Yoga Group Research Articles

The effect of yoga and zumba exercises in increasing VO2 max

Background: Someone with a healthy and fit body is likely to be able to do a high level of physical activity. Physical exercise can improve physical fitness and has an important element, cardiorespiratory endurance. One way to measure cardiorespiratory endurance is by measuring the maximum volume of oxygen consumption, called VO2 max.
 Methods: This type of research uses a quasi-experimental type, namely two pre-and post-test design research groups. The type of quasi-experimental research design uses two groups of subjects, namely group A, who are given yoga exercises, and group B, who are given zumba exercises, with a total of 30 respondents. The cardiorespiratory endurance was measured with the beep test.
 Results: Based on the paired sample t-test, the San Zumba yoga group had a result of p<0.05. Whereas in the independent sample T-Test test, the results of p<0.05, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the increase in the yoga and zumba groups.
 Conclusion: There are differences in the effect of giving yoga and zumba exercises on increasing VO2 max values.

The impact of yoga on stress, metabolic parameters, and cognition of Indian adolescents: A cluster randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThis project aimed to assess the impact of yoga on stress, metabolic parameters and cognition (attention & concentration) in adolescents, aged 13–15 years from public and private schools in two cities (Chennai and New Delhi) in India. MethodsThe study recruited 2000 adolescents from 24 schools in a cluster randomized controlled trial design. The yoga group participants underwent 17 yoga sessions, which included: pranayama, basic asanas, meditation and relaxation exercises. Yoga sessions, were held in the school premises once a week. A total of five awareness talks on healthy lifestyle were delivered once a month to the education group. ADOlescence Stress Scale (ADOSS), salivary cortisol, metabolic and clinical parameters and Letter Cancellation Test (LCT) score were measured at baseline and post-intervention (5–6 months). ResultsThe yoga group showed statistically significant differences in the mean ADOSS score, metabolic parameters, salivary cortisol, and LCT scores compared to the education group. In the intention- to- treat analysis, a significant reduction [5.11, 95% CI (4.78, 5.36), p = 0.001] in ADOSS score was seen in the yoga group compared to education. ConclusionImplementation of a 17-week standardized yoga program at the school level significantly decreased stress, improved attention and concentration, metabolic and clinical parameters in Indian adolescents. Trial registrationThis trial was registered at Clinical Trials Registry, India (CTRI/2017/08/009203).

Examination of Yoga on Heart Rate Variability and Mindfulness Levels

The aim of the study is to examine the effect of yoga practices on heart rate variability and mindfulness levels. A total of 52 women who did and didn’t do yoga (Mean age= 30.25±5.58) voluntarily participated in the study. Heart rate variability was measured using the HeartMath brand emWave Pro+. Using the Emwave Pro device, the resting heart rate variability measurements were taken for 5 minutes in the sitting position. For this study, SDNN, RMSSD, MeanHR, LF/HF, and coherence parameters were evaluated. The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) was used to determine the mindfulness levels of the participants. According to the findings, a statistically significant difference was found in favor of the yoga group in the levels of SDNN (p>.005), meanHR (p>.020), and awareness (p>.041)”. There is no significant difference in RMSSD (P =.050), LF/HF (P <.232), and Coherence (P <.718) parameters. As a result, yoga practices increase HRV. It is also an application that helps women to improve their mindfulness level.

A randomized controlled trial on the effects and acceptability of individual mindfulness techniques – meditation and yoga – on anxiety and depression in people with Parkinson’s disease: a study protocol

BackgroundBetween 40 and 50% of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) experience anxiety and depression, associated with impaired physical function, high care dependency and mortality. Recently, the United States National Institutes of Health has urged the implementation of mindfulness practices in chronic illness care. Most research to date has examined the effects on chronically ill patients of complex interventions using a combination of mindfulness techniques. In PD patients, however, such complex modalities appear to hinder the technique mastery. Hence, the aim of this trial is to investigate the effects and underlying mechanism of individual mindfulness techniques among PD patients, as well as exploring participants’ experience in using individual mindfulness techniques as a lifestyle intervention for stress and symptom management.MethodsWe will conduct an assessor-blind three-arm randomized waitlist-controlled trial with a descriptive qualitative evaluation. Up to 168 PD patients will be recruited from community settings and out-patient clinics, and randomized to meditation, yoga, or usual care group. Meditation and yoga sessions of 90-minute are held weekly for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes include anxiety and depression. Secondary outcomes include PD-related motor and non-motor symptoms and quality-of-life; and level of mindfulness and biomarkers of stress and inflammatory responses will be measured as mediating variables. All outcome evaluations will be assessed at baseline, 8 weeks, and 24 weeks. Following the intention-to-treat principle, generalized estimating equation models and path analysis will be used to identify the treatment effects and the mediating mechanisms. A subsample of 30 participants from each intervention group will be invited for qualitative interviews.DiscussionThe study would also generate important insights to enhance the patients’ adaptation to debilitating disease. More specifically, symptom management and stress adaptation are highly prioritized healthcare agenda in managing PD. The research evidence will further inform the development of community-based, nurse-led compassionate care models for neurodegenerative conditions, which is complementary to existing health services.Trial registrationWHO Primary Registry – Chinese Clinical Trials Registry number: ChiCTR2100045939; registered on 2021/04/29 (https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=125878).

Effectiveness of Jacobson’s Relaxation Technique and Yoga in Insomnia among Shift Working Nurses

Background: Nurses are one of the main professions in the hospital to recover patients from their abnormal health conditions. The activity of nurses is intimately connected to shift work. Daily shift work results in increased workload and mental stress, which leads to sleep disorder and delayed adaptation for young nurses to shift work, this may cause the nurse’s difficulty falling asleep or insomnia. There is compelling evidence that shift work has a negative impact on sleep, alertness, and exhaustion, which may contribute to mental health issues and sleep issues. Aim: This study aims to find the effectiveness of Jacobson’s relaxation technique and yoga in insomnia among shift nurses. Methodology: In phase 1: The survey was conducted among 100 nurses through Google forms using ISI questionnaires. They were chosen with the help of the convenience sampling technique. Among 100 responded participants, 54% were diagnosed to have insomnia based on the total score range. 20% of selected nurses disagreed to participate in the experimental study (phase 2). Ultimately, 30 nurses were chosen to take part in the experimental trial based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of phase 2. The participants in the study who had sleeplessness received two therapies. 30 selected nurses were randomly allocated into two groups, 15 in each group. One group was given yoga (Group Y) and another group was given Jacobson’s relaxation technique (Group J). It was given for a time period of 4 days per week for a duration of one month. Results: A statistically significant difference between Group Y (Yoga) and Group J (Jacobson's relaxation technique) was found by statistical analysis of the statistical data. In comparison to Group J, Group Y had lower PSQI values. As a result, group Y and group J differ statistically significantly from one another. Conclusion: It has been concluded that both yoga and Jacobson’s relaxation technique were more effective in improving sleep in nurses with insomnia, among them yoga is more effective than Jacobson’s relaxation technique.

626-P: Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT) Improves Cerebrovascular Functions and Prefrontal Hemodynamic Activities Related to Cognition in Type 2 Diabetes

The present study aimed to assess the integrated approach of yoga therapy (IAYT) effect on cerebrovascular reactivity in middle cerebral artery (MCA), prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxygenation and cognitive functions in patients with T2DM. Method: 75 patients were randomized to the IAYT group [n=38; 07 female; mean age 52.95 (8.20) years] and the waitlist control group [n=37; 06female; mean age (SD) 49.62 (10.94) years]. The cerebral blood flow and prefrontal hemodynamic activities were assessed using transcranial doppler and functional near-infrared spectroscopy, respectively, during resting and cognitive performance. IAYT group participants received 3 months of intervention and assessments were done at baseline (0-week), mid (after 6-week), and post (after 12-week). Results: After a 12-week intervention, participants of the yoga group showed improved accuracy and reaction time in a 2-back condition of the working memory task, and the scores of the Corsi Block Tapping task. Further, cerebrovascular changes were observed in the middle cerebral artery, which showed increased peak systolic velocity, mean blood flow velocity, end-diastolic velocity, and breath-holding index after 12-week yoga practice. The oxygenation was also higher at dorsolateral, dorsomedial, and ventromedial and orbitofrontal PFC in the 12th week of the yoga practitioners group compared to the control group. Moreover, during 2-back working memory task, yoga group participants demonstrated increased oxygenation at dorsolateral PFC compared to pre and higher oxygenation at dorsolateral, ventrolateral, ventromedial and orbitofrontal PFC compared to control group. Conclusion: The results suggest that IAYT practice may improve cognitive functions by improving cerebral blood flow through the middle cerebral artery and hemodynamic activities in the prefrontal regions in patients with T2DM. Disclosure D.Singh: None. C.Kaligal: None. V.M: None. A.Kanthi: None. Funding Ministry of Ayush, Government of India (Z.280152092015-HPC(EMR)-AYUSH)

YOGIC EXERCISE- ITS EFFECT ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND DEPRESSION SCORE IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Objective: To study the effect of yoga on blood pressure and Beck's depression inventory score in myocardial infarction cases Design and method: Our study was conducted on 200 patients randomized into test group (n = 100) who were subjected to conventional treatment and yoga and control group (n = 100) who were subjected to conventional treatment. The study was conducted on patients diagnosed as myocardial infarction having age >18 years and patient's consent. Patients with hemodynamic instability, heart failure, past yoga, arrhythmia, pacemaker, autonomic neuropathy and musculoskeletal disease were excluded. Initially, assessment of clinical & biochemical parameters were performed. Blood pressure was noted and Beck's depression score was calculated by filling a questionnaire. Yoga was taught to the test group on 4th day after MI and were encouraged to perform 10 minutes of pranayam, shavasan and transcendental meditation each . Follow up after 18 weeks for assessment of blood pressure & depression score was done. The study was conducted for 2 years. Results: After 18 weeks of intervention, among the yoga group a significant improvement (p = 0.001)was seen for systolic BP(2.09%) & diastolic BP (2.09%) . A significant improvement was seen among the control (p = 0.001) for systolic (2.06%) and diastolic BP (1.48%). A significant improvement was noted for Beck's depression inventory score (p = 0.001) among the yoga(19.76%) as well as control group (11.52%). A statistically significant decrease in control group was seen for systolic blood pressure when compared to the yoga group (p = 0.01) after 18 weeks. A decrease was seen for diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.44) and Beck's depression inventory score (p = 0.304) among yoga group in comparison to control group that was statistically insignificant. Conclusions: It was concluded from study that a significant decrease in systolic & diastolic BP and Beck's depression score was found when intragroup comparison was done. A significant decrease was seen among controls for systolic BP and statistically insignificant decrease was seen for diastolic BP and Beck's Depression score among yoga group after 6 weeks. Therefore, large multicenter trials with more sample size is needed to ascertain the effect of yoga on blood pressure and depression score.

EFFECT OF YOGA ON RISK FACTORS IN POST MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION CASES

Objective: To study the effect of yoga on risk factors and Beck's Depression Inventory score after myocardial infarction Design and method: Our study that comprised of 300 patients were randomized into test group (n = 150) who were subjected to conventional treatment and yoga and control group (n = 150) subjected to conventional treatment only. The study included patients diagnosed as myocardial infarction above 18 years with their consent to participate. Patients with hemodynamic instability, heart failure, pregnancy, prior yoga practice, arrhythmia, cardiac pacemaker, autonomic neuropathy and musculoskeletal disease were excluded. Initially, assessment of clinical & biochemical parameters and routine investigations were performed. Beck's depression score was calculated. Yoga was started on 4th day after MI (test group) and there were sessions of 10 minutes of pranayam, 15 minutes of shavasan and 15 minutes of transcendental meditation. The patients were followed after 24 weeks for assessment of clinical & biochemical parameters. Carotid doppler & depression score was evaluated. Results: After 24 weeks of intervention, a significant improvement was noted among yoga group in comparison to control group for BMI (p = 0.04), heart rate (p = 0.01), systolic & diastolic blood pressure (p<0.05), fasting & post prandial blood sugar (p<0.05), HbA1c (p = 0.03), Beck's depression score (p = 0.001) and lipid profile (p<0.05). In contrast, no improvement was seen for carotid intima media thickness. Conclusions: On the basis of the study, it was concluded that conventional therapy with yoga has a positive impact on risk factors of MI and psychosocial stress including blood pressure. Therefore, yoga can be recommended to reduce morbidity and mortality after MI. Large trials with more number of cases and long term follow up are needed so that yoga as an intervention, can be added for secondary prevention and rehabilitation in myocardial infarction cases.

Yoga, aerobic and stretching exercise effects on neurocognition: Randomized controlled trial protocol

As the global population ages, the prevalence of cognitive decline and dementia is expected to rise, creating a significant health and economic burden. The purpose of this trial is to rigorously test, for the first time, the efficacy of yoga training as a physical activity intervention to mitigate age-related cognitive decline and impairment. We are conducting a 6-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) of exercise among 168 middle aged and older adults to compare the efficacy of yoga vs. aerobic exercise on cognitive function, brain structure and function, cardiorespiratory fitness, and circulating inflammatory and molecular markers. Using a single-blind, three arm RCT, 168 older adults ages 55-79 will be assigned to either: a Hatha yoga group, an aerobic exercise group or a stretching-toning active control group. Participants will engage in hour long group exercise 3x/week for 6-months. A comprehensive neurocognitive test battery, brain imaging, cardiovascular fitness test, and a blood draw will take place at baseline; end of the 6-month intervention, and at 12-month follow-up. Our primary outcomes of interest are brain regions, such as hippocampal volume and prefrontal cortex, and cognitive functions, such as episodic memory, working memory and executive functions, that are typically affected by aging and Alzheimer's disease. Not only will this RCT test whether yoga is a means to mitigate age-related cognitive decline, but it may also offer an alternative to aerobic exercise, which could be particularly appealing to older adults with compromised physical functioning.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04323163

Yoga as secondary prevention and cardiac rehabilitation in myocardial infarction

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction The prevalence of coronary artery disease is racing at a fast pace. The risk factors of myocardial infarction are old age, male sex, previous MI , diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, unhealthy diet , smoking , physical inactivity and psychosocial stress. Interventional and pharmacological approaches are accessible these days for reduction of mortality and morbidity in myocardial infarction. Yoga as a compliment is inexpensive and devoid of side effects which has been shown to reduce body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar & improve physical and mental well being due to relative parasympathetic excess. Many studies performed earlier had small sample size and duration. Therefore, yoga is affordable and can be recommended along with conventional treatment to prevent and improve the outcome in MI cases. Purpose 1. To study the effect of yoga on risk factors following myocardial infarction. 2. To study the effect of yoga on Beck's Depression Inventory score. Methods Our study that comprised of 300 patients were randomized into test group (n=150) who were subjected to conventional treatment and yoga and control group (n=150) subjected to conventional treatment only. The study included patients diagnosed as myocardial infarction above 18 years with their consent to participate. Patients with hemodynamic instability, heart failure, pregnancy, prior yoga practice, arrhythmia ,cardiac pacemaker, autonomic neuropathy and musculoskeletal disease were excluded. Initially, assessment of clinical & biochemical parameters and routine investigations were performed. Beck's depression score was calculated. Yoga was started on 4th day after MI (test group) and there were sessions of 10 minutes of pranayam , 15 minutes of shavasan and 15 minutes of transcendental meditation. The patients were followed after 24 weeks for assessment of clinical & biochemical parameters. Carotid doppler & depression score was evaluated. The primary outcome included change in risk factors from baseline to the end of study period and secondary outcome was change in Beck's Depression score. Results After 24 weeks of intervention, a significant improvement was noted among yoga group in comparison to control group for BMI (p=0.04), heart rate (p=0.01), systolic & diastolic blood pressure (p<0.05), fasting & post prandial blood sugar (p<0.05), HbA1c (p=0.03), Beck's depression score (p=0.001) and lipid profile (p<0.05).In contrast, no improvement was seen for carotid intima media thickness. Conclusion On the basis of the study, it was concluded that conventional therapy with yoga has a positive impact on risk factors of MI and psychosocial stress. Therefore, yoga can be recommended to reduce morbidity and mortality after MI. Large trials with more number of cases and long term follow up are needed so that yoga as an intervention, can be added for secondary prevention and rehabilitation in myocardial infarction cases.

Impact of Yoga Intervention in Lower Limb Amputees following Trauma in Relation to Behavior and Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Yoga is an emerging intervention causing improvement in physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. Its role in improving outcomes in patients with amputation was investigated. Patients with traumatic lower limb amputation (n = 50) were enrolled and randomized to the Yoga group (n = 26) against control (n = 24). Sociodemographic details, quality of life (QOL) (World Health Organization QOL-BREF), Depression anxiety stress scale (DASS), Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and amputee body image score were applied at baseline, 6,-18 weeks of amputation. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were comparable between groups. At 18 weeks, the Yoga group had better QOL (P = 0.005) than the control group. Symptoms of depression (0.02) and anxiety (<0.001) reduced, and self-image (P = 0.015) improved significantly at 6 weeks, while stress (P = 0.003) reduced at 18 weeks in the yoga group. Despite comparable body image scores, the prosthesis usage (hours/day) was more (P = 0.005) in the Yoga (6.9 ± 3.2) group against the control (12 ± 2.7). Yoga improves QOL and self-esteem and reduces depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in patients with traumatic amputation.

Effect of yoga on intra-ocular pressure in patients with glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world, with an estimated 57.5 million people suffering from glaucoma globally. Treatment of glaucoma focuses on lowering intra-ocular pressure to prevent progression of visual field defects, which is the only proven method for treating this disease. Yoga practices are believed to lower intra-ocular pressure in the eyes and prevent further damage in patients with glaucoma. Therefore, this systematic review was planned to explore the available scientific studies on yoga and intra-ocular pressure in glaucoma patients. PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were the basis for the investigation of the literature. The Jadad Scale was used to assess the quality of included clinical trials, and the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess the quality of included case studies. Based on the quality assessment and eligibility, six studies on yoga and intra-ocular pressure in glaucoma patients carried out between 2007 and 2021 were included in the final review. The results showed a reduction in intra-ocular pressure in patients with glaucoma through Jyoti-trataka (gazing steadily on a point or candle flame) and some other slow yogic breathing techniques, whereas studies on inversion Asanas (yoga postures) showed a rapid increase in intra-ocular pressure soon after starting. The three high-quality RCTs included in the meta-analysis showed a greater improvement in intra-ocular pressure in the yoga groups in both eyes than in the control groups; however, there were some limitations related to a small sample size, study quality, a long-term follow-up period, and variations in the yoga practices. Therefore, further studies with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up are needed to overcome the limitations for a better understanding.

Exploring the Effect of Yoga on Exercise Endurance As Assessed by Cardiorespiratory Efficiency Tests in Exercise Physiology Laboratory: A Pilot Study.

Background Today's world of cut-throat competition is boggling with stress as the most common problem among the modern generation, and reduction in stress demands a radical solution. Yoga comes as a rescuer that focuses on improving one's physical and spiritual well-being. It can increase one's strength and flexibility. Yoga practitioners have asserted the effect of physical exercise involved in it on balancing physical and spiritual health for decades, but only recently has there been a move to substantiate these claims through research. This study aimed at assessing the effect of yogic practice on exercise endurance and physical fitness as assessed by important physical fitness parameters through cardiorespiratory efficiency tests in an Exercise Physiology Laboratory. Methodology A total of 60 Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) studentsfrom a rural medical college in central India were recruited for the study.Thirty MBBS students who had undergone yogic training for six months comprised the trained or the case group, and another group of 30 students comprising the untrained group were recruited for the study from different levels of the course within the age group of 17-25 years. Body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA) were calculated. Resting pulse rate and blood pressure, resting respiratory rate, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), physical fitness index (PFI), breath holding time (BHT), and 40 mm Hg endurance test time was measured. Results The mean PFI (%) in males was 88.82±5.56 and 96.05±7.44, and that in females was 82.06±8.95 and 96.55±6.47 in the control and case groups, respectively. The mean 40 mm Hg endurance test (in seconds) in males was 36.47±8.45 and 48.88±8.64 and in females was 29.79±10.30 and 38.4±10.69 in the control and test groups, respectively. The mean BHT (in seconds) in males was 44.80±14.18 and 58.91±12.35, and that in females was 42.29±15.37 and 54.60±13.36 as in controland case groups, respectively. The VO2max evaluated by the modified Harvard step test was 2.41±0.58 L/min in control males and 3.6±0.90 L/min in the case group of males, and it was 2.14±0.49 L/min in the control group of females, and 3.76±0.69 L/min in case group of females. Conclusion By studying the dynamics of the various cardiorespiratory responses, we have determined the values of fitness parameters in the case group. It was found that the yoga group had statistically significantly higher VO2 max per minute and better PFI, BHT, and 40 mm Hg endurance values (p<0.05).

A Yoga-based pulmonary rehabilitation for the management of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A Randomized controlled trial

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and health care use. COPD -Chronic obstructive pulmonary Disease (COPD), a common preventable and treatable disease, is characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive and associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways and the lung to the noxious particles or gases. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of Yoga Therapy in the management of dyspnea and fatigue in patients with COPD. Inclusion criteria: 1. Age &gt; 18 years. 2. History, examination and PFT consistent with COPD as per GOLD guidelines. PFT showing: -FEV1/FVC &lt; 0.70 -irreversible bronchial obstructions (&lt;12% and /or &lt;200ml increase in FEV1 or FVC, 20 minutes after the administration of 200μg of inhaled salbutamol). Exclusion criteria: 1. History of acute respiratory tract infection in the past 4 weeks prior to study. 2. History of medication with antibiotics and /or steriods (oral, injection or inhalation) in the previous 4 weeks prior to study. 3. Patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, Neuro -masculo-skeletal deficits, tuberculosis, hepatic or renal diseases. 4. Pregnant and lactating females. 5. History of thyroid disorders, parathyroid disorder and thyroidectomy. Materials and methods: A randomised controlled trial at New Delhi India hospital a Tertiary care unit:Sixty COPD patients (18 to 60years) ,both male and female were recruited. The yoga group received an intervention Yoga module for COPD that included asanas, loosening practices, breathing practices, pranayama, meditation, yogic counseling and lectures 45 min/day, 3days/weeks on alternate days for 12 weeks. Primary and secondary outcomes: Measurements of dyspnea and fatigue on the spirometry, exercise capacity by the 6 min walk test, COPD QUESSIONAIRE, and C –Reactive protein (CRP) for inflammatory response were made before and after the intervention.Results: Statistically significant within group reductions in dyspnea (P &lt;0.001), COPD quessionaire (P &lt;0.001) scores, CRP (P &lt;0.001), and 6 min walk distance (P &lt;0.001) were observed in the yoga group; all except the last were significant compared to controls (P &lt;0.001). Conclusions: Findings indicate that yoga benefits patients with COPD. Yoga can now be included as an adjunct to conventional therapy for pulmonary rehabilitation to most cases of COPD can be prevented by Yoga programs for COPD patients.

Effects of Yoga for Coping with Premenstrual Symptoms in Taiwan-A Cluster Randomized Study.

Home-based yoga practice has not been approved as a method for alleviating premenstrual symptoms in Taiwan. This study was a cluster randomized trial. A total of 128 women self-reporting at least one premenstrual symptom were enrolled in the study, of which there were 65 participants in the experimental group and 63 participants in the control group. Women in the yoga group were provided with a yoga DVD program (30 min) to practice for three menstrual months, at least three times a week. All participants were given the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) form to measure premenstrual symptoms. After the yoga exercise intervention, the yoga group had statistically significantly fewer and/or less severe premenstrual depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and anger/irritability. Other disturbances and the impairment of daily routine, hobbies/social activities, and relationships also occurred significantly less often in the yoga group. The study found that yoga is useful to relieve premenstrual symptoms. Moreover, home-based yoga practice is more pertinent in the pandemic era. The strengths and drawbacks of the study are discussed and further study is recommended.

Effect of yoga-based lifestyle and dietary modification in overweight individuals with sleep apnea: A randomized controlled trial (ELISA)

BackgroundObesity is recognised as an important risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), with obese individuals at a four times higher risk of being diagnosed with the syndrome. Treating obesity with lifestyle modification is associated with a reduction in the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Yoga comprises lifestyle modification that includes asana (postures), pranayama (breathing techniques), dhyana (meditation) and guideline principles for healthy living (Yama and Niyama). There is a scarcity of data to evaluate the effect of yoga on OSA. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Yoga based lifestyle modification on OSA. MethodsConsenting obese patients (BMI >23) diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (AHI>5) on Polysomnography (PSG) were enrolled. Eligible patients were randomized into two groups. The control group received counselling for dietary modification (staple Indian) with regular exercise and the active intervention group received Yoga intervention as treatment (OSA module) in addition to similar dietary modification and regular exercise counselling. Polysomnography (PSG) was conducted at baseline and one year follow-up. All patients were evaluated at baseline, six months, and one year for compliance and anthropometric parameters. Additional assessment with Hamilton scales for depression and anxiety, SF-36, and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index was also conducted. ResultsA total of 37 eligible patients (19 in the control group and 18 in the yoga group) were recruited for the study. The age [45.73 ± 10.71 vs. 46.22 ± 9.39 years, p = 0.88] and gender [15(78.95%) vs. 12(66.67%), p = 0.48 (males)] distribution was similar in both groups. After adjusting for age and gender, the percentage reduction in weight between the two groups did not reach statistical significance at one year. There was no significant difference in mean AHI between the two groups at one year. However, the number of patients with more than 40% AHI reduction [2/19 (10.52%) vs 8/18 (44.44%), p = 0.02] was significantly higher in the yoga group. Additionally, within the groups, the mean AHI at one year was significantly reduced in the yoga group [51.2 ± 28.0 to 36.8 ± 21.0/hour, p = 0.003], while no significant change was found in the control group [47.2 ± 23 to 38.8 ± 19.9/hour, p = 0.08]. ConclusionsLifestyle alteration using Yoga intervention and modification of staple Indian diet may be effective in reducing OSA severity among obese patients. CTRI numberCTRI/2017/05/008462.

The effectiveness of the application of self-hypnosis and prenatal gentle yoga on emesis gravidarum in the first-trimester pregnant women

Background: Emesis gravidarum is an inconvenience that often occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy. Continuous emission of gravidarum can be bad for the health of pregnant women and the fetus is conceived, so it must be overcome as early as possible, one of which can use non-pharmacological therapy, namely applying self-hypnosis and prenatal gentle yoga to reduce emissions of gravidarum can make pregnant women relax. This study aimed to analyze the application of self-hypnosis with Prenatal Gentle Yoga on emissions of gravidarum in first-trimester pregnant women. Methods: The design of this study used a Quasi experimental design with a Two group pretest-posttest design without control using purposive sampling. This research was conducted on first-trimester pregnant women who experienced the emission of gravidarum in the PMB Nanik Sidoarjo of ​​32 pregnant women in the first trimester. The self-hypnosis was carried out every day for approximately 15-30 minutes for 1 week, while prenatal yoga was carried out 3 times a week for 30 minutes. Data collection on the intensity of nausea and vomiting used the Pregnancy Unique Quantification of Emesis and Nausea (PUQE)-24 scoring system questionnaire. Data analysis used an independent T-Test test. Results: The results of the analysis of this study indicate that the mean difference in the Self Hypnosis treatment group is greater (1.77) than in the Prenatal Gentle Yoga group (1.25), which means that Self Hypnosis is more effective in reducing the intensity of nausea and vomiting in emesis gravidarum versus Prenatal Gentle Yoga. Conclusion: Therapy Self Hypnosis and Prenatal Gentle Yoga can reduce the emission level of gravidarum in first-trimester pregnant women so that it can be used as an alternative therapy that is easy to apply and has minimal side effects by pregnant women who experience gravidarum emissions.

The effect of Hatha Yoga on pain intensity in severe primary dysmenorrhea among students: A randomized controlled trials

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Background&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;: Yoga has been known as an alternative therapeutic modality for reducing pain. The benefits of yoga for reducing pain have been proven. Women often suffer pain due to dysmenorrhea. The effect of Yoga on dysmenorrhea pain has not been widely studied&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Objectives&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;: This study aimed to investigate the effect of hatha yoga on pain in primary dysmenorrhea (PD). &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Methods&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;: This was a randomized controlled study (RCT) involving 50 female students, 25 each in control (C) and yoga group (Y). PD was diagnosed by Working ability, Location, Intensity (Wong-Baker scale), and Days of the Pain of Dysmenorrhea (WaLIDD) questionnaire. Pain intensity was assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Hatha yoga training was conducted for 12 weeks. The unpaired t-test, ANOVA and Tukey post hoc, and Pearson correlation test was applied. Significance was set at p&amp;lt;0.05&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Results&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;: The characteristics between groups were not different. ANOVA indicated the NRS score in control was not changed, while yoga was diminished (p=0.02). Tukey post hoc showed that the second and third NRS were lower than basal NRS (p=0.038 and 0.01, respectively). The third was also lower than the second NRS (p=0.039). The second and the third NRS in yoga were lower than in control (p=0.027 and &amp;lt;0.01, respectively). The second magnitude of change of NRS was significantly different from the first in yoga (&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;1.92 ±2.4 vs. 3.09 ± 2.8, p=0.018). The magnitude of NRS changes in the first (0.06±1.1 vs. 1.92±2.4, p=0.013) and second (0.02 ± 1.6 vs. 3.09 ± 2.8, p= 0.004) in yoga was significantly greater than the control. NRS score was not correlated with age, BMI, and age of menarche.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Conclusions&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;: Hatha yoga exercise ameliorate pain intensity in primary dysmenorrhea among female university students.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Yoga vs Physical Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis: Results of Randomized Controlled Trial and the Training Protocol.

Yoga originated in the territory of modern India more than 3,000 years ago uses techniques for working with the musculoskeletal system, cardiorespiratory system, and attention. Currently, the effectiveness and safety of yoga in patients with various neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), is of interest to many scientists and clinicians. The main aim of this study is to examine the effect of yoga on symptoms and quality of life in patients with MS vs physical therapy (exercise therapy) and no exercise. The patients were randomly assigned to three groups (yoga, physical therapy (PT), or waiting list). After 12 weeks of regular exercises (or the absence of them), the effect of yoga and PT on the functional status and quality of life of patients were evaluated. The data were collected during the patients' two visits to the study center - before the start of the study and at the end of the 12-week period. The in-person examination included a doctor's assessment of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire, the fatigue scale, the Berg balance scale, and the 6-min walking test. A total of 36 patients finished the clinical study: thirty women and six men. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of improvement in MS symptoms as measured by the balance, walking test, and fatigue scales. However, in the analysis of eight criteria of SF-36 quality-of-life questionnaire by the covariation analysis, statistically significant differences were found in favor of the yoga group in terms of physical functioning (PF) (p = .003), life activity (VT) (p < .001), mental health (MH) (p = 013), and social functioning (SF) (p = .028). Thus, regular yoga classes under the guidance of qualified staff are a promising method of non-drug rehabilitation of patients with MS with motor disorders.

Prefrontal oxygenation and working memory in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus following integrated yoga: a randomized controlled trial.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) alters brain functional and structural connectivity leading to cognitive dysfunction. This study examined the effect of a 12-week yoga intervention on prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxygenation and working memory in patients with T2DM. Fifty participants were randomized into yoga and waitlist control groups. The yoga protocol specific to T2DM was followed. The pre- (day 1), mid- (6weeks) and post-intervention (12weeks) assessments included measurement of PFC oxygenation while performing working memory tasks (n-back) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Following a 12-week intervention, the yoga group showed improved performance in working memory [accuracy (geometric mean difference of 3.15%, 95% CI [2.33,3.96], p = 0.001) and reaction time (mean difference of 100.8 milliseconds,95% CI [- 166.6, - 35.1], p = 0.002] in the high task load (2-back) associated with higher oxygenation in dorsolateral PFC (β coefficient mean difference of 95.6, 95% CI [0.23,191], p = 0.049) and ventrolateral PFC (β coefficient mean difference of 53.4, 95% CI [7.8,98.9], p = 0.018) regions. Higher oxygenation in dorsolateral PFC during 2-back task was positively correlated with accuracy (r(23) = 0.65, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with reaction time (r(23) = - 0.47,p = 0.017). Integrated yoga practice may improve working memory performance associated with higher PFC oxygenation in patients with T2DM. As 12weeks of yoga intervention improved working memory performance, the regular practice of yoga may have the potential to prevent decline of cognitive functions in clinical conditions.