Zealand Shores Research Articles

Unprecedented Times: Māori Experiences of Pandemics Past in the Time of COVID-19

Covid-19’s (mate korona) spread across the world and the implementation of wide sweeping government instigated public health measures saw a growing notion globally that we are living in “unprecidented times”. This notion was also expressed in Aotearoa New Zealand with the arrival of Covid-19 to Aotearoa New Zealand shores in early 2020. While Covid-19 presents a new epidemiological threat, examination of Aotearoa’s historical twentith century pandemics and sporadic outbreaks of infectious diseases show similar challanges to tikanga Māori (Māori protocols, customs, and behavioural guidelines) as COVID-19 presents today. This paper contextualises Māori experiences of epidemics and pandemics of the past and explores the historical and contemporary assaults on Māori customs during times of disease. Drawing on archival research, contemporary sources, and interviews with kaumātua (Māori elders) conducted during Aotearoa’s first national lockdown in 2020, this study scrutinises both historical and contemporary New Zealand Governmental responses and media attitudes towards tangihanga (funarary rites) and hongi (pressing of the noses) during pandemics and epidemics. Alongside examining the cultural significance and importance of tangihanga and hongi to Māori, this study shows that far from being “unprecedented times”, many of the same challenges to these practices Māori have faced during past pandemics and epidemics have remerged during COVID-19. Through this examination, this study highlights that a pattern exists where tikanga Māori practices come under public and political scrutiny and attack during pandemics and infectious disease outbreaks. Kaumātua are bastions of tikanga and collective memory of pandemics and other crises of the past and have integrated tikanga based disease mitigation measures into their intergenerational collective memory corpus. This paper highlights both the importance of these tikanga practices to kaumātua, and how tikanga informed kaumātua approaches to COVID-19 public health measure restrictions and their personal hauora (health). By undertaking this study, this paper draws particular attention to tikanga as an imperative aspect of Māori identity that must be understood by health officials, and the continual importance of the tikanga Māori concept of tapu (restricted, set apart, sacred) in mitigating disease and maintaining Māori hauora (health).

CSI – Cuttlefish Sepion Investigation: overview of cuttlebones found on Aotearoa New Zealand shores and analysis of predation and scavenging marks

ABSTRACT Despite the absence of cuttlefish in Aotearoa New Zealand waters, cuttlebones and cuttlebone fragments have been reported and collected in the country since the early twentieth century. Not all could be reliably identified. As such, here we review all cuttlebone material collected from New Zealand shores available in natural history collections, as well as literature and online records. Species were identified, through morphological features and, for the first time, DNA barcoding, as: the Australian endemic Sepia apama Gray, 1849 (and possibly S. grahami A. Reid, 2001) and the widely distributed Indo-Pacific S. latimanus Quoy & Gaimard, 1832. In addition, the predation/scavenging marks (praedichnia) left on the cuttlebones by other organisms are assigned to four major types and attributed to albatrosses, sharks, and dolphins. The successful extraction of DNA from cuttlebones has potential future applications, including the examination of type specimens, since species were described based only on cuttlebones.

Agency-structure dynamics in an indigenous mathematics education community in times of an existential crisis in education.

This article is a synthesis of the historical account of the ongoing suppression of Māori indigeneity (language and cultural knowledge) in mathematics education for over 100 years. During that time, Māori, the Indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand, have been ravaged by the effects of globalisation as an outcome of colonisation, resulting in loss of property, linguistic, and cultural rights, that have been compounded by the damaging effects of diseases that have cumulatively sustained negative socioeconomic and education outcomes to this day. The COVID-19 pandemic, which arrived on Aotearoa New Zealand shores in February 2020, exposed and further exacerbated the deep inequities that already existed due to the legacy of assimilation policies. This article draws on Bourdieu’s notions of capital, habitus, and field to frame our analysis of the capacity and potential for Māori to act as agents within, and against, multiple cultural and structural pressures that have impacted the historical development of Māori-medium mathematics education, and the capacity of the Māori-medium mathematics community to cope while schools were closed during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article reveals that despite some recent positive structural changes in response to the emergence of Māori-medium schooling in the 1980s, and partly due to the high status of mathematics educationally, many structural challenges remain. In 2020, in response to having to deliver mathematics education remotely, the Māori-medium community, including parents, teachers, and associates, used their individual and collective agency to overcome the structural barriers created by physical school closures.

From Vagrant to Resident: occurrence, residency and births of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) in New Zealand waters

ABSTRACTIn contrast to previous reports that leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) are rare vagrants to New Zealand, we show that this species is a regular member of the marine fauna of this region. We present a first analysis from the New Zealand Leopard Seal Database – an extensive collation of 2,711 records of leopard seals within New Zealand between 1200 and 2018. Of these records, 51.2% (n = 1,408) were photographic. Leopard seal sightings have increased over time and been reported in all seasons and regions of New Zealand. Sightings are predominantly of adult individuals of good or excellent body condition, which differs to previous hypotheses suggesting that leopard seals visiting New Zealand shores are primarily juvenile animals in poor health condition. A total of 176 unique individuals have been identified in the New Zealand Leopard Seal Catalogue between 2014 and 2018 and preliminary results indicate that numbers per annum have continued to increase over time. Three leopard seal births and a number of juvenile animals (34% of the NZ records) have been documented. Considering the information presented here and the current definitions in the New Zealand Threat Classification System, the threat status of leopard seals within New Zealand waters should be reclassified from Vagrant to Resident.

Surface Gradients in Dissolved Organic Matter Absorption and Fluorescence Properties along the New Zealand Sector of the Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in global carbon cycling; dissolved organic matter (DOM), a component in the carbon cycle, can be characterized optically. Sea surface chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption and fluorescence properties were examined in the New Zealand sector of the Southern Ocean (NZSSO) along a transect encompassing various hydrographic fronts associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) during summer. Phytoplankton chlorophyll, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and CDOM absorption were observed to be most elevated off the New Zealand shore and then decreased to low values (chlorophyll: 0.21 ± 0.06 mg m-3; DOC: 54.19 ± 4.02 μM; and CDOM absorption coefficient at 325 nm (ag325): 0.097 ± 0.061 m-1) between the Subtropical (STF) and Antarctic Polar (APF) Fronts. Increases in phytoplankton biomass and DOC concentrations between the fronts were associated with meanders or eddies observed in satellite sea surface salinity and chlorophyll imagery. Overall, CDOM absorption was the dominant contributor to total absorption at 443 nm with implications for ocean color. Beyond the APF in the Antarctic Zone, an elevated chlorophyll band likely associated with upwelled waters transitioned to low chlorophyll in the summer ice edge zone that influenced DOM optical properties. A latitudinal increase in ag325 and corresponding decrease in spectral slope S (µm-1) poleward from the STF could be due to the a number of factors including, decreasing CDOM photooxidation, upwelling of high-CDOM waters or bacterial CDOM production in the Antarctic Zone. Parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis of fluorescence spectra identified two protein-like (C1 and C2) and two humic-like (C3 and C4) components common in the global ocean. ag325 and the humic-like C4 fluorescent component, were positively correlated to chlorophyll indicating biological control. Surface distribution of the protein-like C1 and C2 and the marine humic-like C3 components showed patterns that appeared to be influenced by both physical and biological processes. This study provides insights into surface CDOM optical properties and its transformation along a complex topographically influenced sector of the Southern Ocean that could be used to trace changes linked to the meridional overturning circulation. I

Cryptic species in sympatry: nonrandom small-scale distribution patterns in Bostrychia intricata (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta)

:Sympatric coexistence of cryptic species, indistinguishable morphological taxa, has increasingly been detected on the basis of molecular data. This discovery raises the interesting question of how cryptic species can coexist, as hypothetically they would need identical ecological resources. The red alga Bostrychia intricata is commonly found along New Zealand shores. Previous studies indicated several cryptic species within this morphospecies, and that some populations have multiple species. This study aimed to determine how coexisting cryptic B. intricata distribute at a small scale. Along the shore of Moa Point, Wellington, we conducted intensive sampling of B. intricata in different habitats with respect to tidal position, wave and sun exposure levels. Our genetic data clearly documented the coexistence of three cryptic species of B. intricata: N2, N4 and N5. Multiple samples from individual algal patches indicated that each patch was made of the same ramet. Our analyses revealed a habitat-related pattern in small-scale distribution of different cryptic B. intricata, suggesting that the distribution of these cryptic species was not random. Cryptic species N4 was found at a higher tidal position than species N2 and N5, whereas cryptic species N2 occurred in more wave-exposed areas than the other species. Discriminant analysis indicated that tidal height strongly influenced the distribution pattern among these cryptic species. Our observations demonstrated that the co-occurrence of three cryptic B. intricata can partly be explained by their occupation of different intertidal habitats, highlighting the nonrandom distribution of coexisting cryptic algal species.

Two New Hebrides Mission Photograph Albums

This paper focuses on two photograph albums held at the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand archives in Dunedin, New Zealand, that relate to the Church's New Hebrides (Vanuatu) mission field. While it is acknowledged that photographs are valuable sources for the historian, photograph albums have not received the same level of critical attention. Taking the lead from the material turn in anthropology, this paper presents the object-story of the two New Hebrides albums, which means the albums themselves are placed under closer historical scrutiny within the context of both the Presbyterian mission in the New Hebrides and its imaging and propagation on New Zealand's shores. By approaching these albums as both collections of images and objects that traversed different social and physical spaces, their importance as part of the material and visual culture of the mission becomes clear.

Variation of parasite load and immune parameters in two species of New Zealand shore crabs

While parasites are likely to encounter several potential intermediate hosts in natural communities, a parasite's actual range of compatible hosts is limited by numerous biological factors ranging from behaviour to immunology. In crustaceans, two major components of immunity are haemocytes and the prophenoloxidase system involved in the melanisation of foreign particles. Here, we analysed metazoan parasite prevalence and loads in the two sympatric crab species Hemigrapsus crenulatus and Macrophthalmus hirtipes at two sites. In parallel, we analysed the variation in haemocyte concentration and amount of circulating phenoloxidase (PO) in the haemolymph of the same individuals in an attempt to (a) explain differences in parasite prevalence and loads in the two species at two sites and (b) assess the impact of parasites on these immune parameters. M. hirtipes harboured more parasites but also exhibited higher haemocyte concentrations than H. crenulatus independent of the study site. Thus, higher investment in haemocyte production for M. hirtipes does not seem to result in higher resistance to parasites. Analyses of variation in immune parameters for the two crab species between the two sites that differed in parasite prevalence showed common trends. (a) In general, haemocyte concentrations were higher at the site experiencing higher parasitic pressure while circulating PO activity was lower and (b) haemocyte concentrations were influenced by microphallid trematode metacercariae in individuals from the site with higher parasitic pressure. We suggest that the higher haemocyte concentrations observed in both crab species exposed to higher parasitic pressure may represent an adaptive response to the impact of parasites on this immune parameter.

The Face of War: New Zealand's Great War Photography (review)

Reviewed by: The Face of War: New Zealand's Great War Photography Nic Clarke Callister, Sandy — The Face of War: New Zealand's Great War Photography. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2008. Pp. 150. In The Face of War: New Zealand's Great War Photography, Sandy Callister sets out to scrutinize "how photographs shaped, and continue to shape" New Zealanders' memories and understandings of the Great War. In doing so, Callister engages with a myriad of subjects, including, but not confined to, medical photography (in particular photographs of those who suffered facial wounds), memorialization, battlefield photography, and how photographs acted (and continue to act) as a bridge between battle front and home front, war and peace, past and present. The result is a compelling cultural history that not only offers new insight into how the "war to end all wars" affected New Zealanders, but also challenges the traditional photographic remembering of the conflict in which the battlefield has characteristically had primacy. Callister argues that New Zealanders' tendency to privilege photographs that portray the "spectacle of war" when seeking images of the conflict have acted to obscure, if not render invisible, other forms of photographic evidence that illustrate the impact of war on the dominion. As a result, New Zealanders' collective memory of the war has become skewed. By focusing on images of the trenches, primarily those that clung precariously to the hillsides of the Dardanelles, New Zealanders have forgotten much else of their nation's experience of the war. No stronger case for this argument is made than in Callister's exploration of the images of those men who received severe wounds, and particularly those who were wounded in the face. The removal of these disturbing photographs from the view of the public — which began during the war — has caused New Zealanders to forget horrific realities of war and become complacent in the face of euphemisms for wounding, especially since these "broken gargoyles" have long since died. It is in these pictures that we are confronted with the visual definition of "nicked by shrapnel": a long, deep gouge in the side of a man's face; eyes blasted from sockets; limbs torn from bodies. It is here we see "vivid and undeniable evidence of the violence meted out to New Zealand soldiers" (p. 101). Importantly, these images also draw attention to those men whose sacrifices are often overlooked in public rememberings of the war: the maimed and disfigured. [End Page 473] The Face of War also offers important insight into how photographs became both loci of memory for and bridges of connection between those who went to war and those who stayed behind. Photographs allowed soldiers to retain a tangible link to their loved ones, no matter where they might be. The reverse was equally true. Photographs of New Zealand's men-folk in uniform not only gave those who stayed within the bounds of Aotearoa a treasured keepsake, but also — in the case of those photographs sent back home from foreign shores — allowed them to share in some of the adventure. Most importantly, photographs provided visual evidence of the sacrifices families had made, particularly if their loved ones had fallen in battle. In this vein, Callister's examination of the way in which photographs were used as proxies for the bodies of loved ones who would never return to New Zealand's shores is of great importance. Acting as personal focal points for the traumatic loss of loved ones for many individuals, families, and communities, photographs became important sites of mourning that are deserving of greater examination by those seeking to examine how New Zealanders grieved and remembered, both individually and as a nation. As one might expect in such a wide-ranging but relatively short work, there are both general and specific weaknesses. In more than one instance it would have been better if Callister had spent more time teasing out and directly engaging with the complex and intertwining strands of individual points, rather than simply flagging them and moving on to the next, equally interesting, topic of discussion. Callister's argument that overrepresentation of Gallipoli in New Zealand's Great War photography has influenced the way New Zealanders...

Thermal limits of portunid crab heart mitochondria: Could more thermo-stable mitochondria advantage invasive species?

The distributions of the native crab Ovalipes catharus and the invasive species Charybdis japonica within New Zealand shores may be defined by thermal tolerance. Doppler ultrasound showed that with increasing temperature O. catharus and C. japonica raised their heart rates ( p ≤ 0.05). However, C. japonica showed greater plasticity in heart beat duration, or contraction rate with increasing temperature, while O. catharus was more inclined to increase heart rate, and already had a shorter more rapid contraction at 19 °C. Saponin permeabilized heart fibres enabled tests of mitochondrial function in situ and showed that Leak-I respirational flux was highest for O. catharus at all temperatures. C. japonica showed a greater inner mitochondrial membrane integrity which suggests tighter coupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Although Complex I lost function on exposure to 30 °C in both species, this occurred more rapidly in O. catharus. Complex II function remains stable at high temperature in both species. O. catharus had higher cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) flux at all temperatures compared to C. japonica indicating elevated concentrations of CCO in O. catharus. The scope to increase CCO flux was greater in the more stenothermal O. catharus than in C. japonica. Overall, this study shows substantial differences in heart function and mitochondria between crab species and provides evidence that mitochondrial integrity may limit species survival and potentially future distributions.

The Biography of New Zealand Shores

The Biography of New Zealand Shores

Montessori mathematics in early childhood education

Abstract The Montessori movement recently celebrated a century of international education, spanning from early childhood through to tertiary experience. The first Casa dei Bambini, or children's house, was opened in Rome, Italy, on 6 January 1907, and within three years the influence of Montessori education began to reach New Zealand shores. This article outlines the Montessori approach to early childhood curriculum in general, and discusses findings from a small research project examining mathematical concept development in children prior to school entry. Initial findings of the project indicate that the Montessori approach may have a positive impact on children's numeracy knowledge and strategies at age five. This research arose from the involvement of the authors of this paper in the development and delivery of teacher education degrees at early childhood education (ECE) and primary levels that include a Montessori specialty in their final year. Our experience in sharing both the Numeracy Development Project and the Montessori mathematics curriculum has resulted in many discovery moments for our students. This has led us to suggest that wider understanding and dissemination of Montessori curriculum ideas may help to progress discussion on early mathematics development. Introduction This year (2007) marks the centennial of the founding of the Montessori education approach. Montessori is an education and peace movement, which reaches from early childhood to tertiary education in many countries and communities throughout the world. It has, nevertheless, been largely absent from curriculum discussion in New Zealand. In this paper we introduce readers who may have a passing knowledge of the Montessori system to some ideas that may contribute to curriculum debate in New Zealand, and particularly to the topic of early mathematics. Shortly after the opening of the first Casa dei Bambini in Rome, word of Montessori's children reached New Zealand shores. Schools were quick to see the possibilities of the Montessori child-centred approach, but a selective adaptation of the philosophy led to an incomplete replication of the original results, and in less than 10 years most had moved on to other ideas (Miltich-Conway & Openshaw, 1988; Shuker, 2005). Following a revival of Montessori education in both the United States and Europe, a second wave of interest began in New Zealand in the mid-1970s and there are now nearly 100 early childhood centres, a further 30 primary classes (often within state schools), and two secondary schools that draw on the Montessori approach. What is the Montessori approach? The Montessori early childhood centre is sometimes described by its original name, Casa dei Bambini, which means house of children. In this place, which ideally has a home-like atmosphere where all the fittings and fixtures, tools, and activities are adapted to the size and capabilities of the children, the goal of the teachers is simply to assist the child to reach his or her potential. They provide children with the means to help themselves by patiently modelling many self-care activities. In addition, as they work with a multi-age group spanning a three-year age range (ideally from three to six), a social community is created where mutual respect and collaboration are fostered. Older children are able to share new-found skills in helping the younger ones, and the younger children frequently observe and absorb new ideas from the activities of the older ones. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Children in a Montessori early childhood centre have access to many precisely formed materials, enabling visual and hands-on exploration of concepts such as the relationship between size, quantity, and form. The founder of the approach, medical doctor and anthropologist Maria Montessori, believed that the child in the early period of life learns best when all the senses are stimulated. …

From Immigrant to Overstayer

During the late 1970s, thousands of—in many cases legal—Samoan immigrants were systematically evicted from New Zealand shores. Today, however, “Samoans” are an integral part of New Zealand's national rugby team, the All Blacks. Although this may, perhaps, be interpreted as evidence of a more progressive racial climate in contemporary New Zealand, this article argues that the All Blacks, in fact, serve to obfuscate the cultural politics of race and nation embodied in, and played out through, the game of rugby. In particular, the article examines the parallels of the exploitation of Samoan industrial and athletic labor, how the public discourses that surround players of Samoan descent raise increasingly complex questions of national eligibility and allegiance, and finally how newdiasporic affiliations such as the Pacific Islanders rugby team may provide an opportunity to build on an emergent “Black Pacific” culture that transcends the boundaries of nationality and nationalism.

Field evidence of the impact of two acanthocephalan parasites on the mortality of three species of New Zealand shore crabs (Brachyura)

The effects of the acanthocephalan parasites Profilicollis antarcticus and P. novaezelandensis on the fecundity and mortality of three species of shore crab (Macrophthalmus hirtipes, Hemigrapsus edwardsi and H. crenulatus) are examined. The number of eggs produced by female crabs was strongly correlated (all P<0.05) with carapace width; parasite load was not a significant determinant of female fecundity. Mortality was inferred from reduction in the mean number of parasites per crab in the largest crab size-classes, indicating that heavily infected individuals are removed from the population. Mortality attributable to the parasites was observed for all three species of crabs, although the effect of parasites varied in both time and space; significant curvilinear regressions between parasite load and crab size-classes were not found in all samples. Crab mortality appears to be influenced by more than the pathological influences exerted by the parasites. Parasite-induced behavioural alterations may cause crab hosts to be more susceptible to predation by definitive hosts. We support this suggestion with three lines of evidence: the lack of parasite effects on fecundity, the weakening of the parasite effect on mortality during the time of year when birds are absent, and previous indications of parasite-mediated alterations in crab burrowing behaviour.

Stenophagous, herbivorous sea slugs attack desiccation-prone, green algal hosts ( Codium spp. ): indirect evidence of prey-stress models (PSMs)?

Several congeneric species of intertidal green algae inhabit shady, low-desiccation microhabitats. The N.E. Pacific green alga Codium setchellii occurs on sand-influenced rocky shores, particularly on shady, vertical surfaces on low intertidal rocky benches. The S. Pacific congener C. convolutum shows a similar, though less restrictive, distribution. The algal distributional patterns were inversely related to potential desiccation stress. Thallus abundance and/or size increased lower on the shore and on shady aspects. Because some thalli persist in desiccation-prone habitats, C. setchellii and C. convolutum can persist in alternative areas. Spatial patterns of specialist herbivore abundance indicated that stenophagous sea slugs that fed selectively on Codium were disproportionately more frequent on desiccation-prone algal hosts. On Oregon shores, USA, the sea slug Placida dendritica was more frequent on the alga C. setchellii (i) at the upper end of the alga's tidal distribution than at the lower end and (ii) on desiccation-prone, eastern aspects than on those with more benign, western aspects. Populations of slugs on Oregon shores peaked in spring and early summer during the period of peak desiccation to low intertidal species. The seasonal, habitat-associated pattern of slug distribution on algal hosts was geographically and taxonomically robust. On N.E. New Zealand shores, two species of ascoglossan slugs were significantly more frequent on thalli of C. convolutum at the upper end of the alga's tidal distribution than at the lower end. Increased larval settlement of slugs on desiccation-prone algal hosts contributed to this pattern whereas spatial variation in predator abundance did not. Larval metamorphosis experiments with the ascoglossan Elysia viridis from Scottish shores demonstrated that the frequency of larval metamorphosis was significantly greater in the presence of desiccation-prone algal hosts than unstressed ones. Thus, variable algal susceptibility and differential slug settlement and metamorphosis both contribute to this striking pattern of targeted slug attack. In contrast to the wealth of terrestrial examples, this is one of the few marine examples of prey-stress models.

Introduced versus native subspecies of Codium fragile: how distinctive is the invasive subspecies tomentosoides?

After its introduction, the green alga Codium fragile (Sur.) Hariot ssp. tomentosoides (van Goor) Silva has spread widely on several temperate-zone, rocky shores where non-weedy conspecific subspecies occur (N.E. Atlantic, N.E. Pacific, S. Pacific). To determine how phenologically and morphologically distinctive the invasive alga was relative to native subspecies, I compared marine intertidal populations of C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides and the native C. fragile ssp. novaezelandiae (J. Ag.) Silva (hereafter referred to as ssp. tomentosoides and ssp. novae-zelandiae respectively on New Zealand shores in 1992, 1993 and 1995. On the North Island, the invasive ssp. tomentosoides is sparsely distributed on low intertidal benches on wave-protected shores in the Hauraki Gulf (east coast) in spring and summer, and thalli die back to the perennial holdfast in autumn. In contrast, the native ssp. novaezelandiae forms dense beds within the low intertidal mussel zone on wave-swept shores of Maori Bay (west coast), and fronds are perennial. Whereas ssp. tomentosoides has only a few fronds arising from the spongy basal hold-fast, ssp. novae-zelandiae thalli are composed of many fronds. The ssp. tomentosoides from the Hauraki Gulf is significantly more branched than comparably sized native conspecifics from Maori Bay. These phenological and morphological differences were used to predict the subspecific identity of C. fragile from three other locations on the North Island, two locations on the South Island, and four locations on S.E. Australian shores; microscopic examination of utricles was used to check the predictions. Seasonality and number of fronds per thallus are the most reliable characters for field identification of native vs invasive subspecies: perennial intertidal thalli with large numbers of fronds are indicative of native subspecies for different geographic regions.

Life at the edge: population dynamics and salinity tolerance of a high intertidal, pool-dwelling ascoglossan opisthobranch on New Zealand rocky shores

The population dynamics of the pool-dwelling ascoglossan (= sacoglossan) opisthobranch Stiliger felinus were examined from September 1992 to August 1993 on the North Island of New Zealand. The small (≤13 mm long), stenophagous herbivore associates with and feeds on the filamentous green alga Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillw.) Kuetz. in high intertidal rocky pools. The ascoglossan's phenology and demography differs between N.E. and N.W. New Zealand shores. In the Hauraki Gulf (N.E. shore), S. felinus inhabits pools all year, occurring in 26% of the small, shallow Chaetomorpha pools surveyed. Recruitment peaks in summer, and mean slug length peaks in winter. At Piha (N.W. shore), S. felinus is common and large during winter and spring; the species' absence during summer is not attributable to food availability or physical conditions of tidepools. Slugs are tolerant of a wide range of salinities (9 to 60 ppt). Egg mass production and tenacity of adults and developmental rate of encapsulated embryos decline at extreme salinities. Thus, suboptimal tidepool conditions delay ascoglossan embryonic development and larval hatching until pools are flushed with fresh seawater and planktonic larvae can emigrate. This strategy differs markedly from the accelerated development of larval chironomids and amphibians inhabiting transient rain pools.

1H-NMR and HPLC studies of the changes involved in volume regulation in the muscle fibres of the crab, Hemigrapsus edwardsi

1. 1. The process of cell volume readjustment, during adaptation to salinity changes, in muscle fibres of the euryhaline New Zealand shore crab, Hemigrapsus edwardsi, involve large changes in the amounts of free amino acid. 2. 2. These are taurine, proline, alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, glycine and serine. 3. 3. These changes may be quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, and qualitatively demonstrated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Effects of Desiccation on Photosynthesis of Intertidal Algae from a Southern New Zealand Shore

Effects of Desiccation on Photosynthesis of Intertidal Algae from a Southern New Zealand Shore

87:6552 Effects of desiccation on photosynthesis of intertidal algae from a southern New Zealand shore: Brown, M.T., 1987. Botanica mar., 30(2):121–127

87:6552 Effects of desiccation on photosynthesis of intertidal algae from a southern New Zealand shore: Brown, M.T., 1987. Botanica mar., 30(2):121–127