtetrandra, parsley, antifungal

Abstract Since the discovery of superconductors one hundred years ago, tremendous theoretical and technological progresses have been achieved. The fascinating zero resistance and complete diamagnetism of superconducting materials promise many possibilities in diverse fields. However, the complexity and expensive manufacturing costs associated with the time-consuming superconductor fabrication process may retard their practices in a large extent. Here, via liquid metal printing, we proposed to quickly fabricate superconducting electronics which was demonstrated to be able to work at the prescribed cryogenic temperatures. By way of the room temperature fluidity of liquid metal composite inks, such one-step printing allows to pattern various superconducting circuits on the desired substrate. As the first-ever conceptual trial, the most easily available gallium-based liquid alloy inks were particularly adopted to composite with copper particles to achieve superconductivity under specific temperatures around 6.4 K. Further, a series of liquid metal alloy and particles loaded composites were screened out and comparatively interpreted regarding their superconducting properties and potential values as printable inks in fabricating superconducting devices. The cost-effective feature and straightforward adaptability of the fabrication principle were evaluated. This work suggests an easy-going way for fabricating ending user superconducting devices, which may warrant more promising explorations and practices in the coming time.

Abstract The applications of superconducting cable or magnet require that the superconductors are made into wires or tapes. For cuprate superconductors, this is a big challenge because of the friability and short coherence length of the materials; weak links are easy to be formed at the grain boundaries hindering the flowing of the supercurrent. One of the ways is to fabricate superconducting films on flexible metallic tapes with oxide buffer layers. The successful one so far is the REBa2Cu3O7 (RE=rare earth elements) films in tape form, as called the coated conductors. While the superconducting transition temperature of REBCO system is limited to around 90 K. Here we report the successful fabrication of another new non-toxic superconducting film, namely (Cu,C)Ba2Ca2Cu3O9±δ on these flexible metallic tapes with LaMnO3 and CeO2 as the top buffer layers. The onset superconducting transition occurs at 112 K and 110 K, and the zero-resistance transition temperatures are about 96 K and 98 K, respectively. The temperature dependent resistivity under magnetic fields in different directions reveals a relatively small anisotropy. Further optimization of the films will improve the zero resistance transition temperature, thus can also improve the characteristic properties for applications. Our results show that the (Cu,C)Ba2Ca2Cu3O9±δ is a promising candidate material for the high power applications in liquid nitrogen temperature region.

Abstract A device is defined as a memristor if it exhibits a pinched hysteresis loop in the current–voltage plane, and the loop area shrinks with increasing driven frequency until it gets a single-valued curve. However, the explaination of the underlying mechanism for these fingerprints is still limited. In this paper, we propose the differential form of the memristor function, and we disclose the dynamical mechanism of the memristor according to the differential form. The symmetry of the curve is only determined by the driven signal, and the shrinking loop area results from the shrinking area enclosed by driven signal and the time coordinate axis. Significantly, we find the condition for the phase transition of a memristor, and the resistance switches between the positive resistance, local zero resistance, and local negative resistance. This phase transition is confirmed in the HP memristor. These results advance the understanding of the dynamics mechanism and phase transition of a memristor.

Recently, the bilayer nickelate La3Ni2O7 has been discovered as a new superconductor with transition temperature Tc near 80 K under high pressure1-3. Despite extensive theoretical and experimental work to understand the nature of its superconductivity4-29, the requirement of extreme pressure restricts the use of many experimental probes and limits its application potential. Here we present signatures of superconductivity in La3Ni2O7 thin films at ambient pressure, facilitated by the application of epitaxial compressive strain. The onset Tc varies roughly from 26 to 42 K, with higher Tc values correlating with smaller in-plane lattice constants. We observed the co-existence of other Ruddlesden-Popper phases within the films and dependence of transport behaviour with ozone annealing, suggesting that the observed low zero resistance Tc of around 2 K can be attributed to stacking defects, grain boundaries and oxygen stoichiometry. This finding initiates numerous opportunities to stabilize and study superconductivity in bilayer nickelates at ambient pressure, and to facilitate the broad understanding of the ever-growing number of high temperature and unconventional superconductors in the transition metal oxides.

Iron doping effect on superconducting properties of FexSe0.4Te0.6 thin films

Additive manufactured parts of thermally-conductive CuCr1Zr and high-hardness M300 tool steel were fabricated via a single step multi-material Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB). The corrosion properties of two interface configurations, CuCr1Zr built on M300 and M300 on CuCr1Zr, were evaluated using the electrochemical polarization resistance measurement, weight loss method and galvanic corrosion current measurement via a Zero Resistance Ammeter. The interface microstructure of the dissimilar bi-metallic parts fabricated by multi-material PBF-LB is tunable. The printing configuration influences the defect size and density and interface microstructure, which affect the global corrosion rate of the fabricated parts. Electrochemical measurements were performed on the fabricated parts in oxygen-saturated and chloride-containing water at elevated temperature, complimented by post-mortem characterizations. The interface configuration with M300 on CuCr1Zr has a slightly lower corrosion rate than that of CuCr1Zr on M300. Unexpectedly, galvanic corrosion occurred only locally in the interface region between M300 and CuCr1Zr materials. Beyond the interface regions, there is no clear sign of galvanic corrosion. Pitting and intergranular corrosion in CuCr1Zr material is the dominant corrosion mechanism. Both base materials beyond the interface region underwent localized pitting, particular in CuCr1Zr. Intergranular corrosion in CuCr1Zr is governed by sub-surface defects like pores and microcracks formed during printing.

Herein, we report the synthesis of Fe-doped polyaniline (D-PANI). The onset of the diamagnetism is observed to be at T < 24 K under a weak external magnetic field. D-PANI was air-stable and showed the Peierls transition, as its resistivity increased rapidly at low temperatures, thus behaving as an electromagnetic insulator. The synthesized material showed high sensitivity to magnetic fields, with its diamagnetic character changing under a relatively low magnetic field (> 4.3 Oe) at 4 K. However, its resistivity remained almost constant at high temperatures, and the 1/T plots of conductivity indicated the nearest neighbor electron hopping conduction. Polarons (radical cations) in D-PANI behaved as localized charge carriers, showing perfect diamagnetism at low temperatures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence revealed that after purification, D-PANI contained C, N, O, S, and Fe but showed no electron spin resonance signal owing to its diamagnetism. Although superconductors show perfect diamagnetism, the synthesized PANI did not exhibit zero resistance; the perfect diamagnetism herein differed from the Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect. The polaron-derived perfect diamagnetism in a conductive polymer is a new magnetic phenomenon.

High-purity magnesium and an Mg-Al 5 wt% Zn metal-rich primer (MRP) were compared for their ability to suppress intergranular corrosion (IGC) and intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in peak aged AA7075-T651 by sacrificial anode-based cathodic prevention. Tests were conducted in 0.6 M NaCl solution under full immersion. These evaluations considered the ability of the primer to attain an intermediate negative open-circuit potential (OCP) such that the galvanic couple potential with bare aluminum alloy (AA) 7075-T651 resided below a range of potentials where IGC is prevalent. The ability of the primer to achieve an OCP negative enough that the AA7075-T651 could be protected by sacrificial anode-based cathodic prevention and the ability to sustain this function over time were evaluated as a first step by utilizing a NaCl solution. The primers consisted of epoxy resins embedded with either (1) Mg flake pigments (MgRP) or (2) Mg flake pigments and spherical Al-5 wt% Zn together as a composite (MgAlRP). A variety of electrochemical techniques were used to evaluate the performance including OCP monitoring, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, diagnostic DC/AC/OCP cycle testing, and zero resistance ammeter tests with simultaneous pH measurements. Electrochemical DC/AC/OCP cycle testing in 0.6 M NaCl demonstrated that MgRP reached a suitable OCP for the cathodic protection of AA7075-T651. MgRP was an effective coating for cathodic protection but dispensed less anodic charge than the composite MgAlRP. Cross-sectional analysis demonstrated that some Mg flakes dissolved while uniform surface oxidation occurred on the remaining Mg flakes which led to impaired activation. The composite MgAlRP maintained a suitably negative OCP over time, remained activated, dispensed high anodic charge, and remained an anode in zero resistance ammeter testing. Chemical stability modeling and zero resistance ammeter testing suggest that Mg corrosion elevates the pH which dissolved aluminum oxides and hydroxide thereby activating the Al-5 wt% Zn pigments, providing a primary (i.e., Mg corrosion) and secondary process to enable superior (activation of Al-5 wt% Zn) sacrificial anode-based cathodic protection.

Magnetic suppression for a possible Fe-poor organic–inorganic hybrid superconductor Fe14Se16(tepa)0.8 (tepa = tetraethylenepentamine) with a superconducting transition at ∼42 K

We synthesized polycrystalline La3Ni2O7−δ (δ≈0.07) samples by using the sol-gel method without postannealing under high oxygen pressure, and then measured temperature-dependent resistivity under various hydrostatic pressures up to 18 GPa by using the cubic anvil and two-stage multianvil apparatus. We find that the density-wave-like anomaly in resistivity is progressively suppressed with increasing pressure and the resistivity drop corresponding to the onset of superconductivity emerges at pressure as low as ∼6 GPa. Zero resistivity is achieved at 9 GPa below Tczero≈6.6 K, which increases quickly with pressure to 41 K at 18 GPa. However, the diamagnetic response was not detected in the ac magnetic susceptibility measurements up to 15 GPa, indicating a filamentary nature of the observed superconductivity in the studied pressure range. The constructed T−P phase diagram reveals an intimate relationship between superconductivity, density-wave-like order, and the strange-metal-like behaviors. The observation of zero-resistance state in the polycrystalline La3Ni2O7−δ samples under high pressures not only corroborates the recent report of superconductivity in the pressurized La3Ni2O7 crystals but also facilitates further studies on this emerging family of nickelate high-Tc superconductors. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

The fourth joint inter-agency report on integrated analysis of antimicrobial consumption (AMC) and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals (JIACRA) addressed data obtained by the Agencies' EU-wide surveillance networks for 2019-2021. The analysis also sought to identify whether significant trends in AMR and AMC were concomitant over 2014-2021. AMC in both human and animal sectors, expressed in mg/kg of estimated biomass, was compared at country and European level. In 2021, the total AMC was assessed at 125.0 mg/kg of biomass for humans (28 EU/EEA countries, range 44.3-160.1) and 92.6 mg/kg of biomass for food-producing animals (29 EU/EEA countries, range 2.5-296.5). Between 2014 and 2021, total AMC in food-producing animals decreased by 44%, while in humans, it remained relatively stable. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to study associations between AMC and AMR for selected combinations of bacteria and antimicrobials. Positive associations between consumption of certain antimicrobials and resistance to those substances in bacteria from both humans and food-producing animals were observed. For certain combinations of bacteria and antimicrobials, AMR in bacteria from humans was associated with AMR in bacteria from food-producing animals which, in turn, was related to AMC in animals. The relative strength of these associations differed markedly between antimicrobial class, microorganism and sector. For certain antimicrobials, statistically significant decreasing trends in AMC and AMR were concomitant for food-producing animals and humans in several countries over 2014-2021. Similarly, a proportion of countries that significantly reduced total AMC also registered increasing susceptibility to antimicrobials in indicator E. coli from food-producing animals and E. coli originating from human invasive infections (i.e., exhibited 'complete susceptibility' or 'zero resistance' to a harmonised set of antimicrobials). Overall, the findings suggest that measures implemented to reduce AMC in food-producing animals and in humans have been effective in many countries. Nevertheless, these measures need to be reinforced so that reductions in AMC are retained and further continued, where necessary. This also highlights the importance of measures that promote human and animal health, such as vaccination and better hygiene, thereby reducing the need for use of antimicrobials.

Abstract Background The multimodal projects: “Zero Urinary Tract Infection” (Z-UTI), “Zero Resistance” (Z-R), “Zero Pneumonia” (Z-P) and “Zero Bacteraemia” (Z-B) consist in implementing a bundle of evidence-based recommendations to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and acquisition of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR-B) during patient's intensive care unit stay. They have been instituted in our tertiary hospital for several years and in order to assess compliance, we perform surveillance based on direct observation checklist. The aim was to examine compliance of recommendations and to evaluate direct observation as surveillance method. Methods Descriptive analysis of audits performed between 2020-2022. Compliance was estimated as the average of “yes”-marked percentage. Recommendations with “yes”-marked below 50% were excluded. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis of direct observation checklist was conducted. Results Regarding Z-R (n = 129 observations) compliance was 86.5%.”Giving information about isolation to family” was excluded registering 55.4% “not seen”-marked. In Z-P (n = 262 obs.) compliance was 82.3%. “Hand hygiene and sterile technique for bronchial secretions aspiration” was excluded registering 48.2% “not seen”-marked. As for Z-UTI (n = 607 obs.) compliance was 92,5% (excluded: 4 standards with 78.2% “not seen”-marked). In Z-B (n = 988 obs.) compliance was 78.5% (excluded: 4 standards with 80.6% “not seen”-marked; 1 standard with 49.5% “not appropriate”-marked). Surveillance of projects by direct observation allows in-the-moment feedback but some recommendations could be checked as “not seen” due to observation's schedule. Lack of time and people involved could threaten surveillance. However, HAIs and MDR-B are a major public health problem to deal with. Conclusions Study demonstrates good compliance of recommendations, existing standards with high “not seen” percentages. SWOT analysis gives guidance on doing effective surveillance. Key messages • Due to increasing concern of MDR-B acquisition and HAIs, is crucial to develop projects including evidence-based recommendations to prevent this major public health problem. • Once we develop a strategy we must become able to monitor it and moreover, evaluate how we are doing surveillance in order to improve and make changes if necessary.

Formation of Singularity for Full Compressible Magnetohydrodynamic Equations with Zero Resistivity in Two Dimensional Bounded Domains