Young Scholar Award Research Articles

394 Young Scholar Award Talk: Evaluation of new Markers to Predict Sperm Longevity and Bull Fertility

Abstract Bull fertility is currently evaluated through a breeding soundness exam (BSE) that can detect infertile/sterile bulls with high accuracy; however, subfertile bulls are often classified as satisfactory breeders. In the first study, Angus bulls (n=5) were used to evaluate the effect of different insemination doses (10, 20 and 40 million sperm/dose) on pregnancy/fixed-time AI (P/FTAI; cows n=4,866). The interaction between insemination dose and bull was not significant (P=0.53), and there was no effect of insemination dose on P/FTAI (P=0.31); however, there was an effect of bull on P/FTAI (P <0.01). Two bulls had high, one bull had average, and two bulls had low fertility. Post-thaw sperm analysis was performed by computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and flow cytometry; however, analysis performed could not explain field fertility differences. In a second study, Angus and Angus crosses bulls were used to investigate differences in sperm longevity between epididymal and ejaculated sperm. Epididymal and ejaculated semen was incubated at pH 5.8, 6.8, or 7.3. Proteins in epididymal fluid, seminal plasma, and proteins loosely attached to epididymal and ejaculated sperm were also investigated. It was identified that epididymal sperm maintained viability longer compared to ejaculated sperm regardless of media pH (P <0.05). Ejaculated sperm had increased longevity (total motility >20%) at pH 6.8 compared to pH 5.8 or 7.3. There were 458 unique proteins between all samples; 311 and 178 in epididymal fluid and seminal plasma, respectively, and 334 and 298 on epididymal and ejaculated sperm, respectively. Based on comparative proteomics, epididymal sperm energy metabolism is more glycolytic compared to ejaculated sperm. In addition, there were greater numbers of antioxidants available for epididymal sperm likely to maintain reactive oxygen species (ROS) at low concentrations to inhibit premature sperm activation. From this dataset, three proteins that are associated with cell-to-cell interaction were studied [plasma serine protease inhibitor (SERPINA5), dystroglycan (DAG1), and CD9]. Among dairy bulls, SERPINA5 and DAG1 were not associated with field fertility; thus, they are not potential fertility markers. The protein CD9 was evaluated to determine whether induction of sperm capacitation (in vitro) could be used to estimate/predict bulls fertility differences. Semen samples from first study were evaluated for total motility (CASA), and functional sperm analysis (flow cytometry) at pre-wash, post-wash, h 0, 3, 6, and 24 of incubation. Sperm analysis were not able to estimate fertility differences between high and average fertility bulls; however, low fertility bulls had decreased (P <0.05) viability, zinc signature 2, and zinc signature1 + 2, and had increased (P <0.05) dead CD9+ sperm. In summary, the use of an insemination dose of 10-40 million sperm can generate acceptable P/FTAI, and evaluation of CD9, viability and zinc signatures may increase the industry’s ability to estimate fertility of bulls that pass a BSE.

397 Young Scholar Award Talk: Detecting Livestock Welfare Concerns and Production Issues Using Accelerometer and Global Positioning Systems

Abstract Monitoring behavior changes of livestock may help producers expedite intervention and treatment in both intensive and extensive systems. Sensor technologies can identify behavioral trends, offering the potential to detect abnormal behavior associated with health status and animal welfare changes. The aim of recent studies was to investigate behavior deviations using tri-axial accelerometers and global positioning systems (GPS). Accelerometers were effective tools in determining behavior changes due to the onset of illnesses and parturition. Eight Brahman-cross heifers were fitted with accelerometers to study water consumption behavior. Two of the heifers were diagnosed with Bovine Ephemeral Fever, which symptoms include lameness and stiffness. Movement Intensity (MI), a metric calculated from accelerometer axis data, was lower (P ≤ 0.01) during the day of disease diagnosis compared to 48 h prior. Ten ewes were each fitted with HerdDogg biometric accelerometers, with five ewes also fitted with accelerometers to investigate behavior before and after illness caused by the unintentional feeding of mold-contaminated feedstuffs. Activity levels were lower for days 1 to 4 after feeding (P < 0.05) than day -4 to 0 before feeding. Thirteen Debouillet ewes, with accelerometer ear tags, were used to determine the ability of random forest machine learning techniques to accurately identify and predict parturition-related behavior. Prediction models were able to predict seven mutually-exclusive behaviors and active vs. inactive behavior with 66.7% and 87.2% accuracy, respectively. The use of GPS tracking can help identify proper pasture rotation timing. Thirty-two and twenty-nine cattle were fitted with GPS collars in central Arizona to evaluate the temporal changes in association patterns on two herds of Corriente cattle managed under two different stocking densities: high stocking density (0.417 animal ha-1) and low stocking density (0.123 animals ha-1), respectively. Half-weight index (HWI) value was calculated for each pair of GPS-tracked cattle to determine the time cattle spent within 75 m and 500 m of others. Cattle within both pastures exhibited low mean association values (HWI < 0.25) at both spatial scales at the beginning of the study with increasing levels of independence throughout the study. Cattle dispersed throughout the study (P < 0.01) and traveled farther from water (P < 0.01), likely in search of forages. The combination of GPS and accelerometers can improve detection of welfare issues. Seventeen cattle were tracked with both sensors and sixteen cattle tracked with only GPS across two years to determine the potential of detecting water system failures. Movement intensity was greater (P = 0.03) and cattle remained closer to water (P = 0.01) on the days of simulated water failure compared to control days. Real-time sensors have the potential to provide caretakers notification of changes in livestock behavior that can occur due to disease, parturition, or infrastructure failure.

392 Young Scholar Award Talk: Strategies to Maintain Nutrient Intake, Reduce Weight Loss, and Improve Livability in Newly Weaned Pigs

Abstract Low feed consumption immediately after weaning disrupts nutrient intake and results in what is commonly known as a post-weaning growth check. While most pigs recover from this initial reduction in feed intake (FI), some pigs fail to successfully transition, leading to morbidity and mortality. Several pre- and post-weaning strategies have been suggested to improve post-weaning FI; however, as nursery pig mortality continues to increase across the industry there is need to optimize current intervention and management practices. Hence, we conducted 10 different experiments using 17,290 pigs. The first series of experiments evaluated the effect of mat, gruel, or creep feeding on nursery pig growth performance, morbidity, and mortality. Different sensory attractants offered pre- and post-weaning on the FI and body weight loss of nursery pigs after weaning were also assessed. Lastly, research evaluating the metabolic status of pigs when removed from general population pens was conducted which then expanded to research comparing sire lines with different growth curves to better understand the stress response of pigs post-weaning and the impacts on intestinal permeability, FI, and lifetime performance. Implementation of these strategies had limited effects on nursery pig growth performance; however, did show we can successfully reduce the percentage of pigs that lose weight after weaning, which may influence lifetime growth and removal rates. Specifically, creep and mat feeding can be used to reduce morbidity and mortality in the nursery. Nonetheless, attempts to maintain FI has minimal effects compared to genetic selection. Late maturing lines significantly reduced early nursery FI and growth compared with early maturing genotypes. In summary, nursery pig research needs to look beyond growth performance and focus on the behavior and health by nutrition interaction of pigs after weaning in order to continue identifying strategies to maintain continuity of nutrient intake and improve livability.

388 Young Scholar Award Talk: Increasing Efficiency of Finishing Beef Production: Optimizing Starch Digestion, Improving Flaking Quality, and Reducing Methane Emissions

Abstract The objectives of my dissertation research are to develop strategies to increase the efficiency of finishing beef production by optimizing the site and extent of starch digestion, improving flaking quality and consistency, and reducing methane emissions. Post-flaking sampling and handling techniques such as sifting steam-flaked corn samples with a sieve (P < 0.01), air equilibration time (P < 0.01), and storage temperature during shipping (P < 0.01) all influenced enzymatic starch availability of steam-flaked corn. Inducing starch retrogradation of steam-flaked corn decreased the rate (P < 0.01), but not the extent (P = 0.80), of ruminal dry matter degradation and thus, energetic efficiency was predicted to increase by up to 3.4% because of increased postruminal flow and digestion of starch in the small intestine. If producing steam-flaked corn is not feasible for smaller capacity feedlots, finely ground corn has a similar ruminal starch solubility to steamflaked corn (38.1% vs. 44.4, respectively, P > 0.05), suggesting an alternative processing method to increase feeding value in finishing diets. Duodenal infusion of glucoamylase (fungal origin) increased (P = 0.02) small intestinal starch disappearance in steers, while duodenal infusion of porcine α-amylase did not (P = 0.41), supporting the hypothesis that small intestinal carbohydrases are the primary hydrolytic limit to small intestinal starch digestion. Comparative sequencing analyses revealed a missing region of the stalk region of the sucrase-isomaltase protein sequence (AA 47-60) which is important for intracellular sorting of the sucrase subunit to the apical membrane. The absence of this region of the protein likely explains the absence of intestinal sucrase activity and quantitative limitations of starch digestion in the ruminant small intestine. Feeding decoquinate with Yucca schidigera extract for 7-d decreased (P < 0.01) ruminal acetate proportion and tended to increase ruminal (P = 0.08) propionate proportion, suggesting potential for hydrogen shifts which could contribute to reductions in methane emissions with longer feeding periods. The findings of my dissertation research provide: 1) post-flaking sampling and handling recommendations for commercial feedlots and laboratories to improve estimates of starch availability and flaking consistency, 2) a mechanistic target (sucrase-isomaltase) for limitations in small intestinal starch digestion, 3) practical feeding strategies to shift the site of starch digestion to the small intestine to increase feed efficiency (retrogradation), 4) new processing alternatives for small feedlot producers (fine ground corn inclusion), and 5) new information on how combinations of feed additives could potentially decrease methane production in feedlot cattle.

393 Young Scholar Award Talk: Investigation of Pain and Analgesic Strategies in Cattle Undergoing Painful Husbandry Procedures and Disease Conditions

Abstract Cattle are stoic by nature and have long been subject to evolutionary pressure to mask pain to avoid becoming prey. Quantifying pain via biomarkers allows researchers to capture changes that are not easily detected by the human eye. Negative public perception of routine husbandry practices such as dehorning and castration is growing, increasing the need for the development of practices to relieve pain and suffering in cattle. The objective was to quantify pain associated with induced bacterial pneumonia, scoop and hot-iron dehorning, surgical castration, and hot-iron branding, and to investigate analgesic effectiveness. Calves were experimentally inoculated with Mannheimia haemolytica, scoop or cautery dehorned, surgically castrated, or hot-iron branded. Outcome variables were collected at baseline and following husbandry procedures and included serum cortisol; infrared thermography (IRT); mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT); substance P; kinematic gait analysis; a visual analog scale; chute defense and behavior scoring; clinical illness score; computerized lung score; average activity and rumination; prostaglandin E2 metabolite; plasma serum amyloid A and rectal temperature. Responses were analyzed using repeated measures with calf nested in treatment designated as a random effect, and treatment, time, and their interaction designated as fixed effects. A combination of reduced activity levels, decreased force on calves’ right front limb, and increased visual analog scale pain scores all support that bacterial pneumonia in cattle is painful (P ≤ 0.01). Differences in right front force were observed in calves challenged with M. haemolytica and treated with flunixin transdermal (96.5 kg) and those given a placebo (85.5 kg), indicating that flunixin transdermal may attenuate specific pain biomarkers in cattle with respiratory disease (P < 0.01). Administration of a bupivacaine liposome suspension block at the time of dehorning and castration was as effective at controlling pain as a multi-modal approach of lidocaine and meloxicam (as evidenced by treatment differences in MNT, cortisol and gait analysis (P ≤ 0.04)). Oral meloxicam administration at branding reduced IRT differences from the branding and control site and reduced lying bouts (P < 0.01). Breed and sex effects were observed across a wide range of biomarkers and should be investigated in future pain studies. The need for long-acting analgesic options for cattle that demonstrate pain alleviation across multiple biomarkers is apparent and would be beneficial to alleviating pain from routine husbandry procedures like dehorning, castration, and branding, as well as painful disease conditions such as bovine respiratory disease.

78 Young Scholar Award Talk: How Advances in Animal Efficiency and Management Have Affected Beef's Water Intensity Across the United States: 1991 Compared to 2019

Abstract Updating the static model by Beckett and Oltjen (1993), we determined that from 1992 to 2019, U.S. beef cattle water consumption per kg of beef decreased by 38%. As with the 1993 model, water use included direct water intake by animals, water applied for irrigation of crops that were consumed by the cattle, water applied to irrigated pasture, and water used to process animals at marketing. Numbers of cattle, crop production, and irrigation data were used from USDA census and survey data. On January 1, 2019, a total of 31.7 million beef cows and 5.8 million replacement heifers were in U.S. breeding herds, and 26 million animals were fed annually. In total, the U.S. beef cattle herd (feedlot and cull cows) produced 7.7 billion kg of boneless beef, an increase of 10% since 1992. Beef cattle directly consumed 600 billion L of water per year. Feedlot cattle were fed various grain and roughage sources corresponding to the regions in which they were fed. Feeds produced in a state were preferentially used by cattle in that state with that state's efficiency; any additional feedstuffs required used water at the national efficiency. Irrigation of crop feedstuffs for feedlot cattle required 5,827 billion L of water. Irrigated pasture for beef cattle production required an additional 6,445 billion L of water. Carcass processing required 91 billion L of water. The model estimates 2,271 L of developed water per kilogram of boneless meat for beef cattle production in the United States. As with the previous model, the current model was most sensitive to changes in dressing percentage and percentage of boneless yield in carcasses of feedlot cattle (62.8 and 65, respectively). In conclusion, with more beef, fewer cows, and lower rates of irrigation, beef cattle’s water footprint has decreased at an annual rate of by 1.35% over 28 years.

35 Young Scholar Award Talk: Computing Strategies for National Beef Cattle Evaluations

Abstract The constantly growing size of the national beef cattle evaluations datasets creates computational challenges to estimate breeding values and their accuracies under the single-step methodology timely and in a robust way. This study aims to present strategies for making weekly national single-step beef cattle evaluations computationally feasible. The process for estimating breeding values in single-step can be divided into two parts. In the first part, hereafter called genomic setup, the genotype file is read, and the inverse of the genomic relationship matrix is calculated using the Algorithm for Proven and Young (APY). The genotype file is read in a stream-unformatted format, and the markers are stored bit-wise. A residual polygenic effect can be fitted with an algorithm whose computing cost is constant with the number of genotyped animals. The calculation of is done using parallel computing and optimized matrix algebra procedures. The second part estimates breeding values by iteration on data with a block diagonal preconditioner. Finally, the accuracy of the estimated breeding values is calculated by combining the pedigree and genomic information in terms of effective daughter contributions. For an Angus dataset with 10 million animals in the pedigree and 500,000 genotypes, the genomic setup took 4 hours. With the same dataset, solutions for a three-trait model with maternal effects including birth weight, weaning weight, and post-weaning gain were obtained after 12 hours. The approximation of the accuracies of breeding values took less than one hour. Our results show that weekly national beef cattle evaluations are computationally feasible.

391 Young Scholar Award Talk: Supplementation of Oligosaccharide-Based Polymer Enhanced Growth and Disease Resistance of Weaned Pigs by Modulating Intestinal Integrity and Systemic Immunity

Abstract Oligosaccharides have been reported to possess ETEC receptor activity for bacterial adhesions; thus, additional supplementation may efficiently prevent enterotoxin-induced secretory diarrhea. Moreover, grafted polymers that combine multiple substances have been proposed for their potential synergistic effects on preventing human and animal diseases. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to investigate dietary supplementation of oligosaccharide-based polymer on growth performance, diarrhea severity, intestinal health, and systemic immunity of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) when compared with in-feed antibiotics. Forty-eight pigs (7.23 ± 1.11 kg BW) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of four treatments with 12 replicate pigs per treatment. The four dietary treatments were a nursery basal diet (CON), and 3 additional diets supplemented with 50 mg/kg antibiotics (Carbadox; CAR), 10 or 20 mg/kg of oligosaccharide-based polymer (OBP). The experiment lasted 18 d [7 d before and 11 d after the first inoculation (d 0)]. All pigs were orally inoculated with 3mL of F18 ETEC for 3 consecutive days from d 0 post-inoculation (PI). Growth performance and diarrhea severity were measured throughout the experiment. Blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and intestinal mucosa samples were collected during the peak infection period (d 2 and d 5 PI) and recovery period (d 11 PI). Pigs in CAR or OBP treatment groups had greater (P<0.05) body weight on d 5 or d 11 PI than pigs in the CON group, respectively. Supplementation of CAR or OBP enhanced (P<0.05) feed efficiency from d 0 to 5 PI and reduced (P<0.05) frequency of diarrhea throughout the experiment, compared with pigs in the CON group. Pigs in CAR or OBP groups had reduced (P<0.05) neutrophil counts and serum haptoglobin concentration compared to pigs in the CON group on d 2 and 5 PI. Pigs in OBP reduced (P<0.05) total coliforms in mesenteric lymph nodes on d 5 and 11 PI, whereas pigs in CAR or OBP groups had reduced (P<0.05) total coliforms in the spleen on d 11 PI compared with pigs in the CON group. On d 5 PI, pigs in the OBP group had greater (P<0.05) gene expression of ZO1 in jejunal mucosa, but less (P<0.05) mRNA expression of IL1B, IL6, and TNF in ileal mucosa, in comparison with pigs in the CON group. On d 11 PI, supplementation of CAR or OBP up-regulated (P<0.05) gene expression of CLDN1 in jejunal mucosa, but OBP reduced (P<0.05) IL6 gene expression in ileal mucosa compared to pigs in the CON group. In conclusion, supplementation of oligosaccharide-based polymer improved growth performance, alleviated diarrhea severity, and enhanced gut health in weaned pigs infected with ETEC F18 in a manner similar to in-feed antibiotics.

398 Young Scholar Award Talk: Influence of a Lifetime Regimen of a Modified-Live Viral or Killed Viral Vaccination Against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus on Beef Cattle Performance

Abstract Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a major viral pathogen affecting the cattle industry. Control of BVDV occurs through preventative vaccination or elimination of persistently infected animals. However, evaluation of the longevity of cows vaccinated during pregnancy has not been conducted. In experiment 1, heifers born in 2014 (n = 32) were randomly assigned to receive a modified-live viral vaccination (MLV; Bovishield Gold 5 FP) at 3 months of age, and subsequently receive a MLV or killed viral vaccination (KV; Cattlemaster Gold 5 FP) against BVDV beginning at weaning for the duration of their lifespan in the herd. Heifers born in 2015 (n = 29) were randomly assigned to receive a MLV or KV beginning at 3 months of age for the duration of their lifespan in the herd. Heifers were bled for analysis of antibody titers throughout their first year of life, and twice-yearly beginning at 2 years of age. Titers for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and BVDV, herd longevity, and reproductive performance were collected. Vaccination type did not influence IBR titer (P ≥ 0.18), herd longevity (P ≥ 0.86), or reproductive development (P ≥ 0.19). Cows born in 2015 and their calves were used in experiment 2 (n = 24) to evaluate responses in the preweaning period. Cow and calf samples of blood and ruminal contents, and colostrum and milk were collected at d 1, 7, 35, 63, and 205 of age. Cows receiving KV vaccinations have ~60% more colostral IgG than cows receiving MLV vaccination (P = 0.02). Experiment 3 observed postweaning feed efficiency and ruminal fermentation of calves from experiment 2. Cow vaccine treatment did not affect average daily gain, gain:feed, ruminal fermentation, or metabolites (P > 0.05). An immune challenge was conducted in experiment 4. Calves (n = 8) were early-weaned and inoculated with BVDV Type 2a strain 1373. Samples were collected over 28 days to evaluate blood counts, virus isolation, and metabolites. A tendency for increased clinical scores, including mucosal discharge, and temperatures were observed for calves born to MLV cows (P = 0.08). Calves born to KV cows had increased leukocyte and lymphocyte concentrations compared to MLV calves (P ≤ 0.03). Overall, blood metabolites (glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, and blood urea nitrogen) were unaffected by treatment (P ≥ 0.8), however, metabolites did differ by day post-challenge (P ≤ 0.01). Metabolites were altered by the viral challenge and indicate the nutritional status of the animal shifted to support immune responses. Vaccination treatment had little influence on the calf’s ability to mount an immune response. These four studies indicate that both KV and MLV vaccination programs can be used to protect against BVDV without negatively impacting cow longevity, calf growth performance, and calf immunocompetence.

395 Young Scholar Award Talk: Melatonin: A Promising Therapeutic for Compromised Pregnancies

Abstract Poorly functioning placenta restricts oxygen and nutrient supply to the fetus resulting in fetal nutrient deficiency and intrauterine growth restriction. Intrauterine growth restriction dramatically increases neonatal mortality and those who survive are more prone to experience metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes in later life. Therefore, the placenta plays a critical role in the developmental origins of health and diseases. Currently, there is a vast effort evaluating the effects of compromised pregnancies such as maternal undernutrition, overnutrition, and heat stress on fetal development; however fewer studies have evaluated potential therapeutics to enhance placental efficiency and offspring performance. Melatonin, a hormone that modulates circadian rhythms, has shown to increase umbilical and uterine blood flow in pregnant dams. Moreover, a recent study observed that melatonin therapeutic effects during compromised pregnancies are seasonally dependent. Dietary melatonin supplementation to pregnant beef cattle increased uterine blood flow, rescued fetal weights, increased angiogenic factors in the placenta, and reduced vaginal temperatures in the summer, but not in the fall. The same study found that maternal nutrient restriction was more detrimental during the fall reducing uterine blood flow. Additionally, it was observed that dams that are nutrient restricted during the summer exerted a compensatory mechanism at the placentome level where they exhibited greater placentome vascularity and increased placental capillary size and angiogenic factors. Lastly, bovine placental circadian rhythms have been identified and interestingly, temporal increases in placental vascularity occur concomitantly with greater melatonin receptor 1A transcript abundance. In conclusion, these findings provide a better understanding of placental insufficiency and impaired fetal growth during maternal nutrient restriction, while temporal alterations in the placenta could lead to the development of proper guidelines for administration of placental blood flow therapeutics such as melatonin. Future studies should evaluate melatonin impacts on offspring organ development and potential for mitigating heat stress in livestock.

396 Young Scholar Award Talk: The Selection of Potential Probiotics for Bovine Respiratory Disease Treatment and Prevention

Abstract Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is the most devastating disease affecting cattle producers in North America. Vaccines and antimicrobials are commonly used to prevent and treat BRD. However, it is still a growing problem. The four common BRD opportunistic pathogens, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis, are present in the upper respiratory tract of healthy cattle as well, and how they move to the lung are unknown. The apparent role of the respiratory microbiome in BRD has led to many microbiome studies. However, most culture-independent studies have focused on the opportunistic pathogens, and little is known about the potential bacterial probiotics in the prevention and treatment of BRD. This study aims to identify potential probiotics to treat and prevent BRD by analyzing respiratory microbiotas (nasal swabs (NS): healthy: n=94, BRD: n=94; nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS): healthy: n=25, BRD: n=36; and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): healthy: n=22, BRD: n=29) from clinically healthy calves at feedlot entrance and calves at BRD diagnosis. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were classified as potential probiotics if selected as a top predictor by a machine learning technique (random forest) and significantly more abundant in healthy controls (log2fold change ≥ 2 and P<0.05) based on DESeq2. ASV98_Corynebacterium was a potential probiotic in all three locations. ASV121_JG30-KF-CM45_unclassified, ASV32_Corynebacterium, and ASV64_Serinicoccus were potential probiotics in NPS and BAL. Additional taxa were potential probiotics in a single location, including ASV114_Streptococcus_luteciae and ASV233_Facklamia in NS; and ASV150_Facklamia, ASV26_Corynebacterium, ASV306_Facklamia, and ASV44_Dietzia in NPS. SPARCC network analysis revealed that ASV114_Streptococcus_luteciae was the top hub taxa in healthy calves’ NS, and ASV32_Corynebacterium and ASV26_Corynebacterium were in the top five hub taxa of healthy calves’ NPS, indicating that these ASVs are key members of their respective communities. Furthermore, SPARCC found ASV32_Corynebacterium is negatively correlated with ASV2_Mycoplasma (-0.25) in NS and ASV5_Mycoplasma_hyorhinis (-0.23) in NPS (P <0.05). Additionally, ASV26_Corynebacterium is negatively associated with ASV62_Ureaplasma (-0.37) and ASV5_Mycoplasma_hyorhinis (-0.21) in NPS and ASV12_Histophilus_somni in (-0.29) in BAL (P <0.05).

Newly elected Chinese Academy of Sciences academicians in chemistry division in 2021

Newly elected Chinese Academy of Sciences academicians in chemistry division in 2021

A Ce/Ru Codoped SrFeO3−δ Perovskite for a Coke-Resistant Anode of a Symmetrical Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

This work was supported by the NSFC (Grants 51702264 and 41371275) and National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2018FYD0200701) and research funding for central universities (Grant XDJK2020B066). B.L. acknowledges the Chongqing Graduate Scientific Research Innovation Project (Grant CYS20114). C.N. is also thankful for the Chongqing Bayu Young Scholar award from the Chongqing Teaching Committee.

My Experience with Torrent’s Young Scholar Award Quiz

My Experience with Torrent’s Young Scholar Award Quiz

Editorial introductions

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension was launched in 1992. It is part of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of nephrology and hypertension is divided into 12 sections that are each reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned one or two Section Editors, leading authorities in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Section Editors for this issue. SECTION EDITORS Nancy J. BrownNancy J. BrownDr Nancy J. Brown is Hugh Jackson Morgan Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, and Chair of the Department of Medicine at Vanderbilt University, USA. Dr Brown studies how drugs that affect the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, kallikrein-kinin, and eicosanoid systems alter the risk of cardiovascular disease. Dr Brown is an active member of the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and served on the Advisory Council for the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Her honors include the American Society of Hypertension Young Scholar Award, American Federation for Clinical Research Outstanding Investigator Award, the Vanderbilt Grant Liddle Award, the E.K. Frey- E. Werle Foundation Promotion Prize, the AHA Harriet Dustan award, membership in the American Society for Clinical Investigation and in the Association of American Physicians, and the Robert H. Williams Outstanding Chair of Medicine Award. She is also a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of the National Academy of Medicine. David S. GoldfarbDavid S. GoldfarbDr David S. Goldfarb, MD, FACP, FASN, FNKF, is a Professor of Medicine and Physiology at New York University School of Medicine, USA, Clinical Chief of Nephrology at NYU, Chief of Nephrology at the New York Veterans Affairs Medical Center and co-director of the Kidney Stone Prevention Program at NYU Langone Health. He graduated from Yale College and Yale School of Medicine, USA and completed his residency training in internal medicine and nephrology training at NYU/New York VA. Dr Goldfarb is the former President of the New York Society of Nephrology and of the ROCK Society (Research on Calculus Kinetics). Currently he is a member of the medical advisory boards of the National Kidney Foundation of Greater New York and of the Oxalosis and Hyperoxaluria Foundation. He teaches renal physiology and pathophysiology at NYU and was voted The Distinguished Teacher in the Basic Sciences by three classes. He is a former associate editor of the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (CJASN), and currently is an editorial board member of Kidney International, CJASN, and Urolithiasis. He serves as the principal investigator of the cystinuria component of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases-sponsored Rare Kidney Stone Consortium, and as a member of the board of directors of the International Cystinuria Foundation. He received the Stone Crusher of the Year award in 2014 from the Oxalosis and Hyperoxaluria Foundation and the Nephrologist of the Year award in 2016 from the American Kidney Fund. He has had three calcium oxalate stones.

Announcement from Cheiron (The International Society for the History of Behavioral and Social Sciences): 2018 Cheiron Young Scholar Award

Announcement from Cheiron (The International Society for the History of Behavioral and Social Sciences): 2018 Cheiron Young Scholar Award

2017 Cheiron Young Scholar Award Winner: Shayna Fox Lee

2017 Cheiron Young Scholar Award Winner: Shayna Fox Lee

"Only the Flat Irons" : Counter-monuments in The Sound and the Fury(The ALSJ Young Scholar Award for 2013)

"Only the Flat Irons" : Counter-monuments in The Sound and the Fury(The ALSJ Young Scholar Award for 2013)

Prof. Mingguang He: China has increasingly been recognized as the land for clinical research and innovation

Mingguang He ( Figure 1 ) is Professor of Ophthalmic Epidemiology at the University of Melbourne and Centre of Eye Research Australia. He completed medical school at the Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou followed by research training at Johns Hopkins University (MPH) and University College London (MSc and PhD). His research interests include clinical and epidemiological research, randomized trials, twin studies, and imaging technology. Dr. He has published more than 100 papers in the peer-reviewed literature and several book chapters. He has given more than 30 invited lectures at regional and international conferences. He serves as associate editor for Eye Science and an editorial board member for PloS One , International Glaucoma Review , and several Chinese ophthalmic journals. Dr. He has received several awards including a University College London Graduate Research Scholarship and Overseas Research Scholarship, Top 3 and Top 10 best poster awards from the World Glaucoma Congress in Vienna and Singapore, best paper presentation at the SEAGIG conference, and distinguished young scholar award from the National Natural Science Foundation. After the Zhongshan Medical Retina and Epidemiology Symposium, I was honored to have an interview with Dr. He. Here the interview goes.

Patricia Carpenter in Commemoration

Patricia Carpenter (1923-2000) studied with Arnold Schoenberg for seven years (1942-1949) at UCLA and in private lessons. This experience proved crucial for her later research, teaching, and writing. Carpenter taught music theory at Barnard College and Columbia University from 1961-1989. The publication of the following two articles celebrates the 2004 renaming of the Music Theory Society of New York State's Young Scholar Award after Professor Carpenter. The previously unpublished paper, "Schoenberg's Tonal Body," was the keynote address at the 1988 MTSNYS conference. "The Piano Music of Arnold Schoenberg" is an early article (1961) that appeared in The Piano Quarterly} Those interested in Schoenberg's concepts of Grundgestalt, developing variation, and the Musical Idea, in both the tonal and post-tonal repertoire, will find these articles helpful. Both essays apply these notions concretely to music, including the first movement of Brahms 's Piano Quartet in C minor, op. 60 and Schoenbeig's piano pieces op. 1 1, no. 2 and op. 25. The following remarks are meant to introduce the kind of endeavor we believe Pat Carpenter was doing in these and her other writings.