Associations of ozone exposure and residential greenness with early chronic kidney disease in young adults from the Tianshan cohort.

Adaptive fusion of EEG and NIRS with explainable AI reveals neurophysiological markers of cognitive flexibility.

Association of HLA class II haplotypes with antibody concentrations after diphtheria-tetanus acellular pertussis booster vaccination in four age groups of Finnish participants.

Associations between childhood adversity and human papillomavirus vaccination in Australian women: a cross-sectional study.

Safety, immunogenicity, and dose ranging of a bivalent respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus glycoprotein F-molecular clamp vaccine candidate in older adults: 1-month interim analysis of an ongoing randomised, observer-blind, placebo- and active-controlled, phase 1 trial.

Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory process involving the arteries of the body that is driven by cumulative exposure to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipoprotein particles. Although clinical manifestations typically occur later in life, the atherosclerotic process can begin decades earlier if lipid levels are not well controlled. Despite this, current prevention strategies do not adequately account for young adults at elevated lifetime cardiovascular risk. This review examined multiple studies evaluating statin use in young adults and found that many high-risk individuals are not identified or treated under current approaches. The studies demonstrate that 2013 and 2018 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guidelines excluded a substantial proportion of young adults who experienced myocardial infarction and may have benefited from therapy prior to their event. In addition to this, statin therapy remains underutilized even in individuals who meet guideline-based criteria. Recent guideline updates in 2026 have emphasized cumulative lifetime exposure to atherogenic lipoproteins and expanded consideration of statin therapy to younger populations, reflecting an important shift toward earlier identification and prevention of cardiovascular risk. This review examines contemporary evidence regarding statin therapy in young adults, identifies barriers to treatment, and discusses potential strategies to improve early cardiovascular prevention.

Curiosity, error correction, and confidence in younger and older adults.

Changes in gait and postural control after 10-day bed rest and 30-day recovery: A comparison of young vs. older adults.

Modelling the enjoyment gained from vegetable dishes by a peer via Instagram is associated with vegetable intakes in young female adults.

Virtual Reality illusions systematically perturb balance in young and older adults.

Prognostic value of kidney function biomarkers for target organ injury in young adults stratified by blood pressure status: the African-PREDICT study.

Young adults (aged ≤ 40 years) are underrepresented in clinical trials that investigate interventions for those living with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study evaluated the efficacy of semaglutide treatment in young adults with T2D by examining the effects on HbA1c and body weight (BW) during the SUSTAIN and PIONEER programmes compared to placebo and active comparators, according to age at study enrolment. This study also assessed aggregated safety data across age subgroups. This post hoc analysis of the SUSTAIN (once-weekly subcutaneous administration) and PIONEER (once-daily oral administration) programmes assessed the efficacy of semaglutide treatment in different age subgroups by comparing change in HbA1c and BW between young adults with T2D (≤ 40 years), middle-aged adults with T2D (> 40- ≤ 50 years), and middle older-aged adults with T2D (> 50 years). Selected safety outcomes were assessed, focusing on serious adverse events (SAEs) and gastrointestinal SAEs from the programmes. Findings indicate a reduction in HbA1c levels and BW in participants across all age subgroups that were treated with semaglutide, particularly in young adults versus other age subgroups. The proportion of participants experiencing SAEs was overall comparable between semaglutide treatment and comparators across age subgroups and administration route. Semaglutide shows notable and consistent efficacy in reducing HbA1c and BW across all age subgroups with T2D, including young adults. Effective glucose- and weight-lowering interventions in people living with T2D at an earlier stage in life may reduce the high risk of future health complications associated with developing T2D as a younger adult.

Rare variants in inborn errors of immunity genes in young adults with severe COVID-19: Insights from a Brazilian cohort.

Loading rate during weight acceptance: Differential contributions of the knee and contralateral ankle with aging.

Cannabis vaping prevalence and marketing has increased, but limited research has assessed effects of specific advertising messages, warnings, or their combinations on young adults' perceptions. This study aimed to advance this research. In 2024, 3581 US young adults aged 18 to 34 (40.8% reporting past-month use) participated in an online survey-based experiment using a 2 × 4 factorial design (advertising message: psychological effects vs flavors; warning: none, adult-use, intoxication, vape-specific) and then reported on 5 perception outcomes: addictiveness, harm, cautiousness, appeal, and interest (0 = not at all to 7 = extremely). Multivariable regression assessed advertising message, warning, and message-by-warning interactions in relation to outcomes, overall and by past-month use status. Among the total sample and among participants reporting no cannabis use, there were no main or interaction effects of advertising message or warning conditions. Among participants reporting use, adult-use (vs no) warning exposure was associated with lower addictiveness and cautiousness; intoxication (vs no) warning exposure was associated with lower harm. A significant interaction indicated that participants reporting use who were exposed to both psychological effects (vs flavors) advertising messages and intoxication (vs no) warnings reported greater appeal, whereas those exposed to both flavors (vs effects) advertising messages and intoxication (vs no) warnings reported lower appeal. These findings highlight the importance of understanding how advertising messages may affect how warnings are interpreted (or vice versa), strengthening the evidence base informing advertising restrictions and warning requirements, and elucidating the mechanisms driving the differences among young adults who use versus do not use cannabis.

Association of Parenting Stress in Early Childhood with Emotional Health and Resilience of Young Adults with Congenital Heart Disease.

Chronic overlapping pain conditions (COPCs) affect young adults and pose significant challenges in medical care. This study aimed to describe the types and number of current and past medical providers and medications used by young adults with COPCs and to explore associations between health care utilization, clinical pain, and psychosocial factors. Fifty young adults (mean age: 27.16y) with COPCs were recruited and completed online questionnaires assessing demographics, pain intensity and interference, number of pain conditions, health care providers consulted, medication use, and psychosocial characteristics. Relationships among health care utilization, clinical pain measures, and psychosocial variables were analyzed using Pearson correlations and linear regression models. Participants reported an average of 4.40 COPCs, with fibromyalgia, chronic low back pain, and chronic fatigue syndrome being the most common. Most (72%) were currently receiving medical treatment, with primary care physicians being the most frequently consulted providers. The average number of current providers was 2.82, while the number of past providers was 4.28. Despite extensive health care engagement, 77.7% reported no improvement or worsening of their condition. No significant associations were found between the number of providers or medications and clinical or psychosocial outcomes. The findings highlight gaps in the effectiveness of health care utilization for young adults with COPCs. The high prevalence of provider visits and medication use without substantial symptom improvement suggests a need for more integrated, multidisciplinary care approaches. Future research should focus on optimizing treatment strategies and identifying opportunities for early intervention.

Cognitive model suggests that social anxiety disorder (SAD) is maintained by persistent biases in attention, interpretation, and memory. Neuroscientific perspectives further implicate that hyperactivation of amygdala and default mode network, alongside prefrontal cortex dysregulation may underlie the neural mechanisms of SAD. This study is the first to investigate the effects of offline high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on multiple cognitive biases in young adults with social anxiety. Seventy-four university students with elevated social anxiety were randomly assigned to either an active stimulation group (n = 37) or a sham control group (n = 37). Each participant completed ten 20-minute interventions over five consecutive days, with anodal stimulation targeting left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Three behavioural tasks were used to assess attention, interpretation, and memory bias pre- and post-intervention. Additionally, participants completed self-report measures of cognitive biases and social anxiety symptoms before and after intervention, as well as at a 1-month follow-up. Mixed-model MANOVA results showed that offline HD-tDCS over the left DLPFC significantly improved attention avoidance, negative interpretation bias, and negative memory bias (F (3,43)= 3.97, η2 = 0.22, p = 0.014). However, linear mixed-effects model showed no significant differences between two groups in self-reported symptoms. These findings suggest that HD-tDCS targeting left DLPFC can lead to improvements in behavioural indicators of cognitive biases, with effects persisting at least in the short term after stimulation. However, the benefits may not extend to self-reported conscious experiences. Overall, the results provide promising evidence for the potential of HD-tDCS targeting DLPFC in modulating cognitive biases among young adults with social anxiety symptoms.

This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the vertical and horizontal esthetic alignment parameters among young adults with high facial esthetic quality, thereby establishing reference benchmarks for natural facial symmetry and deviations. A total of 220 participants aged 18-25 years were included following strict esthetic and dental inclusion criteria. Standardized frontal facial photographs were obtained and analyzed using digital design software. Vertical midline relationships (pupil-incisor, philtrum-incisor, pupil-philtrum) and horizontal planes (pupil-incisal, pupil-commissure, commissure-incisal) were measured. Vertical deviations were categorized into five groups, and horizontal relationships were classified as parallel or non-parallel. Gender-based differences were assessed using chi-square analysis (p < 0.05). Reliability was excellent for vertical measurements (ICC = 0.93 intra-observer, 95% CI: 0.90-0.96; ICC = 0.88 inter-observer, 95% CI: 0.83-0.92) and substantial for horizontal plane assessments (Fleiss' kappa = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.72-0.87). Vertical midline alignment decreased progressively from the dental to the upper facial reference lines, with the highest coincidence observed in the philtrum-incisor relationship (48.6%) and the lowest in the pupil-philtrum alignment (23.4%). Horizontal plane parallelism showed a similar decreasing pattern toward upper facial structures. Gender comparisons revealed no significant differences in vertical midline alignment (p > 0.05). Commissure-incisal parallelism was significantly higher in males (p = 0.032), while other horizontal relationships showed no significant gender differences. Vertical and horizontal esthetic relationships follow characteristic patterns across facial levels, reflecting the natural asymmetry of the human face. Gender-related differences were minimal and plane-specific rather than generalized. Objective digital measurements provide reliable reference data for clinicians in establishing facially driven esthetic treatment plans. This study provides reference data for natural facial symmetry in young adults, highlighting that minor asymmetries are normal and often esthetically acceptable. Clinicians should focus on harmony with facial flow rather than perfect geometric symmetry. From a clinical perspective, objective digital assessment of vertical and horizontal reference relationships may assist clinicians in selecting appropriate esthetic reference planes during facially driven treatment planning. Rather than defining strict normative values, these findings support an individualized approach that respects natural facial variability.

This study explored meal preferences in young adults and moderation by dietary behaviours and cardiometabolic health. Between April and November 2022, Australian young adults (18-30 years) were invited to complete an online discrete choice experiment (DCE) to understand meal preferences and to provide an 8-item cardiometabolic profile analysis. Participants were presented with 12 choice sets reflecting a typical weekday meal and were asked to choose between four meal options, each with five meal attributes (preparation time, cost, taste, familiarity, nutrition content). Conditional logit models were used to determine meal preferences and associations with diet quality, hunger, appetite disinhibition and cardiometabolic health. A total of 229 adults (49% female, mean age 23.9 [SD 3.9] years) completed the DCE and provided cardiometabolic data. Higher nutrition content was the most important influence on meal choice (β=2.26, 95% CI: 1.97, 2.56), followed by better taste (β=2.05; 95% CI: 1.80, 2.29), higher quality (β=0.96; 95% CI: 0.79, 1.13), lower cost (β=-0.85; 95% CI: 1.07, -0.64), and lower preparation time (β=-0.75; 95% CI: 0.91, -0.59). Higher nutrition content was more important with higher diet quality and less important with increasing appetite disinhibition, VLDL-cholesterol, insulin, hsCRP and triglycerides levels; higher meal quality was more important with higher diet quality and less important with increasing appetite disinhibition; better taste was less important with increasing total and LDL cholesterol; lower cost was more important with increasing VLDL-cholesterol, insulin and triglycerides; and lower preparation time was more important with increasing VLDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. Meal preferences in young adulthood vary according to dietary behaviours and cardiometabolic profile. Targeted interventions and policies that address the underlying reasons for unhealthy behaviours in young adults and differ by cardiometabolic risk groups are needed.