Sleep duration is a well-established factor associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Poor sleep quality was also suggested to affect all-cause mortality risk among adults. The Cardiovascular Occupational Risk Factor determination in Israel Study (CORDIS) is a prospective cohort study of industrial workers who entered the study during 1985-1990 and have been followed for 36 years. We examined the relationship between sleep duration, sleeping problems and difficulties, and all-cause mortality in the CORDIS cohort. Self-reported data, including sleep duration and sleeping problems, from 7287 participants were merged with data on all-cause mortality obtained from the National Death Registry and the Central Bureau of Statistics. Over the 36-year follow-up, 2159 participants died: 445 were < 45 years and 1714 were ≥ 45 years. Sleep duration of ≤ 5 h significantly increased mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.30, p = 0.0032), with a more pronounced effect in those < 45 years (HR = 1.55, p = 0.0028). Sleeping problems also increased mortality risk (HR = 1.30, p = 0.0088), with a stronger association among younger individuals (HR = 1.63, p = 0.0399). Conversely, difficulty sleeping when anticipating something unpleasant was linked to increased mortality only in those aged ≥ 45 years (HR = 1.17, p = 0.0440). Our analysis showed that short sleep duration and sleeping problems are significant predictors for all-cause mortality, particularly in younger individuals (< 45 years). These results emphasize the importance of addressing sleep problems among different age groups to potentially reduce mortality risk.

This study aimed to estimate the national prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), construct a cascade of care for T2D (CoC), and determine the factors associated with prevalence, not previously diagnosed (undiagnosed), and not undergoing medication treatment (untreated). This study analysed cross-sectional data from the 2023 World Health Survey Plus in Cambodia, a nationally representative cross-sectional study of 5271 individuals aged ≥18 years. The survey used a GIS-based multistage sampling for all 24 Cambodian provinces and the capital city. T2D was measured by haemoglobin A1c or was self-reported. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between outcomes of interest and socio-demographic, behavioural, and metabolic factors. The weighted prevalence of T2D was 16.0% (95% CI: 14.2-17.9%), with 58.2% (95% CI: 51.9-64.3%) undiagnosed. Of diagnosed individuals, 32.9% (95% CI: 24.2-42.9%) were untreated with medication, and among treated individuals, 61.5% (95% CI: 47.4-74.5%) had poor glycaemic control. T2D prevalence was higher among older age, urban residency, high socioeconomic status, obesity, and hypertension. The prevalence of undiagnosed T2D was higher among younger individuals, less physically active, and those with no history of hypertension. Higher untreated prevalence was associated with rural residency, young individuals, and lower socioeconomic status. The high prevalence of T2D, of previously undiagnosed and poorly managed T2D, emphasises the need for national policies that strengthen prevention, screening, and equitable access to care through primary healthcare and community-based services in Cambodia.

The uptake and persistence of radioactive strontium in the calcified tissues of marine organisms of the Fukushima coastal region.

PTPR family deletions are associated with greater genomic structural instability in young adult tongue cancer.

Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults in Denmark (2015-2023): a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study.

Influence of age and diet on the expression of microRNAs in coronary heart disease: Findings from the CORDIOPREV study.

HIV diagnosis following psychiatric hospitalization among a large cohort of privately-insured people in the United States, 2003-2024.

The F-words for Child Development (Functioning, Family, Fitness, Fun, Friendships and Future) offer a holistic, strengths-based and family-centred approach to child development, rooted in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Interest in the F-words has grown significantly among families, health care providers, educators and researchers, creating the need for accessible and scalable training to support dissemination and implementation efforts. A self-paced online F-words Foundations Course was co-developed by families, health care providers, educators and researchers. The course consists of five 1-h modules covering the F-words approach, personal stories, goal-setting and practical strategies for integrating the F-words into daily life and practice. This study evaluated the acceptability, feasibility, usability and utility of the course through an online survey that included Likert-scaled and open-ended questions. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. Fifty-five participants, including families, health care providers and educators from Ontario, completed an online survey assessing their experience. Findings were positive, with participants rating the course as useful in understanding the F-words (85%), accessible and easy to engage with (91%) and valuable in helping them achieve their learning goals (85%). Participants valued the multimedia components, particularly videos featuring individuals with lived experience, and appreciated the course's family-centred perspective. Suggested improvements included increasing interactivity (e.g., use of discussion boards and synchronous group sessions) and shortening the length or removing repetition in course content. The F-words Foundations Course is a free, accessible and online training tool that effectively supports increasing knowledge, awareness and use of the F-words in life and practice. Future directions include expanding course offerings for young individuals and exploring facilitated formats to enhance engagement.

To assess the global burden of blindness and vision loss (BVL) in individuals aged 0 to 24 years from 1990 to 2021, project trends, and analyze inequalities. Systematic epidemiological analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database. Data from 204 countries and territories, stratified by age, sex, and Socio-Demographic Index (SDI). Age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were extracted from Global Burden of Disease 2021. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) quantified trends. Analyses included decomposition, age-period-cohort modeling, frontier analysis, and inequality assessment via the Slope Index of Inequality and Concentration Index. ASPR and DALYs for BVL. From 1990 to 2021, the global age-standardized DALY rate decreased (EAPC: -0.20; 95% CI: -0.36 to -0.03), while ASPR slightly increased (EAPC: 0.02; 95% CI: -0.20 to 0.24). Absolute case numbers rose due to population growth. Females and older adolescents (15-24 years) bore a disproportionately higher burden. Low and middle SDI regions exhibited rising ASPR, while high SDI regions showed declines. Projections suggest rising total cases by 2030, with modest declines in ASPR and DALY rates. Frontier analysis indicated substantial improvement potential in several countries. Despite a global decrease in the health loss from BVL, the absolute number of affected young individuals is rising. The burden remains unequally distributed, with relative inequalities increasing over time. Targeted public health policies focusing on prevention, early intervention, and equitable resource allocation-especially in low SDI regions and among older adolescents-are urgently required.

Reduced handgrip and inspiratory muscle strength are associated with lower lung function and physical capacity in children and adolescents born preterm with very low birth weight.

To assess the long-term risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) following antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity in a nationwide cohort. We followed ANA-tested, SLE-free individuals from 2000-2017 using national laboratory and health registers. ANA tests included ELISA-like connective tissue disease screening (ANA-CTD), single-dilution ANA (SDT-ANA) at dilution 1:160, and end point ANA titre (EPT-ANA) at dilutions 1:160-1:1280. In routine practice, ANA-CTD is often used in general practice, SDT-ANA and EPT-ANA in secondary and tertiary care. Hazard ratios (HR) of SLE were estimated using Cox models, and 5-year cumulative incidence using Kaplan-Meier methods. Among 342 777 ANA-tested individuals, 647 developed SLE. ANA positivity was strongly associated with SLE. ANA-CTD positivity conferred the highest risk (HR 67.3, 95% CI 45.8-99.0), followed by SDT-ANA (HR 18.0, 95% CI 14.4-22.5). Homogeneous and speckled SDT-ANA patterns carried the greatest risk (HR 15.7 and 7.90), with 5-year cumulative incidences up to 9.18% and 5.29% for strongly positive ANA intensity. Risk was highest within the first year, but remained elevated beyond five years for homogeneous and speckled patterns. Absolute risks were highest in younger individuals (18-30 years), reaching 5-year cumulative incidences of 4.99% for ANA-CTD, 4.12% for SDT-ANA, and 15.0% for EPT-ANA. ANA positivity was associated with markedly elevated short-term and sustained long-term SLE risk, particularly in younger adults and individuals with high-intensity homogeneous or speckled patterns. Nonetheless, absolute risk remained low, highlighting the need to interpret ANA results within a broader clinical context, and caution against direct extrapolation to unselected primary care populations.

Diabetes mellitus is a major global health problem associated with progressive renal complications, including diabetic nephropathy. Serum urea and creatinine are widely used biomarkers to assess renal function, yet their interpretation may be influenced by age and gender differences.This study aimed to analyze differences in urea and creatinine levels among diabetic patients based on age and gender and to evaluate their statistical significance.A retrospective observational study was conducted using medical record data from PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from Januari to December2025. Patients with complete data on age, gender, urea, and creatinine were included, while incomplete records were excluded. Subjects were stratified into three age groups: ≤50, 51–60, and ≥61 years. Independent sample t-tests were used to compare biomarker levels between males and females within each age group (p &lt; 0.05 considered significant).Mean urea levels increased progressively with age in both genders. Male patients showed a consistent increase in both urea and creatinine levels across age groups, whereas females demonstrated less consistent creatinine trends. Significant gender differences were observed in the ≤50 years group for urea (p = 0.004) and creatinine (p = 0.042), while no significant differences were found in older groups. High variability in biomarker levels was observed, particularly among elderly patients.Age significantly influences urea levels in diabetic patients, while gender differences are more pronounced in younger individuals. These findings highlight the importance of age- and gender-specific interpretation of renal biomarkers in diabetes management.

This study compared tooth sensitivity, bleaching efficacy, and the impact on oral health-related quality of life between at-home and in-office tooth bleaching in adults and young individuals. Eighty participants, 40 young people (14-20 years) and 40 adults (40-60 years), were randomly assigned to receive either at-home or in-office bleaching. Tooth sensitivity was assessed using the visual analog scale and numerical rating scale. Color change was evaluated using the VITA Bleachedguide 3D-MASTER and VITA Classical shade guides and digital photographic analysis. Oral health-related quality of life was measured using the OHIP-14 questionnaire. Statistical analyses included two-way and repeated-measures ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Friedman tests (α = 0.05). Tooth sensitivity increased during treatment but returned to baseline within 7 days post-bleaching. The absolute risk of sensitivity was similar across age groups and techniques. After 1 month, bleaching was more effective in young people than in adults based on photographic assessments; however, this difference was not detected using shade guides. No significant differences were observed in oral health-related quality of life between groups. Tooth sensitivity resolved after treatment in both age groups. Although bleaching efficacy was greater in young people, this did not result in differences in oral health-related quality of life. Tooth bleaching in young people with fully erupted permanent dentition, when performed under professional supervision, appears to be safe and effective. Although young people showed greater bleaching efficacy than adults, tooth sensitivity and short-term quality of life outcomes were similar between age groups and techniques. These findings support the cautious, individualized, and ethically guided use of bleaching in this population.

In the subjects infected with HIV, the influence of rs8084 polymorphism suggests that certain alleles may prolong the disease progression at an older age, thus allowing people with specific genotypes to maintain higher CD4 levels even if they are infected later in life. This may indicate a more effective activation of the immune response with age. The present study analyzed the distribution of HIV-1 patients by disease stages depending on age groups, as well as changes in CD4+ per cent levels, and the expression of the MX2, IFNM1, and ADAR1 genes in infected patients. A total of 143 patients diagnosed with HIV-1, aged 14 to 66 years, have been examined. The control group consisted of 67 practically healthy individuals aged 15 to 57 years, who were unrelated, had no clinical signs of HIV infection, and had no hereditary predisposition to the disease. The highest number of infections occurs at the third stage of the disease (symptomatic phase) among young individuals aged 14-35 years. At later stages of the disease, CD4% levels are significantly decreased, indicating the progression of immune deficiency. A correlation was also revealed between the HLA-DRA genotype and CD4% levels, highlighting the potential for a personalized approach to HIV treatment. Moreover, the study revealed a significantly increased expression of the MX2, IFNM1, and ADAR1 genes in HIV-infected patients, thus confirming activation of antiviral mechanisms in response to infection. The study demonstrated that HIV- 1 infection is associated with significant changes in the immune system, as evidenced by a decrease in CD4% levels and an increase in the expression of key antiviral genes such as MX2, IFNM1, and ADAR1. Given the role of genetic factors, such as HLA-DRA polymorphism, in disease progression, the importance of a personalized treatment approach is emphasized.

This study examines the interaction between inflammation, socioeconomic status (SES), and cognitive performance, focusing on working memory as a key cognitive domain. Using data from the Effects of Stress on Cognitive Aging, Physiology, and Emotion (ESCAPE) project, we investigated the moderating role of both objective and subjective SES in the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and working memory performance. The sample consisted of 202 adults aged 25-65 (M = 46.46, SD = 11.08) from Bronx County, New York, with varying levels of SES. Multiple regression analyses revealed that lower subjective SES, as measured by the US ladder, combined with higher CRP levels, was associated with improved working memory performance. This effect was not observed for objective SES indicators, such as income and education. Further analyses explored the moderating roles of age, sex, and ethnicity, revealing that low education and higher CRP were linked to better working memory in younger individuals. However, post-hoc adjustments for multiple comparisons rendered most of these effects non-significant. Additional follow-up analyses showed that high income and low basal cytokines predicted better working memory performance, while low subjective SES combined with low stimulated cytokines predicted better working memory in younger individuals. No significant findings were observed for episodic memory. These results suggest that the relationship between inflammation, SES, and cognitive function is complex and may be influenced by both biological and psychosocial factors.

ABSTRACT Sialidosis type I (ST‐1) is a rare lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by NEU1 gene mutations, leading to progressive neurological and visual dysfunction. The classical macular cherry‐red spot (CRS) is considered a hallmark ocular sign, but its diagnostic value, particularly in older patients, remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize ocular manifestations and evaluate optical coherence tomography (OCT) reflectivity as a potential structural biomarker of neurological function. In this 2‐year prospective cohort study, 15 genetically confirmed ST‐1 patients underwent neurological evaluations every 6 months and annual ophthalmic assessments including best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fundus photography, OCT, and visual evoked potential (VEP). OCT reflectivity of the inner retina ( R in ) and ellipsoid zone at the foveola ( R ez ) was quantified using greyscale analysis. Fifteen age‐matched healthy controls were included for comparison. CRS was present in 46.7% of patients, predominantly in younger individuals. OCT revealed significantly elevated R in and R ez in ST‐1 patients compared to controls ( p &lt; 0.0001), including in those without clinically visible CRS. OCT reflectivity was strongly associated with neurological severity but not with BCVA. Conversely, BCVA correlated with parafoveal and ganglion cell complex thinning and with delayed VEP latency. Age‐related declines in reflectivity, retinal thickness, and BCVA were observed in ST‐1 but not in controls. These findings highlight OCT reflectivity is a more sensitive biomarker than the CRS for diagnosing ST‐1 and reflects neurological severity even in patients without visible CRS. Importantly, the structure–function relationship between OCT parameters and neurological outcomes suggests broader applicability in LSD and other neurodegenerative conditions.

The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been particularly pronounced among young individuals seeking employment. This study aimed to investigate the levels of depression, anxiety and stress among university students who completed their education and were actively job-seeking during the pandemic, along with identifying associated factors. A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to November 2022, coinciding with the peak of COVID-19 cases in Bangladesh. The study included 607 university graduates actively seeking employment. Mental health status was assessed through depression, anxiety and stress. These were determined using the PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PSS-10 scales respectively. These mental health outcomes were considered outcome variables while socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents served as explanatory variables. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests to explore associations and binary logistic regression to identify significant predictors. The results showed that 50%, 39%, and 78% of respondents reported moderate-to-severe depression, anxiety and stress, respectively. Younger age (20–24 years) and male gender were significantly associated with poorer mental health outcomes. Residency in specific divisions such as Rangpur and Chattogram also showed significant associations. Furthermore, 43% of participants reported disrupted job searches and 84% faced setbacks in their career goals due to pandemic-related challenges. Academic disruptions also correlated with heightened mental health issues. A majority of university graduates actively seeking employment during the pandemic encountered moderate to severe levels of depression, anxiety and stress. These findings underscore the need for targeted mental health programs during pandemics and similar events in future. IJSS, Vol. 26(1), March, 2026, pp 25-37

<i>Editorial Commentary</i> : Subscapularis Tears With Advanced Fatty Infiltration: When Every Option Is Imperfect

Artisanal fishing remains essential for many traditional communities along the coastline of Brazil; however, environmental damage has depleted fish stocks and made working conditions difficult in some regions. As a result, fewer young people are interested in continuing this tradition. This study looks at how fishing is practiced in Santiago do Iguape, a quilombola community in Recôncavo Baiano, analyzing both the current situation and the challenges fishermen face by applying an ethicist-emicist perspective. Data were obtained using semi-structured interviews conducted with 104 fishers recruited through the snowball sampling method until theoretical saturation was achieved. This approach was supplemented by field observations and an online questionnaire targeting community youth. The findings reveal that the growth of large enterprises, chemical waste pollution, and ongoing ecosystem degradation have intensified current challenges. While 75% of young individuals have experience in fishing, a substantial number are discouraged from entering the field due to economic uncertainty, adverse working conditions, and limited resources. Despite the sociocultural legacy valued by the community, the risk of diminishing traditional knowledge transfer remains significant. As such, securing legal rights and government protection is imperative to enhance both economic and environmental outcomes and to promote the continued practice of artisanal fishing.

From 2D to 3D: Evolution of evaluation methods for femoral neck fracture reduction quality.