Yolo Loam Soil Research Articles

Gradients of mineral elements in corn leaf blades from base to top from plants grown in soil with excess trace metals

Abstract Corn plants (Zea mays L. cv. Golden Cross N. C.) were grown for two months in 2000 g quantities of Yolo loam soil in which had been blended in μg/g soil, 50 Co, 150 Ni, 13 Li, 200 Zn and 200 Cu. The K, P and Fe concentrations were lowest at the base and increased part way up 8 blades except that P increased continuously with each blade going from base to top. The trace metals Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Li and Sr were highest in the basal blade (oldest blades) and decreased going upward generally to the fourth or fifth blade. The gradient was essentially the same as was that for Ca.

Metal ratios as an index of plant species differences on uptake characteristics of different trace metals

Abstract Six plant species were grown in a flat of Yolo loam soil (fine‐silty, mixed, thermic Typic Xerorthents) which had been uniformly blended with 133 Cu, 50 Co, 100 Cd, 67 Ni, 13 Li and 133 Zn as μg/g soil. The trace metals stopped new growth of bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Improved Tender‐green), inhibited growth of corn (Zea mays L. Golden Cross), but did not inhibit growth of mint (Mentha viridis), barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Atlas), or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Mineral analyses were made of leaves on shoots of the plants and from the data, ratios of various elements were calculated for each species by a computer program. Ratios of element pairs for different plant species and ratios of one species to another for given elements indicated common relationships among Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and Cd.

Multicomponent Cation Adsorption During Convective‐Dispersive Flow Through Soils: Experimental Study

AbstractThe adsorption of Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ from aqueous solutions flowing through soil was examined under different total cation concentrations and input pulse volumes. The pulses of Na+ and Mg2+, which were introduced into a Ca2+‐saturated Yolo loam soil column, appeared separately in the effluent. The degree of separation decreased with total concentration, but was not affected significantly by the pulse volume. At constant total concentration, the initial appearance of the Na+ pulse in the effluent was not affected by input volume; the appearance of the Mg2+ pulse was delayed with increasing pulse volume. The experimental results were compared to theoretical calculations based on a single component linear equilibrium model. At a low loading (a small amount of adsorbate with respect to a large amount of adsorbent), the agreement of the theoretical model and the experimental results was satisfactory. However, when the loading was increased, the discrepancy between the calculated values and the experimental results increased.

Excess trace metal effects on cotton: 2. Copper, zinc, cobalt and manganese in Yolo loam soil

Abstract Two cultivars of cotton (Gossypium spp.) were grown in Yolo loam soil (soil pH about 6) in pots in a glasshouse to determine phytotoxic effects of excesses of Cu, Zn, Co, and Mn. Leaf yields of cv. Acala SJ‐2 were depressed 35% by 400 μg Cu/g soil, 54% by 400 μg Zn/g soil, 98% by 400 μg Co/g soil, and 84% by 2000 μg Mn/g soil. Leaf metal concentrations at these application levels in μg/g leaf were 12.0 Cu, 520 Zn, 243 Co, and 14780 Ma, respectively. Plants were tolerant of in / dry leaves of 10 Cu, 157 Zn and 444 Mn. The concentration for Co could not be ascertained. Leaf yields of cv. Giza 70 were depressed 53% by 400 μg Cu/g soil, 25% by 400 μg Zn/g soil, 92% by 400 μg Co/g soil and 90% by 2000 μg Mn/g soil. This cv. was more tolerant of Zn than Acala SJ‐2. Leaf metal concentrations at these application levels in μg/g leaf were 11.8 Cu, 312 Zn, 224 Co, and 18300 Mn respectively. Gradients of these four elements existed from leaves to stems. Many interactions with other elements were observed.

Excess trace metal effects on cotton: 4. Chromium and lithium in Yolo loam soil

Abstract Two cultivars of cotton (Gossypium spp) were grown in Yolo loam soil in a glasshouse to determine phytotoxicity effects of Cr and Li and possible interactions with other metals. The Cr at 100 μg/g soil had no adverse effects on either cultivar studied. A Cr increase was not observed in either stems or leaves. Both cultivars tolerated 25 and 50 μg Li/g soil. The 50 μg Li/g soil resulted in leaves of Acala SJ‐2 with 432 μg Li/g leaves and 720 in Giza 45. The 100 μg Li/g soil resulted in 74% and 87% leaf yield reductions in Acala SJ‐2 and Giza 45 respectively. Leaf concentrations of Li respectively were 1950 and 1850 μg/g. Except at the highest level of Li, leaves had higher concentrations of Li than did roots. The Cr and Li resulted in some plant metal interactions.

Excess trace metal effects on cotton: 6. Nickel and cadmium in yolo loam soil

Abstract Two cultivars of cotton (Gossypium spp.) were grown in Yolo loam soil in a glasshouse to determine phytotoxicity effects of excesses of Ni and Cd. A 200 μg/g level of Ni in soil reduced yield by 60% in Acala SJ‐2 and by 83% in Giza 45. The leaf Ni concentrations, respectively, were 146 and 165 μg/g‐ The 300 μg/g level of Cd decreased leaf yields by 60% and 75% for the two cultivars, respectively. Leaf concentrations of Cd, respectively, were 43 and 63 μg/g. There was a stem to leaf gradient of Cd for all cases. High Cd did not depress Mn concentrations in plants . as in other species but there were many mineral element interactions.

Synergistic trace metal effects in plants

Abstract An experiment was conducted in Yolo loam soil with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) with single and combination treatments of moderately high levels of Cd, Li, Cu, and Ni to test whether or not effects could be additive or synergistic. Copper and Ni together were more toxic than either alone. Copper, Ni, and Cd were more toxic together than any one alone. These effects were probably additive and may be related to a 0.2 pH change caused by Cu which increased uptake of Ni and Mn. Synergistic effects were observed in the Cd and Ni concentrations, especially in the stems of the plants. Because of these interactions, the effects were then tested in solution culture. In solution culture with bush beans Cu and Ni when applied together had synergistic effects on plant concentrations of P, Zn, and Fe (all were decreased) and on the Ni concentration in roots. Also, in solution culture with (2.5 × 10‐5 M) Zn, Cu, and Cd added singly, in pairs, and together, Zn and Cu additively d...

Some Interactions in Plants Among Cadmium, Other Heavy Metals, and Chelating Agents1

AbstractFour experiments were conducted under glasshouse conditions with either soil or solution culture to evaluate interactions of Cd among other mineral elements in plants when yields are decreased by Cd as can happen under conditions of contamination. Chelating agents were included in the study because of their uses in plant nutrition and because they are known to increase uptake and translocation differentially of trace metals. Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. ‘Improved Tendergreen’) were grown with 10−6, 10−5 and 10−4M Cd in solution culture. Vegetative yields were depressed in the presence of Cd; 10−4M produced the greatest reduction (61%). The Cd concentration in plants was roots > stems < leaves. All levels of applied Cd significantly depressed the Mn concentration in leaves, stems, and roots. This, was the most prominent interaction. In a test with Yolo loam soil (Typic Xerorthents, fine‐loamy, mixed, slightly acid, thermic) with bush beans, Cd was applied at 0, 50, and 100 μg Cd/g soil as CdSo4. Each level was interacted with either NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) (100 μ/g soil) as Na salts. Yields were depressed substantially by 50 μ Cd/g soil only when chelating agents were also applied (36% for NTA and 48% for EDTA). The 100 μ Cd/g soil decreased yields only slightly without chelating agents (28%). Cadmium significantly decreased Mn and Cu concentrations in leaves and overcame much of the tendency of the chelating agents to increase concentrations of Mn, Cu, and Fe in plants. Zinc was decreased only on the per plant basis with the highest applied level of Cd with chelating agents. The Cd decreased the Ca and Mn concentrations in leaves of bush beans. Cadmium levels in the plants were increased by EDTA from 6 to 423 μ/g dry weight at the high Cd level. In another experiment with the same soil, diethylenetriamine pentaacetate acid (DTPA) (100 μ/g soil) increased uptake of Cd to 35 μ/g dry weight in bush beans. The interactions were similar to those with the other chelating agents. A leaf concentration of 15 μ Cd/g (dry weight basis) decreased yields of bush beans. With corn (Zea mays L. var. ‘Golden Bantam’) grown also in the same soil, the addition of 5% CaCO3 decreased yield reduction due to Cd by decreasing its uptake (by 64% for 200 μ Cd/g soll and 76% for 400 μ). A concentration of 219 μ Cd/g in corn shoots decreased yields. Caution in the use of metal chelates is indicated when soils contain significant levels of available Cd.

Phytotoxicity and some interactions of the essential trace metals iron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, copper, and boron

Abstract The essential trace elements Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B in high concentrations can produce phytotoxicities. Iron toxicity resulted from 5 × 10‐4 M and 10‐3 M FeSO4, but not from equivalent amounts of FeEDDHA (ferric ethylenediamine di (o‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid) ). Leaf concentrations in bush beans of 465 μg Mn/g, 291 μg B/g, and 321 μg Zn/g all on the dry weight basis resulted in 27%, 45%, and 34% reduction in yields of leaves, respectively. Zinc was concentrated in roots while Mn and B concentrated in leaves. Solution concentrations of MnS04 of 10‐3 and 10‐2 M depressed leaf yields of bush beans by 63% and 83%, respectively, with 5140 and 10780 μg Mn/g dry weight of leaves. Copper concentrations were simultaneously increased and those of Ca were decreased. Bush bean plants grown in Yolo loam soil with 200 μg Cu/g soil had a depression in leaf yield of 26% (with 28. 8 μg Cu/g leaf); plants failed to grow with 500 μg Cu/g soil. A level of 10‐3 M H2MoO4 was toxic to bush beans grown in solution cultur...

Trace metals in two garden products derived from sewage sludge

Abstract Yields were decreased in soybean (Glycine max L. C.V. Hawkeye), mint (Mentha viridis L. ), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. C.V. Atlas 57) when grown in 50% Yolo loam soil and 50% of either of two commercial garden sewage sludge products. The trace elements Zn, Cu, Mn, and B were elevated in plants grown with the high‐level amendments. No Cd and little Ni were detected in shoots.

Effect of chelating agents on phytotoxicity of lead and lead transport

Abstract The major purpose of these experiments was to determine if Pb uptake by plants was significantly increased by chelating agents used in plant nutrition. The interaction of Pb with some other elements in barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. C.V. Atlas 57) and bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) was studied in a glasshouse with different rates of Pb in solution culture and in amended (control, S, CaCO3, MgCO3) Yolo loam soil with and without the chelating agent DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid). In a solution culture experiment, 10‐3 M Pb significantly decreased bush bean yields in both control and DTPA treatments. The CaCO3 added to nutrient solution decreased the concentration of Pb in leaves, stems, and roots and prevented the toxicity of 10‐3 M Pb++. At high Pb levels, interactions between Pb and Mn and Pb and Fe were observed, except with CaCO3. In the soil experiment, the yields of barley and bush bean were influenced only slightly by Pb. The Pb concentration in ...

Frequency distribution of several trace metals in 72 corn plants grown together in contaminated soil in a glasshouse

Abstract A 9‐kg quantity of Yolo loam soil was contaminated in sequence with (In μg/g soil) 100 Cd, 100 Zn, 100 Co, 12.5 Li, and 100 Ni. Corn (Zea mays L. C. V. Golden Cross N. C. ) was grown together in the soil for 22 days from seed. Seventy‐two harvested plants were assayed separately. Several different trace metals were tested for normal and loge frequency distribution patterns. Some followed loge normal distribution more closely than a normal distribution as indicated by kurtosis values. Two followed normal distribution more closely than loge normal distribution. Some negative skewness was observed with the loge normal distribution, but only that for Co was significant. The yields of the plants were significantly and negatively correlated with the concentrations of Ni, Co, Cu, and Cd in shoots. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that it was reasonably Possible to determine which of the trace metals of the mixture caused phytotoxicity. Some pairs of trace metals were highly and positively correlat...

Nickel phytotoxicity in relationship to soil ph manipulation and chelating agents

Abstract The main objective of this study was to ascertain effects of some edaphic factors on the uptake and influence of Ni on plant growth sinee Ni is a common trace element contaminant as well as an important component of serpentine soils. Corn (Zea mays L. inbred Ys1/Ys1) was rown in Yolo loam soil amended to give soil pH values of 4.2, 5.6, 7.5, and 8.2. A level of 100 μg Ni/g soil was not toxic to the corn. Shoot concentrations of Ni increased as soil pH decreased for both application rates of Ni. A level of 250 μg Ni/g soil decreased yields more at soil pH below 7 than above 7. Iron, Zn, and Mn levels in shoots did not appear to be directly related to the Ni applications although Fe levels tended to increase as a result of smaller plant size. PI54619–5–1 soybeans (Glycine max L. ) were grown in soil at two different pH values (with and without CaCO3) and with and without a level of 1000 μg Ni/g added as the sulfate and thoroughly mixed with the soil and equilibrated for 1 month prior to transplanti...

Lithium toxicity in plants

Abstract The toxicity of Li to three plant species was studied to determine if there were interactions with other elements and to determine if a chelating agent modified Li toxicity. Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgarls L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen), grown in solution culture, were sensitive to 0.5 X10‐3Li which resulted in 10 μg/g in leaves, 48 in stems, and 24 in roots. Higher concentrations of Li produced marked reductions in plant yield accompanied by increased Li concentrations in leaf, stem, and root tissues. For most treatments, root concentrations of Li were lower than those in shoots, but those in stems were higher than those in leaves. Higher levels of Li decreased Zn in leaves, increased Ca in stems, and generally increased Fe and Mn in all plant tissues. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) resulted in slightly increased Ii levels in leaves, stems, and roots. Bush bean plants were injured slightly with 25 μg Li/g of Yolo loam soil applied as LiCl; 50 μg Li/g soil caused more severe injury. Leaf c...

Comparison of the effects of high levels of DTPA and EDDHA on microelement uptake in bush beans

Abstract Bush beans (Phascolus vulgaris L. var Improved Tendergreen) were grown for 21 days in noncalcareous Yolo loam soil with 0, 500, and 1000 ppm of DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) and also of EDDHA (ethylenediamine di(o‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid)) applied as the Na salts. The objective was to learn more of DTPA‐increased uptake of some heavy metals. The high levels of both agents tended to depress yields and result in leaf symptoms of excesses of metals. Both agents resulted in large increases of Fe in shoots. DTPA resulted in much larger increases in Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, Ni and Pb than did EDDHA. For Cu, Co, and Ni the proportional increases with DTPA were greater than that for Fe. Aluminum was increased more by EDDHA than by DTPA while Mo was increased almost equally by the two chelating agents. Chromium was increased slightly by each agent, but V was unaffected. Leaf/stem ratios were increased by DTPA for Co and Ni and to a lesser extent for Fe and Zn indicating some transport through the pl...

Behavior of iron‐inefficient plants when grown in combinations of calcareous and noncalcareous soils

Abstract When Fe‐inefficient plants were grown in mixtures of calcareous Hacienda loam soil and noncalcareous Yolo loam soil compared with plants grown in unmixed soils, characteristics and composition of the plants including Fe deficiency were generally intermediate to those with either soil alone. Noncalcareous soil adjacent to calcareous soil allowed PI 54619–5–1 soybeans (Glycine max L.) to obtain sufficient Fe.

Pore and Eroding Fluid Influences on Surface Erosion on Soil

Hydraulic erosion studies were carried out with a modified rotating-cylinder apparatus on saturated Yolo loam soil at different pore fluid compositions. The critical shear stress, required to initate erosion has been shown to be controlled by the structure of the soil as influenced by the pore fluid composition. The critical shear stress, has also been shown to be dependent on the composition of the eroding fluid. The structure of the soil and the osmotic influences caused by the differences in the electrolyte concentration of the pore and eroding fluids are considered to explain the mechanism of surface erosion.

Soil pH, Excess Lime, and Chelating Agent on Micronutrients in Soybeans and Bush Beans1

Abstract‘Hawkeye’ (Fe‐chlorosis resistant) and ‘PI54619‐5‐I’ (Fechlorosis sensitive) soybeans (Glycine max L.) were grown with and without DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetate) in Yolo loam soil which had been amended (S or CaCO3) to give different soil pH values and to simulate high carbonate conditions in soil. The purpose was to study heavy metal relationships with the soil amendments including a synthetic chelating agent. Sulfur decreased yields, but CaCO3 did not. Sulfur consistently increased leaf concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, and Ni, but decreased leaf concentration of Mo. Manganese toxicity was evident when soil had been acidified with S. CaCO3 (pH 7.5) increased leaf concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Mo. PI54619‐5‐1 soybeans tended to contain lower levels of metals than did Hawkeye. DTPA, particularly at 50 ppm in soil, increased leaf concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, and Mo. It increased Ti in leaves for the PI54619‐5‐1 soybeans only. DTPA increased the concentration ratio of leaves to stems for Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, and Mo. The effect was most pronounced for Ni. However, S increased the micronutrient concentrations in both leaves and stems. In bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. ‘Improved tendergreen’) DTPA at soil pH 6 increased the leaf‐stem ratio of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Ni, but to a lesser extent than in soybeans.

SODIUM RELATIONS IN DESERT PLANTS

ABSTRACTAtriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. ssp. canescens (Calligonum c. Pursh.) and Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) Wats. (Obione p. Torr.) plants were grown in Yolo loam soil in a glasshouse with different levels of sodium salts. Both species tolerated concentrations of salt equivalent to seawater, using

Cation-exchange equilibria on a Yolo loam

An experimental study was made of several cation-exchange reactions on a Yolo loam soil by means of a leaching procedure. Adsorption isotherms for the K-Na, K-Mg, K-Ca, and Mg-Ca ion pairs were obtained. An application of thermodynamic equations was used to find the equilibrium constants and free-energy changes for the reactions. Activity coefficients of the adsorbed ions were also calculated. A comparison of various selectivity coefficients was included.