Mixture Of Zeolite Research Articles

The impact of the addition of natural materials on the composting of animal manure

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-14 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.93-97 In this study we investigated the microbiological and chemical parameters during the composting of different substrates. Composting of two types of substrates amended with natural materials, manure mixed with zeolite (S1) and manure mixed with zeolite and lime (S2), was investigated and compared with that in the amendment-free substrate (C). During the composting the counts of coliform and faecal coliform bacteria in S2 and C differred significantly (P ˂ 0.001). There were also significant differences in coliform and faecal coliform bacterial counts between substrates S1 and S2 (P > 0.01 and P > 0.05, resp.). The total bacterial counts in C, S1 and S2 showed no significant differences throughout the composting (P > 0.05). Degradation of organic matter was significantly increased in S2 compared to C (P ˂ 0.001) due to relatively rapid decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms in this substrate. Determination of chemical parameters also showed significant differences between individual substrates. The pH level in S2 was higher and varied from 9.16 to 7.99. Release of N-NH 4 + from S2 substrate was significantly reduced. The total nitrogen (N t ) content in S2 substrate was increased by 45.01% compared to the other two substrates and resulted in a decreased C/N ratio towards the end of composting. Our results indicated that composting of manure amended with natural material provided promising results and has a potential for implementation in practice.  Keywords: composting,chemical parameters, microorganism, zeolite, lime References Alavi, N. et al. (2017). Investigating the efficiency of co-composting and vermicomposting of vinasse with the mixture of cow manure wastes, bagasse, and natural zeolite. Waste Management , 69, 117–126. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.039 Awasthi, M. K. et al. (2016). Role of biochar amendment in mitigation of nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emission during sewage sludge composting. Bioresource Technology , 219, 270–280.doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2016.07.128 Bougnom, B. P. et al. (2020). Evaluation of wood ash as additive for cow manure composting. International Annals of Science , 9(1), 100–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21467/ias.9.1.100-110 Chan, M. T. et al. (2016). Reducing nitrogen loss and salinity during “struvite” food waste composting by zeolite amendment. Bioresource Technology , 200, 838–844. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.093 Chandna, P. (2013). Assessment of bacterial diversity during composting of agricultural byproducts. BMC Microbiol ., 13, 99. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-13-99 Chang, R. et al. (2019). Comparing the effects of three in situ methods on nitrogen loss control, temperature dynamics and maturity during composting of agricultural wastes with a stage of temperatures over 70 °C. Journal of Environmental Management , 230, 119–127. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.076 Li, R. et al. (2012). Nutrient transformations during composting of pig manure with bentonite. Bioresource Technology , 121, 362–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.065 Lim, S. S. et al. (2017). Nitrogen, carbon, and dry matter losses during composting of livestock manure with two bulking agents as affected by co-amendments of phosphogypsum and zeolite. Ecological Engineering .102, 280–290. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.02.031 Meng, Q. et al. (2019). Microbial Community Succession and Response to Environmental Variables During Cow Manure and Corn Straw Composting. Frontiers in Microbilogy , 10. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00529 Ren, G. (2016).Evaluation of microbial population dynamics in the co–composting of cow manure and rice straw using high throughput sequencing analysis. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol ., 32, 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s11274-016-2059-7 Sasáková, N. (2015). Environmental and environmental risks associated with the treatment and utilization of animal excrements and sewage sludge and their environmental impact. Habilitation thesis. p.3-11. University of veterinary medicine and pharmacy in Košice. Szogi, A. A. et al. (2015). Methods for treatment of animal manures to reduce nutrient pollution prior to soil application. Curr. Pollut. Rep ., 1(1), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-015-0005-1 Villaseñor, J. et al. (2011). Composting domestic sewage sludge with natural zeolites in a rotary drum reactor. Bioresource Technology , 102(2), 1447–1454. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.085 Wagas, M. et al. (2019). Untapped potential of zeolites in optimization of food waste composting. Journal of Environmental Management , 241, 99–112. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.014

Practical aspects of the new approach to creating feed products based on a multicomponent mixture of sunflower fuzz-sludge and zeolite subjected to cavitation treatment

The problem of waste management in Russia is one of the fundamental. Moreover, in addition to European standard, according to which our society tends to consider the fact that an effective economy can only exist on the basis of non-waste production. The level of social development for a variety of symptoms can largely be characterized by the effective use of agricultural waste. Waste oil industry are characterized by a high content of protein and fat, which makes them indispensable in balancing rations. In this context shows how to obtain feed product based on waste vegetable oil extraction industry, enriched zeolite powder. The method is based on joint ultrasound treatment of fatty foods (sunflower Pusan), and mineral – zeolite. The efficiency of the product in poultry feeding.

Ammonia volatilization and agronomical efficiency of a mixture of urea with natural zeolite for rose fertilization

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the losses of N-NH3 by volatilization and the agronomic efficiency of a mixture of urea with natural zeolite, as topdressing fertilization, in an area for the commercial production of roses (Rosa spp.). The treatments were: two rates of urea (60 and 120 kg ha-1), with and without zeolite. The N sources were applied directly to soil surface, and volatilization was determined using a free semi-open static chamber. The quantitative and qualitative variables of the collected flower stems were used to determine the agronomical efficiency of the fertilizers. The zeolite mixture reduces N-NH3 losses in 30%, compared with the commercial urea fertilizer, and shows a higher agronomic efficiency, resulting in an increase of 25 dozen of flower stems per each kilogram of N applied.

The influence of biocarrier of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum toward vegetative growth of sorghum in the field experiment

Compared to other cereal crops, sorghum has a higher drought tolerance trait. However, efforts are needed to increase the productivity of sorghum, particularly in drought marginal land. One strategy to be implemented is the utilization of soil microorganisms formulated with biocarrier. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the fungal strain Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum formulated with compost and zeolite as biocarrier towards vegetative growth of sorghum. The field experiment was designed as a randomized block designed, factorial pattern with 4 replications. The first factor was selecting biocarrier, namely zeolite, compost, and a mixture of zeolite: compost (1:1). The second factor was the fungal inoculants, A. niger, and T. harzianum. The observed parameter was the growth profile of sorghum during vegetative growth, including stalk diameter and height. The results showed that the type of biocarrier, as well as the fungal strains did influence the growth of sorghum. The highest stalk diameter and height of sorghum were obtained after application of A. niger formulated with a mixture of zeolite: compost (1:1), with 17% and 41.2% higher than control, respectively. This condition shows that a mixture of zeolite and compost is seemingly able to create better micro-ecological conditions for fungal microbes to function effectively. Therefore, our findings suggested the addition of zeolite to compost for the application of biocarrier in the field experiment.

Effects of hydraulic loading rate and substrate on ammonium removal in tidal flow constructed wetlands treating black and odorous water bodies

The efficient removal of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) is vital to eliminating black and odorous water bodies. In this work, tidal flow constructed wetlands with gravel (TFCW-G) and with a mixture of zeolite and gravel (TFCW-Z) were set up to treat black and odorous water bodies at different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs). Results showed that zeolite significantly enhanced nitrogen removal, and the maximum NH4+-N removal efficiency of 96.69% was achieved in TFCW-Z at HLR of 3 m·d−1 with a flooding and drying cycle of 2 h. Zeolite addition changed the microbial community structure and the abundance of nitrification genes. Comammox Nitrospira was the only enriched strain accounting for NH4+-N removal in TFCW-G, while the co-occurrence of comammox Nitrospira and the canonical and potential ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were identified in TFCW-Z. Summarily, high performance, together with low footprint and low maintenance cost, are characteristics that make the TFCW-Z a promising and competitive alternative.

Influence of Nanoscale Intimacy and Zeolite Micropore Size on the Performance of Bifunctional Catalysts for n-Heptane Hydroisomerization.

In this study, Pt nanoparticles on zeolite/γ-Al2O3 composites (50/50 wt) were located either in the zeolite or on the γ-Al2O3 binder, hereby varying the average distance (intimacy) between zeolite acid sites and metal sites from “closest” to “nanoscale”. The catalytic performance of these catalysts was compared to physical mixtures of zeolite and Pt/γ-Al2O3 powders, which provide a “microscale” distance between sites. Several beneficial effects on catalytic activity and selectivity for n-heptane hydroisomerization were observed when Pt nanoparticles are located on the γ-Al2O3 binder in nanoscale proximity with zeolite acid sites, as opposed to Pt nanoparticles located inside zeolite crystals. On ZSM-5-based catalysts, mostly monobranched isomers were produced, and the isomer selectivity of these catalysts was almost unaffected with an intimacy ranging from closest to microscale, which can be attributed to the high diffusional barriers of branched isomers within ZSM-5 micropores. For composite catalysts based on large-pore zeolites (zeolite Beta and zeolite Y), the activity and selectivity benefitted from the nanoscale intimacy with Pt, compared to both the closest and microscale intimacies. Intracrystalline gradients of heptenes as reaction intermediates are likely contributors to differences in activity and selectivity. This paper aims to provide insights into the influence of the metal–acid intimacy in bifunctional catalysts based on zeolites with different framework topologies.

Zeolite water purification at Tikal, an ancient Maya city in Guatemala

Evidence for the oldest known zeolite water purification filtration system occurs in the undisturbed sediments of the Corriental reservoir at the Maya city of Tikal, in northern Guatemala. The Corriental reservoir was an important source of drinking water at Tikal during the Late Preclassic to Late Classic cultural periods. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and six AMS radiocarbon ages show that between ~ 2185 and 965 cal yr B.P. the drinking water in the Corriental reservoir water was filtered through a mixture of zeolite and coarse, sand-sized crystalline quartz. Zeolite is a non-toxic, three-dimensionally porous, crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicate with natural adsorbent and ion exchange properties, which removes harmful microbes as well as dispersed insoluble and soluble toxins from drinking water. The occurrence of zeolite in Corriental reservoir sediments expands our understanding of the earliest history of water purification and the long-term sustainability of an ancient Maya city.

Parametric investigation of indigenous Nigeria mineral clay (Kaolin and Bentonite) as a filler in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) of a petroleum refinery

The operational effectiveness of a fluid catalytic cracking unit largely depends on its catalyst, which is a mixture of zeolite, binder, matrix and filler. The filler plays an active role as it provides the catalyst with physical strength and integrity and also presents a heat exchange platform where more imperative and costly zeolite component can be incorporated. In Nigeria, foreign kaolin clay is used as fillers because it contains lesser impurities when compared to the one indigenous to the country. In contrast, Nigeria bentonite clay have unique properties that can be processed and used as an alternative. This paper evaluates the suitability of kaolin and sodium bentonite from southern Nigeria as fillers in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit. Initial characterisation with the aid of an XRF analysis confirmed the presence of iron oxide impurity on both the local and foreign crude clay (Bavaria, Germany). Wet beneficiation processes were carried out on all clay samples with different reaction times, temperatures and amounts of reagents to reduce impurities. Reaction time at 8 h proved more effective as 77% of iron oxide were removed from both the local and foreign clays. The product properties of the beneficiated samples also revealed iron oxide impurities that reduce impurities from 5.62% to 1.41% for kaolin clay and from 9.84% to 2.77% for bentonite clay. Samples of crude oil and products were tested to determine their physical properties using an Emmetteller Brunauer, a scanning electron microscope, a viscometer, and a pH meter to reveal the impact of the benefits on compliance with API standards. Aside from the increase or decrease of particulate or grain size, the structural modifications reflect the impact of mineral clay in retaining exchangeable cations (nutrients).

A chemo-geotechnical approach to obtain optimal mixtures of zeolite-bentonite as heavy metal adsorbents

The removal or reduction of heavy metal leakage from waste leachates into the soil and aquatic environment has been of interest for many years. A suitable solution is to enclose wastes in the impermeable, adsorbent, and durable layers that tolerate different ambient conditions. This indicates the need to consider geotechnical parameters along with the adsorption behavior of the adsorbents. In routine practice, a mixture of bentonite clay, zeolite, and geo-synthetics is used. This study aims to introduce suitable mixtures of zeolite and bentonite as natural adsorbents for sealing/adsorption of heavy metals in liner systems. Various mixtures of bentonite and zeolites of clinoptilolite and clinoptilolite-heulandite types were examined. Twenty-three mixed and non-mixed samples were prepared and tested. Once the soil index and soil compaction parameters were determined, an experiment program was designed to evaluate the cracking potential related to the freeze-drying process, as well as the adsorption potential of the samples at different ambient conditions (i.e., temperature and pH). It is observed that increasing the temperature up to 40 °C increases the adsorption potential. According to the results, the optimal adsorbents were found in the mixtures of zeolite/bentonite with the ratio of 4:1 in the first place and zeolite/bentonite with a ratio of 3:1 in the second, under various conditions.

Study involving removal of azo dye Direct Orange 34 by adsorption in zeolite–clay system

Recently, dyes have procured a wide range of application in the textile industry. These organic compounds possess toxic agents and act as water pollutants. Such dyes can be extracted by adsorption to prevent water pollution. The present work proposes removal of azo dye Direct Orange 34 from the aqueous solution using mixtures of sodalite zeolite (Si/Al ratio 2.5) and clay (vermiculite in 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 g). The methodology involves a system with different stages of separation, considering specified retention time (72, 48, 24, 12, 6 h) of adsorbate and dye concentrations (100, 50, 25, 10, 5 mg/L). The zeolite–vermiculite mixture has a high potential of dye removal due to extensive surface area and porosity with excellent cation exchange capacity conferring its adsorbent property. High concentrations (50 and 100 mg/L) and longer retention times than 48 h results in 50% removal of dyes, whereas a low concentration level (25, 10, 5 mg/L) increases the removal efficiency (74%). Henceforth, the experiment concluded that the zeolite–clay mixtures are capable of azo dye extraction.

Characterizing low-temperature aqueous alteration of Mars-analog basalts from Mauna Kea at multiple scales

AbstractWe performed a multi-scale characterization of aqueous alteration of Mars analog basaltic rock from a Mauna Kea drill core using high-resolution visible and short-wave infrared (VIS-SWIR) spectral imaging, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and point VIS-SWIR spectra. Several types of smectites, zeolites, and primary minerals were identified. Mineral classes were mapped in cut sections extracted from the drill core and used to represent the range of alteration products seen in field data collected over 1000 m depth (Calvin et al. 2020). Ten distinct spectral end-members identified in the cut sections were used to map the field point spectra. Trioctahedral Fe- and Mg-rich smectites were present toward the top of the zone of analysis (972 m below the surface) and increased in abundance toward the bottom of the drill core (1763 m depth). The mineralogy demonstrates a general trend of discontinuous alteration that increases in intensity with depth, with less pervasive phyllosilicate alteration at the top, several zones of different mixtures of zeolites toward the center, followed by more abundant phyllosilicates in the lowest sections. Distinctly absent are Fe-Mg phyllosilicates other than smectites, as well as carbonates, sulfates, and Al phyllosilicates such as kaolinite or illite. Furthermore, hematite was only detected in two of 24 samples. The suite of assemblages points to aqueous alteration at low-to-moderate temperatures at neutral to basic pH in low-oxygen conditions, with little evidence of extensive surface interaction, presenting a possible analog for an early Mars subsurface environment. We also present a library of VIS-SWIR spectra of the analyzed cut sections, including both spatial averages (i.e., unweighted linear mixtures) of spectral images of each cut section and single point spectra of the cut sections. This will allow for consideration of nonlinear mixing effects in point spectra of these assemblages from natural surfaces in future terrestrial or planetary work.

Three-dimensional electrodes enhance electricity generation and nitrogen removal of microbial fuel cells.

One of the critical problems for practical application of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is the poor electron transfer between microbial cells and anode. Hence, good biocompatibility and high specific surface area of electrodes are indispensable for MFC scale-up. In this study, three-dimensional electrode MFC (3DEMFC) was developed by filling biochar between anode and cathode. Three types of biochar electrodes (biochar, biochar and zeolite mixture, and MgO-modified biochar) were employed, and the performance of 3DEMFCs treating nitrogen in wastewater was investigated. The results showed that the highest power density of MFCs was 4.45 ± 0.21Wm-3 achieved by 3DEMFC filled with MgO-modified biochar, and the overall power generation of 3DEMFCs (2.40 ± 0.28 ~ 4.45 ± 0.21Wm-3) was higher than that of MFC without biochar (1.31 ± 0.24Wm-3). The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) results also demonstrated biochar addition to MFC was conducive to electron transfer between microbes and anode and MgO-modified biochar presented the highest coulombs transfer ability. Moreover, the highest removal efficiencies of ammonium, total nitrogen, and COD (93.6 ± 3.2%, 84.8 ± 2%, and 91.6 ± 1.3%, respectively) were achieved by 3DEMFC containing MgO-modified biochar, and simultaneous short-cut nitrification and denitrification were observed in MFCs. Furthermore, the SEM images displayed the bacteria adhesion on biochar and the biofilm dry weights of MgO-modified biochar after experiment was the highest of 103 ± 4mgg-1 among three kinds of biochar electrodes. Therefore, the power generation and nitrogen removal conspicuously enhanced in 3DEMFCs and biochar exhibited excellent biocompatibility and distinct electrochemical performance for MFC practical applications in wastewater treatment.

PREPARATION OF DESALINATION AGENT FROM CA-TYPE CLAY MINERALS

The desalination technology of seawater is considered to secure water and food in recent years, and a new simple desalting material to decrease the high concentration of sodium chloride in seawater is desired. In this study, preparation of the desalting agent from two Ca-type clay minerals, natural zeolite and Ca-Fe type layered double hydroxide (LDH), attempted to desalinate seawater for agricultural water[1][2][5]. Natural zeolites used in this study were mordenite-type zeolite from Fukushima prefecture, Japan and clinoptilolite-type zeolite from Kagoshima prefecture, Japan, and raw and Ca-substituted zeolites were used for seawater desalination[1][2][3][4][5]. Regardless of zeolite type, desalination behaviors of Ca-substituted zeolite were almost same as those of raw zeolite. The salinity and pH of seawater were 3.46% and 8.0, respectively, while clinoptilolite decreased the salinity to 3.20%, mordenite decreased to 2.09%, above 5.0 g/L zeolite addition. As increasing the Calcined Ca-Fe LDH addition to seawater, the salinity decreased to 3.3%, and pH of the solution increased to pH 11.5, and then became almost constant above 2.0 g/L addition of Calcined Ca-Fe LDH. As increasing the mixing ratio of Calcined Ca-Fe LDH to raw mordenite, the salinity decreased to 0.8% (79.2% reduction) while pH of the solution was neutral (about 7.6~8.0). Radish sprouts could be harvested using the seawater treated with a mixture of raw mordenite-type natural zeolite and Calcined Ca-Fe LDH, although those could not be harvested using seawater, the seawater treated with natural zeolite or Calcined Ca-Fe LDH.

Mineralogical and geochemical signatures of Quaternary pyroclasts alterations at the volcanic Trindade Island, South Atlantic

This paper reports the composition and alteration products of pyroclasts in the Holocene Paredão volcano (pyroclast 1) and Late Quaternary Morro Vermelho Formation (pyroclasts 2 and 3) of Trindade Island, South Atlantic, Brazil using combined macromorphological, micromorphological, mineralogical and geochemical techniques. The pyroclasts 1 and 2 are interpreted as volcanic tuff breccia deposits, whereas pyroclast 3 is a lapilli deposit. They are dark gray in color with some altered reddish regions and show vesicles and amygdales structures with small greenish crystals of 2.0 mm scattered throughout the matrix. The eruptions can be regarded as Strombolian-type by producing pyroclastic deposits with coarse fragments with high vesicularity and fluidal shape that indicate magmatic degassing and fragmentation. Petrologic and XRD data revealed a mixture of biotite, goethite, ilmenite, anatase, magnetite, hematite, pyroxene, zeolites, and olivine as their main mineral components. Optical microscopy analysis confirms the vesicular and amygdaloid structures, with a hypocrystalline texture and a pale brown stained vitreous mass classified as sideromelane, due to its basaltic composition. The sideromelane changes to a reddish brown and yellowish-brown staining material identified as palagonite, clearly indicating a hydrovolcanic eruption that occurs when the ascending magma comes into contact with water. Infrared analyses in the palagonitized regions revealed the presence of halloysite, suggesting alteration of sideromelane to tubular clay minerals. Amygdales and microfractures are partially or totally filled with zeolites, which are formed by the percolation of water that reacts with the palagonite and precipitation of chemical elements of hydrothermal fluid. Reddish dark brown iddingsite and anhedral crystals of titaniferous magnetites occur in the fractures and edges of the olivine. These crystals are also dispersed in the matrix while some of them are zoned with Cr-rich core and Cr-poor edge, suggesting a deep mantle origin of the magma. The high trace elements content can be related to clinopyroxene (diopside) that include these elements. Geochemical data show that the pyroclasts are undersaturated in silica, plotting in the ultrabasic and foidites fields on the TAS classification diagram.

Formulating an Anorganic Membrane Using Clay, Activated Carbon and Micro Zeolite as Filter Media for Peat Water Purification

Peat water is surface water in swampy or lowland areas that has a high color intensity, low pH (3-5) and strongly metals’ bonded. In proper treatment, the existence of peat water can meet the needs of the surrounding community. Additionally, keeping clean water or drinking water can be helped by the alternative treatment of peat water. Peat inorganic ceramic membrane which can be in accordance with water quality based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 492 / Menkes / Per / IV / 2010. Ceramic membrane made from clay and modified with activated carbon and zeolite in such way turned out to be able to produce drinking water in accordance with drinkable water standards. This study aims to determine the membrane’s ability to treat peat water and determine the magnitude of turbidity reduction, total dissolved solid (TDS), pH, Fe and Mn and E. coli bacteria. This research was carried out by filtering peat water through the membrane. Membranes was made of tubes with specifications used are 7 cm high and 6.8 cm in diameter and 0.8 cm wide with various mixture of clays, activated carbon and zeolites. The compositions are 80; 10; 10; 70; 20; 10; 60; 30; 10, 50; 40; 10, respectively, and 140 mesh active carbon size variations. After the investigation, it turns out that all of the composition 80; 10; 10 (clay: activated carbon: zeolite) with a combustion temperature of 800°C is the best membrane removal result that produces standards drinkable water content with clear color intensity.

Removal of Coliform, Suspended Solids, UV254 and Colour Using Zeolite and Activated Carbon in Riverbank Filtration System

River bank filtratio filtration (RBF) is one of the novel water abstraction alternatives to tackle poor water quality problem in Malaysia. This study was conducted to investigate the potential use of zeolite and activated carbon as filter media in the laboratory RBF system. Characteristics of the materials were first determined using the surface analyzer and X-ray fluorescence method. Filter column and filtration rate that resembles the RBF system at one of the rivers in Malaysia was designed and pre-determined. The removal performance of the total coliform in terms of the Most Probable Number (MPN), Escherichia coli, suspended solids (SS), UV254 representing the Natural Organic Matter (NOM), and colour was determined at 2 different configurations; Column A which consists of a mixture of zeolite and activated carbon, and Column B which has two distinctive layers of zeolite (bottom) and activated carbon (top). Results indicated that the filtration rate of 18.3cm3/min and retention time of 30 minutes had shown good removal performance for almost all the parameters. The removal of total coliform and E. coli were excellent with 95 and 99% reduction, respectively and 67 to 84% removal efficiency for SS. Column A performed better in removal of SS and colour whereas for Column B, performed better in removal of total coliform, E. coli, and UV254.

Influence of thermal treatment on the disposability of spent ion exchange resins in a deep geological repository: a French case

The filtration of contaminated aqueous waste streams from nuclear applications produces spent ion exchange resins (IER) which can be classified either as low level Waste (LLW) or as intermediate level Waste (ILW). For the purpose of the work conducted in the framework of the European THERAMIN project, studies considered spent IER waste form to be routed to the French deep geological disposal facility in the Callovo-Oxfordian formation (Cigéo). This form of waste is known to release hydrogen by radiolysis degradation, reactive species and complexing compounds. Today, for disposability in Cigéo, direct cementation of IER is the main immobilization process. This work aims to evaluate the application of the incineration-vitrification with plasma process, SHIVA, on a mixture of zeolites, diatoms, and spent IER in regards to the reference immobilization process by cementation. Production of an alumina-borosilicate type glass using SHIVA incineration-vitrification process was considered in order to examine the impact of this process for managing the specificities of this IER waste form with the additional advantage of minimizing the disposal volume. The potential benefits that thermal treatment can provide in the context of Cigéo for such spent IER waste form are evaluated based on the physical characterizations and leaching experiments carried out by CEA on the resulting vitrified product. The influence of thermal treatment on several characteristics in line with a generic list of Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) defined within the THERAMIN project have been qualitatively evaluated considering their potential influences on operational and long-term safety.

Incineration-vitrifícation of a mixture of zeolites, diatoms and ion exchange resins using the SHIVA process

The Advanced Incineration-Vitrification Hybrid System (SHIVA) process is well suited to treat organic and mineral waste, with high alpha contamination management capabilities. It allows, in a single reactor, waste incineration by a plasma burner and ash vitrification in a cold wall direct glass induction melting system. The SHIVA trial demonstrates the successful processing of an inactive waste stream analogue that contains a mixture of mineral and organic ion exchange media. The waste loading attains a promising value of 38 wt.% and a glass wasteform is obtained. Further, the microstructure, chemical composition, and chemical durability of the wasteform are characterised.

Comparison of capping and mixing of calcined dolomite and zeolite for interrupting the release of nutrients from contaminated lake sediment.

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of capping and mixing of calcined dolomite and zeolite for the remediation of sediment contaminated with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Laboratory incubation experiments were performed to monitor the release of NH4-N, NO3-N, T-N, PO4-P, and T-P from the sediment. pH, electric conductivity (EC), oxidation reduction potential (ORP), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in overlying water for 60days were evaluated. Dolomite-amended sediment has high pH and EC. Zeolite and dolomite capping effectively interrupted the release of N and P, respectively; capping was found to be more effective than mixing. The mixture of dolomite and zeolite was also effective; however, their efficiencies were influenced by their placement. The remediation efficiencies when the dolomite was placed above the zeolite cap layer (DOL/ZEO_CAP) were 95.9%, 101.6%, and 100.2% for NH4-N, PO4-P, and total, and the total remediation efficiency of DOL/ZEO_CAP was twice that of the opposite placement (ZEO/DOL_CAP). Low remediation efficiencies for NH4-N and T-N were observed in ZEO/DOL_CAP because NH4+ adsorption on zeolite was hindered by Ca2+ and Mg2+ released from the dolomite. The combination of dolomite and zeolite can be used as a capping material for simultaneously interrupting the release of both nitrogen and phosphorus, but their placement should be considered.

Palm Oil Mill Efluent - Zeolite Mixture Improves Acid and Base Cations in Acid Sulfate Soil

Acid sulfate soil contains high acid cations. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) mixed with zeolite can increase pH of acid sulfate soil. Base cations (Ca, K and Mg) on zeolite are exchangeable with H+ and Al3+ ions in acid sulfate soil. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of application of POME-zeolite mixture on acid cations of acid sulfate soil. The study was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design, with 9 treatments of POME applied on 10 kg of acid sulfate soil. Acid sulfate soil was put into 45cm x 40cm polybag. POME plus zeolite powder (60 mesh, type clinoptilolite) was applied on soil by watering evenly and incubated for 4 weeks at room temperature. The results showed that the content of acid cations of exchangeable-Al and exchangeable-H decreased by 71.21% and 27.71%, respectively after application of POME -zeolite. The application of POME without zeolite decreased the content of exchangeable-Al and exchangeable-H by 46.54% and 42.75%, respectively. Aluminium saturation has decreased after POME-zeolite application from 42.68% (high) to 8.52% (very low). Base saturation increased after application of POME-zeolite application from 17.64% (very low) to 34.88% (low). Application of palm oil mill effluent-zeolite mixture decreased acid cations in acid sulfate soil. Base saturation correlates positively to pH and cation exchange capacity and negatively correlates to Al saturation. The main factors controlling the increase of pH, base saturation and cation exchange capacity of acid sulfate soil after POME-zeolite application were the decrease of exchangeable-H, followed by exchangeable-Al and total-Fe.