From Silent Partner to Permanent Institution: The New York Aquarium as an Invisible Scientific Institution, 1902–1967

32 мая 1773 года Герцог из любимого фильма «Тот самый Мюнхгаузен» произнес знаменательные слова: «Поразительно... Поразительно, как наш народ гармонирует с природой!» Чуть позже его почти земляк Фриденсрайх Хундертвассер заявил, что счастье – это слияние с природой. Можно счастливо жить без денег. Без природы – нельзя. Слияние с природой сыграло большую роль в жизни этого замечательного человека, и даже в его смерти. Мы уже почти научились жить без денег. Но без природы жить не хочется, да и невозможно. «Хотите об этом поговорить?» – психоаналитично спросили мы сами себя. И, как честные пациенты, ответили себе: «Да, хотим». В скудные кризисные годы наступает самое время для рефлексии, а рефлексировать лучше всего на природе. Так сложилась тема очередного фестиваля «Зодчество Восточной Сибири» (13–46, 72–81). В материалах номера продолжается сквозная тема города для людей. Не следует думать, что архитектор создает только здания. Не камень или его современные эрзацы, и даже не плющ, прикрывающий строительные неудачи, – материал зодчего. Алехандро Аравена, лауреат Притцкеровской премии за последний год (крайний, как сейчас принято говорить), утверждает: самое главное в урбанизме – общественные пространства. Переменчивые, разнообразные, наполненные смыслами и визуальными событиями, составляющие особую природу города. Как сочетать элементы этой «второй природы» с живыми биоценозами природы первой? И всегда ли можно отличить одно от другого? К 355-летию Иркутска по почетному поручению мэра ведущие иркутские архитекторы выполнили более двадцати проектов скверов, хороших и разных (92–112). Кроме будущих скверов и карманных парков Иркутска в номере представлены зеленые пространства Москвы, Токио, Лондона и Парижа, городов Германии, конкурсные проекты аквариума в Нью-Йорке и корейского конного парка. Объектом номера мы выбрали удивительный музей поля Куликова, созданный по проекту Сергея Гнедовского. Необычная архитектура роднит новый музей с тектоническим разломом земли от невыносимого напряжения в ожидании битвы (113–123). А Олег Явейн и Илья Лежава вернут нас к классику ХХ века – Мису ван дер Роэ и его уникальному диалогу с природой (162–175). Тема соотношения архитектуры и природы неисчерпаема и безгранична, как обе эти сущности. Поэтому в новом номере нашего журнала, как обычно, больше вопросов, чем ответов. Такова природа нашего журнала.

Attracting K–12 students to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is viewed as a critical element for benefiting both the economy and society. This paper describes an outreach program, conducted in a Brooklyn, NY, USA, public middle school, aimed at educating students in mechatronics, biology, and bioinspiration. The program is designed to foster student interest in STEM subjects, especially engineering-related concepts, by actively demonstrating their application in solving tangible real-world problems. It consists of a series of lectures and practical activities that culminate with a hands-on bioinspiration-based event at the New York Aquarium. Survey results show that students who participated in the program have a better understanding of the relationship between engineering and nature, demonstrate improved knowledge of select STEM topics, and are more interested in pursuing STEM careers.

In 1916, a 41 years old woman with little formal scientific education became the secretary of the New York Aquarium (NYA). In becoming the Aquarium's first female officer, Ida M. Mellen realized her lifelong dream of successfully pursuing a career in the biological sciences and broke with the limitations and low expectations surrounding her sex and class backgrounds. By 1930, Mellen left the NYA and pursued a career in popular hobbyist writing, becoming the foremost expert on aquarium fishes and domesticated cats in the United States. Margaret Rossiter and other historians of science have illuminated women's common career paths in the sciences, but little work has been done on individuals whose gender and class impacted their career. Building on Rossiter's framework, this case study suggests that class, as much as gender, structured the scientific career of women. Through the narrative of the outsider scientific practitioner, we can more fully illuminate the social structure of scientific work. Examining the struggles of Mellen to enter and maintain a scientific career sheds light, not just on her own career path, but those alternately closed to her. If we wish to understand science in the early twentieth century, especially questions of inclusion and exclusion in the scientific process, we must examine those individuals who operated on the periphery of the "traditional" scientific path.

Though some research exists concerning general behavior and activity patterns of Walruses in zoos or aquariums, less is known about how these patterns change in response to various environmental and temporal contexts. This study presents two studies assessing behavioral changes in relation to feeding period, object enrichment (OE), and season in a social group of four Pacific Walruses at the New York Aquarium. Study 1 examined behavior in relation to feeding context (nonfeed, prefeed, postfeed); data were collected over a three-week period, resulting in 47 observation sessions for each feeding context. Study 2 examined behavior in relation to OE and season; data were collected in two phases resulting in 12 enrichment and 9 no-enrichment (NE) observation sessions (Phase 1), and 21 enrichment and 18 NE observation sessions (Phase 2). Study 1 showed that after feeding, oral behavior increased while social behavior and total swim frequency decreased. In Study 2, both swim frequency and social behavior were found to interact with OE and phase, while oral behavior remained constant across all conditions. As in the wild, both studies found all animals to be swimming the majority of the time. Though every animal spent much of its swim time engaged in an Individual Swimming Pattern (ISP), both studies showed that the proportion of ISP (in relation to total time swimming) remained stable across all contexts, suggesting a potential functional role of the ISPs. These results are discussed in light of the ongoing debate over the role of stereotypies in welfare assessment.

UTC fuel cell for New York Aquarium

Bill’s work on pinnipeds began with a 1963 paper by Schevill, Watkins, and myself in Science on the underwater sounds of pinnipeds, which resulted from his recordings in the highly unnatural waters of the New York Aquarium. It was written partly in reaction to assumptions being made that seals, like cetaceans, possessed sonar. Following that mode, there followed a paper by the same team in the same location on the remarkable bell tones and knockings of captive walruses. Recording from natural situations, with Schevill in McMurdo Sound, Southern Ocean, resulted in the first analysis of Weddell seal sounds. In 1969, he provided the first technical description of a marine mammal song (in the behavioral meaning of that term), that of the bearded seal, and in 1975 a detailed description of walrus sounds in association with their reproductive behavior. Sounds of other polar pinnipeds, ribbon seals of the Arctic and Ross seals of the Southern Ocean, bring the history up to date. Pinnipeds possess a suite of underwater sounds that rivals any other group. They make up for apparent lack of echo‐location ability by musical quality of voice.

Zoo BiologyVolume 12, Issue 5 p. 505-506 Book Review Everything you ever wanted to know about saltwater fish keeping. A review of Captive Seawater Fishes: Science and Technology , by Stephen Spotte. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992, 942 pp., hardbound John W. Nightingale, John W. Nightingale New York Aquarium, New YorkSearch for more papers by this author John W. Nightingale, John W. Nightingale New York Aquarium, New YorkSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1993 https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430120513AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume12, Issue51993Pages 505-506 RelatedInformation

Exophiala pisciphila is a dematiaceous fungus that belongs to a group of fungi known as the 'black yeasts'. It was isolated from the skin lesions of a smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis Mitchill, that had been born in the shark exhibit tank of the New York Aquarium. The different stages of development of this fungus were studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to illustrate the morphology and surface structures of conidia and mycelium. The list of marine and fresh water fish, which have been infected by Exophiala spp. and Exophiala-like fungi has been up-dated. Potato Dextrose Agar and Malt Agar proved to be the best growth media, while Corn Meal Agar proved to be the best medium for studying the morphological features of the conidia and mycelial development of E. pisciphila, which exhibited polymorphic conidiogenesis.

Abstract. A normally free‐living hymenostomatid ciliate was found to be the cause of heavy infections of gills, viscera and body muscle in Atlantic and Pacific marine fishes kept in the New York Aquarium. Of special interest is the fact that the parasites, usually with food vacuoles filled with blood cells and cellular debris, caused extensive damage to the body muscle; the other infected organs showed no characteristic tissue reactions. The immediate cause of death is attributed to the exceptional load of the parasite on the gills, thus interfering with normal respiratory function.The ciliate, isolated from a recent outbreak, is described in detail, and shows many characteristics of Uronema marinum Dujardin, a species that has been reported as free‐living in salt water; the form reported here differs from the type and other members included in this species, by the presence of less than three rows of bipolar meridians. This facultative parasite is described in detail and compared with other genera.

Whales The Whale Problem: A Status Report, edited by Schevill William E.. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1974, 419 p., illus., $12.50 (73-88056). James A. Oliver James A. Oliver New York Aquarium, West 8th St. and Surf Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11224 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 25, Issue 2, February 1975, Page 120, https://doi.org/10.2307/1297115 Published: 01 February 1975

Fishes Fish Pathology: A Guide to the Recognition and Treatment of Diseases and Injuries of Fishes, With Emphasis on Environmental and Pollution Problems, by Reichenbach-Klinke Heinz-Hermann with collaboration by Landolt Marsha (translated by Christa Ahrens from German). T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune, N.J., 1973, 512 p., illus., $20.00 (paper).Parasites of Freshwater Fishes: A Review of Their Control & Treatment, by Hoffman Glenn L. Meyer Fred P.. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune, N.J., 1974, 224 p., illus., $12.95 (paper). Ross F. Nigrelli Ross F. Nigrelli Osborn Laboratories of Marine Sciences, New York Aquarium, New York Zoological Society, Brooklyn, NY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 24, Issue 8, August 1974, Pages 464–465, https://doi.org/10.2307/1296858 Published: 01 August 1974

É descrita a técnicade criação de balanus amphitrite var. amphitrite em laboratório, sob condições controladas, que permitem observações das mudas, do número de estágios e, ainda são apresentadas as características de cada estágio. Balanus amphitrite amphitrite é criado pela primeira vez em laboratório com sucesso. Dos 200 Nauplii obtidos da eclosão dos ovos das lamelas dos adultos, conseguiu-se a fixação de 120 cypris e o crescimento de 78 Balanus pelo período de três meses. A alimentação usada foi Cyclotella nana, proveniente do New York Aquarium. A fase larvária de Balanus amphitrite amphitrite consiste de seis estágios de Nauplii e um estágio de Cypris. A disposição, forma, tamanho, número de setas, sétulas e espinhos diferem entre os 6 estágios. São apresentados todos os detalhes de microanatomia de cada estágio. A setação é critério valioso para a identificação dos Nauplii e pode ser usada para separar certos estágios especiais. A duração dos seis estágios é a seguinte: o primeiro estágio leva, aproximadamente, de 15 a 20 minutos; 2º estágio de 2 até 4 dias a partir do nascimento dos Nauplii; 3º estágio vai até ao 6º dia; 4º estágio é encontrado a partir do 7º dia de eclosão; 5º estágio varia entre o 9º ao 11º dia e, finalmente, o 6º estágio até o aparecimento do Cypris que se faz no 12º dia de criação. O tempo necessário para o completo desenvolvimento larvários em laboratório estende-se de 12 até 14 dias, aproximadamente. O estudo da metamorfose do Cypris, e o crescimento dos Balanídeos foi realizado por um período de tres meses no frasco de criação.

The New York Aquarium Book of the Water World : A Guide to Fishes, Aquatic Invertebrates, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals, by W. Bridges [Review

The effect of crude holothurin on leucocyte phagocytosis: B. J. Lasley and R. F. Nigrelli, Toxicon, 8, 301. (Cornell Medical Center, New York City, N.Y. and Osborn Laboratories of Marine Sciences, New York Aquarium, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.)

SummaryA number of organisms occurring on blue crabs do not seem to affect their normal growth and survival.The authors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to Professor W. Van Engel from the College of William and Mary and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia where this work was started. The authors also wish to express their gratitude to Dr. Ross Nigrelli, Director of the New York Aquarium for his valuable counsel during the performance of this work.

Some new approaches to the study of barnacles

THE Amazon molly, Poecilia formosa (Girard), is an all-female species native to southern Texas and north-eastern Mexico1. In the northern part of the range, P. formosa is fertilized by males of P. latipinna; in the southern part by a species of the P. sphenops complex. Reproduction is usually by gynogenesis; no introgression of paternal characters into P. formosa stocks has been observed in any of the several laboratories in which they have been maintained during the past 36 yr1–7. With no genetic material being transferred from the male parent to the offspring, all P. formosa which have descended from a single progenitor should possess the same genotype and constitute a clone. The existence of several clones in natural populations has been demonstrated by tissue transplantation4,5. In rare instances some offspring of P. formosa females exhibit paternal characters and thus are hybrids6,8,9. In the Genetics Laboratory of the New York Aquarium where several clones of P. formosa have been maintained since 1960 by either mating them to males of P. vittata or P. sphenops (black molly stock), eighteen hybrids (about 1 per cent) have been obtained. Of these, three were sired by P. vittata and fifteen by P. sphenops.

PARASITIC FUNGI present a chronic problem in fish hatcheries and aquaria. As fish suffering from stress and injury may become infected by fungi, a considerable economic loss may occur, particularly where valuable aquarium and cultured fish are involved. Nigrelli (1943) reported that more than 45 deaths in 1 year at the New York Aquarium were due to infestations by unidentified species of Saprolegnia. Many hatcheries have serious problems with fungal infections of fish and fish eggs, and various treatments have been initiated and tested in efforts

New York Aquarium and Osborn Laboratories of Marine Sciences.