Young's Modulus Research Articles (Page 1)

Tunable mechanical properties of aroma microcapsules achieved via cellulose nanocrystals interfacial self-assembly strategies.

High performance multifunctional bio-gel sensor prepared with konjac glucomannan and κ-carrageenan.

The human jawbone exhibits anisotropic mechanical behavior due to its complex trabecular microstructure, creating challenges for bioinspired scaffold design in maxillofacial implants. In this study, anisotropic scaffolds were fabricated from PolyLactic Acid (PLA) using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and based on modified octet-truss unit cells. Geometric anisotropy was introduced by stretching the unit cell in one direction, generating configurations with varied cell sizes and stretch ratios while maintaining constant scaffold volume. Quasi-static compression tests characterized Young's modulus and yield strength in longitudinal and transverse orientations. Directional elongation significantly influenced anisotropy, with structures of larger unit cell size and moderate stretch ratio (e.g., 1.5 stretch with 9mm cell size) closely approximating mandibular trabecular bone. These scaffolds achieved anisotropy ratios exceeding 2.5 between principal directions, while density values remained within the physiological jawbone range. Beyond mechanics, the immune response is equally decisive. Although PLA is widely used for its printability and biocompatibility, its degradation may acidify the microenvironment and favor pro-inflammatory macrophage activation. Strategies such as incorporating hydroxyapatite, bioactive coatings, or chemical modifiers can promote M2 polarization, enhancing angiogenesis and bone repair. Thus, the proposed scaffolds unite mechanical fidelity with immune-instructive potential for mandibular regeneration.

The development of new titanium alloys for dental implants aims to eliminate potentially cytotoxic elements while achieving mechanical properties compatible with bone, particularly a low elastic modulus. This study evaluates the in vitro biocompatibility and mechanical performance of a newly developed β-type Ti-20Zr-3Mo-3Sn (Ti2033) alloy, in comparison with Ti-14Zr and Ti-6Al-4V, two reference alloys used in oral implantology. Mechanical properties were assessed by tensile testing and hardness measurements, while biocompatibility was evaluated using MTT and wound healing assays on osteoblastic cells (Saos-2). Ti2033 exhibits a significantly reduced Young's modulus (52 GPa), nearly 50% that of the reference alloys, thereby improving mechanical compatibility with bone. Although its ultimate tensile strength (825MPa) and hardness (300 HV) are slightly lower, Ti2033 shows good ductility (elongation at rupture: 10%). No cytotoxic effects were observed, and cellular viability and migration were comparable among the three alloys. These findings suggest that Ti2033 combines mechanical performance and biocompatibility, making it a promising candidate for endosseous dental implant applications.

The paper presents a two-level metametrial homogenization procedure, in which the mechanical behavior of a bar with non-uniform stiffness profile is considered. The connection between the microstructure (spring-mass model) and the surrogate model (simple spring model) is done by an intermediate space-fractional bar element (FBE) modeled utilizing fractional calculus (FC). The impact of the FC parameters, namely a length scale and a material order, on the global stiffness of the bar was analyzed based on 6000 numerical analyses, including various stiffness profiles - distributions of Young's modulus and the cross-sectional area along the element axis. The study reveals that changes in FC parameters significantly influence the stiffness of the resulting bar (up to 20%), and the impact of the change on the stiffness is very difficult to predict, highlighting the need for a detailed analysis. The presented approach with the model that mimics the microstructure efficiently opens a way to analyze large lattice or chain structures expressing scale effect and then to look for their optimal design.

Despite extensive efforts to develop high-performance ceramic nanocomposites, specially achieving both high stiffness and high damping remains challenging because these properties are typically mutually exclusive. Here, a bottom-up strategy is developed to fabricate an enamel-inspired ceramic nanotube array nanocomposite by assembling highly ordered amorphous/crystalline-titania nanotube arrays infiltrated with a polymethyl methacrylate matrix on a large scale. This nanocomposite simultaneously exhibits high stiffness (nanoindent Young's modulus: ≈71.4GPa; nanoindent hardness: ≈4.3GPa), high damping (tanδ: ≈0.07), exceptional energy dissipation (≈4.6 µJ µm-3), and excellent fatigue resistance that surpass those of conventional and biomimetic ceramic-based materials, while also offering good processability (can be sculptured into various shapes), biocompatibility (no tissue damage or abnormal immune responses in vivo), and corrosion resistance. The remarkable mechanical performance arises from the robust amorphous/crystalline ceramic nanotube array skeleton and the abundant three-phase interfacial adhesion. This work expands the hierarchical dimensionality of enamel-like material design by precisely tailoring the heterogeneous phases within nanotubes, positioning this nanocomposite as a promising candidate for multipurpose applications that demand exceptional dynamic load-bearing capacity, exemplified by the electronic substrate of a dental patch for oral health monitoring.

The strength of nanograined and nanotwinned metals is limited by the inherent instability of grain or twin boundaries below a length scale of typically about 10 nanometers. From experimental and density functional theory calculations, we found that the coherent interfaces between face-centered-cubic and hexagonal-close-packing lattices with a negative excess energy were more stable than twin boundaries in supersaturated Ni(Mo) solution. The negative excess-energy interface can be produced at extremely high density in Ni(Mo) solution with average spacing as small as about 1 nanometer, which inhibits plastic deformation and elevates the strength close to the theoretical value of the alloys. The measured Young's modulus of the Ni(Mo) alloys increases obviously with the interface density, reaching 254.5 gigapascals, well above that of the same compositional metallic glass and intermetallic compound (Ni3Mo).

Structural elucidation of citric acid cross-linked pectin and its impact on the properties of nanocellulose-reinforced packaging films.

ABSTRACT The relationships of wood density (WD) and compressive strength (CS) to longitudinal (VL), radial (VR), and tangential (VT) ultrasonic wave velocity within stems of 23-year-old Pinus massoniana trees planted in Vietnam were experimentally investigated. VL, VR, VT, WD, and CS were determined on a total of 100 small clear specimens (20 × 20 × 40 mm) cut from five sampled trees. Within the stem, radial position was highly significant for all traits, except for VR, whereas the variation in the vertical axis was significant only for WD but its contribution was small. VL had a positive linear relationship with both WD (r = 0.56) and CS (r = 0.80). There were statistically significant (0.1% level), but negative correlations of VR and VT with WD and CS. The best prediction of CS was obtained when both VL and WD were used together through calculation of dynamic Young's modulus (EL). The relationship between CS and EL was strong (r = 0.96). WD decreased axially and increased radially, patterns of variation that are consistent with other hard pine species.

All-solid-state batteries frequently encounter mechanical instability due to the inherent brittleness and low elasticity of inorganic ceramic electrolytes, such as sulfides, oxides, and halides. These electrolytes struggle to accommodate the volumetric fluctuations of positive electrode materials during cycling, potentially leading to performance degradation and premature failure. To address this challenge, we propose a defect-based toughening approach for resilient halide solid electrolytes. By meticulously controlling the cooling rate during synthesis, we successfully increase the defect density within the electrolyte, enhancing its mechanical properties and mitigating the risk of mechanical failure. Mechanical property testing, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy characterization, and synchrotron radiation diffraction analysis reveal that the quenched material exhibit not only a higher Young's modulus, rendering it less susceptible to deformation under stress and a higher capacity for energy absorption before plastic deformation or fracture due to its increased dispersed defect density. Consequently, it demonstrates better adaptability to the volumetric changes associated with the positive electrode material during battery cycling, effectively mitigating strain-induced material behavior. Here we show the effectiveness of defect-enhanced toughening strategies in optimizing the mechanical properties and microstructure of electrolyte materials, thereby enhancing the overall integrity of solid-state batteries without requiring modifications to their chemical composition.

Nanoindentation, an advanced technique employed for characterizing materials, facilitates the precise determination of their hardness and Young's modulus by applying a specific, controlled force through an indenter, enabling highly localized deformation and measurement at nanometer scales. The nanoindentation gives us the view of the isotropic and anisotropic features of the materials by analyzing the zone beneath the indenter. The application of Bulk Metallic Glass (BMG) alloy, renowned for its unique combination of high strength, exceptional elasticity, and superior corrosion resistance, spans diverse industries including aerospace, biomedical, and consumer electronics. The study focuses on conducting nanoindentation analysis on the BMG alloy, aiming to characterize its deformation behavior. This involved utilizing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to discern deformation characteristics, followed by validation of the findings through simulations, ensuring robustness and reliability of the results. The modulus, determined to be 227GPa, provided insight into the material's structural rigidity, and the hardness 14.8GPa offered an indication of its resistance to localized plastic deformation. The results have been compared with the simulation results where the modulus was 242GPa and the hardness was 16.1GPa.

Elastic properties, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio become highly tunable with the change from bulk material to thin films, presenting distinct advantages for micro- and nanofabrication. Here, we demonstrate the tunability of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio in cubic silicon carbide (3C–SiC), a prominent compound semiconductor epitaxially grown on silicon (Si). By precisely controlling the carbon-to-silicon atomic ratio (C/Si) during growth, we achieve a wide range of elastic property values that overlay vastly scattered values reported in literature. Observed variations in lattice strain are attributed to the incorporation of substitutional carbon atoms. Importantly, elastic properties of our thin films are derived independently of bulk material assumptions, providing standalone reference values. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for stoichiometric 3C–SiC(001) epilayers were derived as 309 ± 8 GPa and 0.21 ± 0.02, respectively. This approach enhances our understanding of thin film mechanics and offers a pathway to tailor elastic properties in other heteroepitaxial compound semiconductor systems for advanced applications.

The exceptional stiffness of diamond is strongly anisotropic due to its crystal structure, yet experimental quantification of Young's modulus along different orientations remains limited. Here, we present a direct measurement of elastic anisotropy in microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) single-crystal diamond (SCD) by analyzing the resonance frequencies of cantilevers aligned along distinct crystallographic directions. The measured Young's modulus exhibited a minimum value of 1085 ± 21 GPa along the ⟨100⟩ direction and a maximum value of 1189 ± 22 GPa along the ⟨110⟩ direction. The compliance constants derived from the MPCVD-SCD differ substantially from previously reported values for natural diamonds and are more consistent with first-principles theoretical values. This method enables precise determination of orientation-dependent stiffness, revealing significant variation in Young's modulus across crystallographic axes. These insights are critical for the design of diamond-based micro- and nano-mechanical systems as well as other high-precision devices, where directional elasticity strongly influences performance.

Abstract. Heterogeneous structures and diverse volcanic, hydrothermal, and geomorphological processes hinder characterisation of the mechanical properties of volcanic rock masses. Laboratory experiments can provide accurate rock property measurements, but are limited by sample scale and labor-intensive procedures. In this contribution, we expand on previous research linking the hyperspectral fingerprints of rocks to their physical and mechanical properties. We acquired a unique dataset characterising the visible-near (VNIR), shortwave (SWIR), midwave (MWIR), and longwave (LWIR) infrared reflectance of samples from eight basaltic to andesitic volcanoes. Several machine learning models were then trained to predict density, porosity, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and Young's modulus (E) from these spectral data. Significantly, nonlinear techniques such as multilayer perceptron (MLP) models were able to explain up to 80 % of the variance in density and porosity, and 65 %–70 % of the variance in UCS and E. Shapley value analysis, a tool from explainable AI, highlights the dominant contribution of VNIR-SWIR absorptions that can be attributed to hydrothermal alteration, and MWIR-LWIR features sensitive to volcanic glass content, fabric, and/or surface roughness. These results demonstrate that hyperspectral imaging can serve as a robust proxy for rock physical and mechanical properties, potentially offering an efficient, scalable method for characterising large areas of exposed volcanic rock. The integration of these data with geomechanical models could enhance hazard assessment, infrastructure development, and resource utilisation in volcanic regions.

Advanced composite materials, encompassing metal matrix composites, polymer matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, and natural fiber composites, are increasingly vital in aerospace, automotive, construction, and energy sectors due to their high strength-to-weight ratios, corrosion resistance, and multifunctional potential. Metal matrix composites reinforced with SiC, Al 2 O 3 , TiB 2 , or B 4 C exhibit tensile strengths ranging from 200 to 500 MPa, Young's modulus of 70–100 GPa, and improved wear resistance, while polymer matrix composites with hybrid nano- and micron-scale reinforcements achieve 150–200 MPa tensile strength and enhanced recyclability. Ceramic matrix composites, such as SiC or Si 3 N 4 composites, retain structural integrity at temperatures exceeding 1600 °C, making them suitable for turbine and aerospace applications. Natural fiber composites, derived from flax, hemp, jute, and kenaf, offer eco-friendly alternatives, with tensile strengths up to 205 MPa and improved energy absorption for automotive and construction applications. This review presents a bibliometric analysis of over 10,000 publications, highlighting global research trends, emerging reinforcements, and sector-specific adoption patterns. Life cycle assessment metrics demonstrate that recycled carbon fibers reduce CO 2 emissions from 24 to 31 kg CO 2 eq/kg to ∼10.5 kg CO 2 eq/kg, while biobased composites further lower embodied energy. Advances in additive manufacturing, automated fiber placement, and Industry 4·0 technologies, including IoT-enabled monitoring and machine learning-based defect detection, are improving process reliability and reducing scrap rates by 15%–30%. By integrating quantitative mechanical, environmental, and manufacturing data, this review provides engineers and academics with actionable insights for material selection, design optimization, and sustainable implementation of advanced composites, bridging knowledge gaps and guiding future research priorities.

Inspired by the concept of multipotent stem cells, this research explores the use of tempering to program the mechanical properties of elastomeric dynamic covalent networks (DCNs) that contain thia-Michael bonds. These DCNs are composed of benzalcyanoacetate-based Michael acceptors and thiol-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives of varying molecular weights and architectures. The impacts of tempering on the thia-Michael adduct formation and dynamic reaction-induced phase separation (DRIPS) morphology were investigated by Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Uniaxial tensile testing revealed that increasing the tempering temperature reduced the Young's modulus and maximum stress while maintaining high elastic recovery and low energy dissipation as evidenced by cyclic loading-unloading experiments. The tempering process is completely reversible, and retempering the film at a different temperature allows the mechanical properties to be tuned. These findings establish a simple, reprogrammable strategy to access multipotent elastomers from a single feedstock through tempering of thia-Michael-based dynamic covalent networks.

Food packaging films containing biobased fillers can offer improved functional properties while meeting current environmental sustainability requirements for a circular and sustainable society. In this work, biocomposites based on chitin nanofibers and PVA have been developed in order to improve the mechanical performance and water barrier properties, performing for the first time a life cycle assessment. The biocolloids employed are chitin nanofibrils (ChNFs) from fungi, an underutilized renewable carbon feedstock in packaging, which are more environmentally friendly than conventional ChNFs obtained from crustaceans. Free-standing nanocomposite films are obtained by solvent casting, using water as the sole solvent. The incorporation of ChNFs results in a mechanical reinforcing effect of PVA that increases the Young modulus. The water vapor barrier character of PVA is significantly enhanced by the presence of ChNFs, which is decreased by 70% upon the incorporation of 10% ChNFs, overcoming one of the most significant drawbacks of PVA. The nanocomposites maintain an excellent oxygen barrier character under high relative humidity. Life cycle assessment (LCA) reveals a global warming potential of 5.0-5.2 kg·CO2 equiv·kg-1 for PVA/ChNFs films, demonstrating clear environmental benefits of the incorporation of ChNFs when considering the final properties. Overall, this work highlights the potential of fungal ChNFs to improve the mechanical properties and significantly improve the water barrier character of PVA, overcoming one of the limitations of this material in a sustainable way, as demonstrated by LCA.

ABSTRACT Structural topology optimization with random material or boundary load requires significant computational costs in solving numerous random elastic systems, particularly in 3D. Based on the multimode representation of displacement and the Monte Carlo method for sampling the probability space, a phase field model is proposed for robust topology optimization, where Young's modulus and the applied loading are characterized as random fields. The optimization algorithm is proposed based on the gradient flow scheme and the multimode Monte Carlo method. The well‐posedness and truncation error estimates of the multimode Monte Carlo method have been rigorously discussed. Numerical examples of compliance minimization and compliant mechanisms in both 2D and 3D show the proposed algorithm's accuracy, effectiveness, and efficiency for robust topology optimization.

Infertility is a major global health concern, with fallopian tube blockages contributing to up to 35% of female infertility cases, and highlighting the critical need for effective tubal patency diagnostics. Hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy) is a noninvasive ultrasound technique for assessing fallopian tube patency, crucial in infertility diagnostics. Despite its advantages over x-ray and laparoscopic methods, its clinical use is limited due to operator dependence and the need for specialized training. However, existing ultrasound phantoms lack compatibility with microbubble-based contrast agents, restricting their effectiveness for HyCoSy training. This study presents a low-cost, anatomically representative ultrasound phantom of the female reproductive system designed to support contrast agent infusion. The phantom replicates the uterus and fallopian tubes using tissue-mimicking materials with acoustic and mechanical properties approximating human muscle and serous membrane tissues. Fabrication was performed using 3D-printed molds. Materials were selected and characterized based on density, Young's modulus, acoustic velocity, and attenuation slope, and compared with literature-reported physiological ranges. Reproducibility was assessed through multiple independent fabrications, and statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate inter-batch variability. Among 15 tested material formulations, muscle-mimicking sample 6 exhibited a Young's modulus of 24.3±4.8kPa, an acoustic velocity of 1550±5m/s, and an attenuation slope of 0.055±0.002dB/mm/MHz-closely matching reported values for human muscle tissue (13-32kPa, 1547m/s, 0.05-0.054dB/mm/MHz, respectively). Serosa-mimicking sample 15 showed a Young's modulus of 60.7±7.3kPa, velocity of 1598±5m/s, and attenuation slope of 0.079±0.002dB/mm/MHz, closely aligning with reported ranges for serous tissue (50-500kPa, 1575-1595m/s, 0.048-0.157dB/mm/MHz). Computed tomography and B-mode ultrasound confirmed the structural integrity and formation of internal cavities in the phantom, while fluorescence and ultrasound imaging demonstrated effective retention of contrast agents during microbubble infusion. Both B-mode and non-linear contrast ultrasound imaging enabled clear visualization of the uterine and tubal structures. The phantom demonstrates validated mechanical and acoustic properties that closely match those of human muscle and serosa, supporting its suitability for illustrating core principles of HyCoSy, including contrast agent infusion and tubal visualization. The low cost and structural reproducibility of the model make it a practical option for simulation-based radiology training.

Combined effects of starch dry heat treatment (DHT) and chitosan blending on materials produced by extrusion.