Patchouli Oil Yield Research Articles

The Optimization Ratio and Size of Raw Materials in Patchouli Oil Extraction Process Using Hydrodistillation Method with Addition of MgCl2

This research focuses on optimizing patchouli oil yield using the hydrodistillation method and adding MgCl2 as the main component. The RSM method is used to analyze model variance, including the sum of squares model, less of the fit model, and ANOVA analysis. The research results show that adding MgCl2 can increase the yield of patchouli oil by reducing water content and undesirable non-volatile elements, thereby producing more stable patchouli oil. ANOVA analysis of patchouli oil yield was carried out to determine the optimal results from factors such as F/S, material size, and time. The extraction time factor had a p-value of less than 0.05, indicating that the model was suitable for explaining the results. The research results showed that the yield of patchouli oil was optimal with an F/S ratio of 0.075, material size of 20 mesh, and extraction time of 5 hours, with a yield of 0.1 gr/mL being the best choice. The research results showed that the use of specific methods, namely distilled water and MgCl2 in the extraction process, was effective in increasing the yield of patchouli oil

The Flow Rate of the Condenser Cooling Water in the Distillation Process Increases the Quality and Quantity of Patchouli Oil.

Indonesia is an important essential oil-exporting country globally, where 40 types of essential oils have been traded on the international market and are products of Indonesia. However, the quality and quantity of patchouli oil produced in Indonesia are still low. Most essential oil processing units use simple or traditional technology and generally have limited production capacity. This study aimed to obtain the optimum water flow rate in a condenser system for patchouli oil production in Maluku, Indonesia. Patchouli oil extraction from fresh patchouli leaves and twigs was carried out by increasing the condenser water discharge rate. Patchouli oil extraction with a condenser cooling water discharge treatment of 1.74 L/min and drying time for 5 days produced the highest patchouli oil yield of 1.4%. The greater the condenser water discharge rate, the better the yield and accumulation of patchouli oil recovery obtained. In addition, based on the results of the analysis of the composition of patchouli oil compounds with GCMS, it can be seen that 13 compounds can be detected in patchouli oil. The three main components of patchouli oil in all condenser cooling water treatments were alpha-guaiene, delta-guaiene, and patchouli alcohol. Considering the results of all parameters mentioned above, the treatment of the condenser cooling water discharge of 1.74 L/min and drying time for 5 days increases the quality and quantity of patchouli oil.

Agronomic Performance, Oil Yield and Hydrolate Quality of Patchouli Cultivated in Different Soil Covers.

This study describes the evaluation of the effectiveness of different soil covers on the development, productivity, yield and metabolic content of patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin) and its hydrolate. The agronomic experiments were carried out in the field, including four types of soil cover and six replications (4 x 6), using green cover (peanut), straw (crotalaria and millet straw), white plastic cover, and no mulch (weeding). After transplanting, the initial growth of seedlings was analyzed through weekly monitoring of plant height, stem diameter, and the number of leaves. At harvest time, the harvest yield (green mass) was performed. After drying the leaves, the oil and hydrolate were extracted by steam distillation and then the yield of patchouli oil was determined. Regarding the agronomic analyses, white plastic and straw coverage was superior to the other treatments, with higher plant heights, number of leaves, whereas the plastic and straw coverage was superior to the other treatments, with higher plant heights, number of leaves and green mass yield. The metabolic content was evaluated using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS), and the chemical markers were identified through the analysis of the MS/MS fragmentation spectra and chemotaxonomic data. No significant differences were observed in the essential oils yields and their hydrolates and the intensities of the major ions found in the samples identified as chemical markers for the quality control of P. cablin.

Waktu Kering Angin Pada Daun dan Tangkai Terhadap Mutu dan Rendemen Minyak Nilam Aceh (Pogostemon cablin Benth)

Study of the yield and quality of Aceh patchouli oil from leaves and stalks at several drying times, in Bukit Batu, Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan. Treatment of drying time patchouli leaves and stalks to a certain extent can increase the yield of patchouli oil produced. 4 days drying treatment leaves produced the highest yield of 5.17%, stalks for 8 days produced the highest yield of 3.78% decreasing with the longer drying time. The lowest yields without desiccation (control) on leaves and stalks were 1.4% and 1.16%. Drying time treatment of patchouli leaves and stalks to some extent increased the patchouly alcohol content of patchouli oil produced. Drying time treatment for 8 days produced the highest patchouly alcohol in leaves (31.48%) and stalks (29.71%) then decreased with the longer drying time. 
 The lowest patchouly alcohol content in the control treatment 22.94% and 19.73% in the leaves and stalks. Physical and chemical properties of patchouli oil characteristics (color, optical rotation, specific gravity, refractive index and patchouly alcohol), that the quality of patchouli oil produced by the control is low. Quality requirements of patchouli oil based on SNI No. 06-2385-1991

Synergetic effect of ultrasound and hydrodistillation for extraction of patchouli oil: Screening, optimization and comparison

Patchouli oil is highly recommended in fragrance and cosmetic industries. Patchouli alcohol is the main component as well as the prime reason for the classical aroma of the oil. An intensified concept of aiding hydrodistillation with sonication, a green concept, has been incorporated to maximize the yield of patchouli oil. With the help of Taguchi method, the screening of extraction parameters, viz., extraction time, solid loading, particle size, heating mantle power, sonication amplitude and pulse ratio was carried out while optimization was accomplished by Box-Behnken design. The highest yield (2.05%, w/w) was acquired under optimum conditions, i.e., 30% amplitude, 500 W power and 20 g solid loading. A comparative study of different techniques as well as parts of plant suggested sonohydrodistillation to be the suitable option for isolating the oil from the leaves of patchouli. GC–MS has shown the oil to be a combination of number of sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons as well as oxygenated compounds. The morphological changes in the plant material were studied using scanning electron microscope. Eventually, sonohydrodistillation has reduced the extraction time and improved the yield while maintaining the quality of the oil, hence a symbiotic effect of hydrodistillation with ultrasound was achieved. Furthermore, an evaluation of the electricity consumption and the environmental impact of sonohydrodistillation method for the extraction of the patchouli oil from the patchouli leaves indicated that the method can be considered as a green technique.

Rendemen dan kualitas minyak nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) dari Kalimantan Timur serta analisis tekno-ekonominya

This study aimed to determine the patchouli oil (PO) business in the province of East Kalimantan based on data on the yield and quality of PO produced from several PO production centers in East Kalimantan. Bangun Rejo Village in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, Sepaku I Village and Argo Mulyo Village in Penajam Paser Utara Regency were selected as samples in this study. PO extraction from plant samples from each village was carried out using a laboratory-scale wet distillation method (3 kg leaves, branches) per batch. Each batch was carried out with six replications using different samples. The sample of PO produced by farmers was used as a control. The results showed that the yield of PO from the three villages reached 1.25-1.76%, while the quality of the oil showed an acid number of 2.407-4.747%, ester number 11.843-16.768%, PO content 33.670-43.693%, iron content 1.096-8.538 mg/kg, density 0.614-0.822 g/cm3, refractive index 1.509 nD20 and light-yellow to yellow. PO produced by farmers has an acid number of 6.311-11.920%, ester number 16.269-19.822%, ethanol solubility 1:5-1:9, patchouli alcohol content 31.96-40.89%, iron content 0.460-1.105 mg/kg, density 0.946-1,509 g/cm3, refractive index 1.508-1.510 nD20 and yellow to dark yellow in colour. Techno-economic analysis (using laboratory-scale extraction yield data) shows that PO refining business in the two villages is feasible to be carried out with B/C values of 3.62 and 6.37 for Sepaku I Village and Bangun Rejo Village. Still, it is not feasible for Argo Mulyo (B/C value of 0.842)

Characterization of The Yield and Quality of Patchouli Oil Based on The Size of Chopping and Drying Type

One of the factors that affect the low yield and quality of patchouli oil is the way of handling raw materials. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of drying type and chopping size on the yield and quality of patchouli oil. The method used in this research was experimental with descriptive analysis using two factors, namely the chopping size and the drying type. The results showed that the difference in the size of the chopped and the type of drying had a significant effect on the yield of patchouli oil, while the quality had an effect and no effect. Based on the analysis of the yield and quality of patchouli oil, the best treatment obtained in this study was the condition of chopping size 7 cm followed by drying (R1P1). The yield value of patchouli oil obtained in the R1P1 treatment is the highest yield of 2.55 % with yellow oil, specific gravity 0.973 g/g, solubility in alcohol 1:1, ester number 8.48 ml/g, refractive index 1.508°, patchouli alcohol 31.31 % are in accordance with SNI standards while the optical rotation -44.50°, and the acid number of 23.9 ml/g are not according to the SNI standard.

Energy Consumption for Patchouli Oil Extraction Using Ohmic Heating

Currently, the process of releasing patchouli oil is carried out by extraction, water-steam distillation, and hydrodistillation. A new method for extracting patchouli by hydro distillation using electric voltage by ohmic heating has not been widely used. This paper aims to determine the energy requirements for extraction using ohmic heating. The method used is to make an extraction tool using electricity and extract the dried patchouli leaves. The electricity used for extraction is AC electricity with voltages of 90 V, 100 V, and 110 V. The ratio of patchouli to water is 1:12. Observations were made on changes in voltage and electric current during the extraction process, the length of the extraction process, and the yield of patchouli oil. As a comparison, water distillation extraction method was used using an electric stove heater. The experimental results show that the energy consumption during the extraction process starting from the lowest is 3584.7 kJ (voltage 90 V), 3488.96 kJ (voltage 100 V), 3313.77 kJ (voltage 110 V) and 4386.69 kJ (voltage 220 V). The highest oil yields were 5.10 g (voltage 100 V); 3.15 g (voltage 90 V); 2.00 g (voltage 110 V); and 1.00 g (voltage 220 V). Patchouli oil extraction using ohmic heating provides higher yields and lower energy than electric stove heating.

Effect of cow dung manure and SP-36 fertilizer on the quality of patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) planted on Ultisol

The medical function of patchouli oil as an anti-virus allows it to be developed into a drug for COVID-19. The management of marginal soil namely Ultisol for patchouli development is very important because of its vast potential in Aceh. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out the effect of cow dung manure and SP-36 fertilizer on the quality of patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) on Ultisol. This study used factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. The first treatment factor was the dose of cow dung manure (control, 10 tonnes ha-1, 20 tonnes ha-1, 30 tonnes ha-1). The second treatment factor was the dose of SP-36 fertilizer (control, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1, 300 kg ha-1). The results showed that the treatment had no significant effect on patchouli oil yield. The highest Patchouli Alcohol obtained was 27.74% on the combination of 30 tonnes ha-1 cow dung manure and 300 kg ha-1 SP-36 fertilizer.

Respons Pertumbuhan dan Rendemen Minyak Klon Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth) terhadap Aplikasi Berbagai Dosis Urea (Growth Response And Yield Of Patchouli Clones (Pogostemon Cablin Benth) On Dose Urea Various Applications)

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) is a plant that produces essential oils and important foreign exchange earner for Indonesia. Using superior clones with the right fertilizer application will increase the yield of patchouli oil. The research aims to obtain patchouli plants that have the best response of urea fertilization application and optimum dosage of urea for patchouli plant growth. The study was conducted at the Politeknik Negeri lampung’s teaching farm in December 2018 until May 2019. The experiment was conducted using a factorial randomized block design (RBD), consisting of two treatment factors, namely the type of urea clone. The first factor is the type of clone consisting of 2 levels, namely NPL 9 clone and Lhokseumawe clone. The second factor is the treatment of urea doses consisting of 4 levels, namely control, 250 kg.ha-1, 300 kg.ha-1, and 350 kg.ha-1. Variables observed included plant’s height, bough, diameter, number of leaves, stalk angle, chlorophyll content, wet weight of plant, wind dry weight of plant, and yield. The results of research showed NPL 9 clone had a superior appearance and 350 kg.ha-1 of urea dose was the optimal dose compared to other doses and could increase patchouli yield 2,3% compared to the control treatment.

The Influence of Raw Materials Area, Methods and Distillation Time of Aceh Patchouli Oil

Patchouli oil is the result of distillation from patchouli plants. It used as a mixture and fragrance binder in the perfume, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. But the constraints in the patchouli oil refining industry are still produced the low yields. The factors that influence the yield of patchouli oil include the use of seeds, how to handle raw materials (knitting, withering and drying), refining process, the time of distillation, and the use of distillers. The purpose of this research is to get high yield of patchouli oil to increase the selling value. Which is variable sources of raw materials, and the length of distillation time obtained the highest yield of patchouli oil about 2.09% with distillation time of 5 hours.

Shoot multiplication of Pogostemon cablin var. Sidikalang and patchouli oil profile

Abstract. Hardjo PH, Susanto DPS, Savitri WD, Purwanto MGM. 2019. Shoot multiplication of Pogostemon cablin var. Sidikalang and patchouli oil profile. Nusantara Bioscience 11: 123-127. Pogostemon cablin Benth. is a plant producing patchouli oil, which mostly consists of patchouli alcohol compound. Patchouli oil has great potentials in the world market because of its stability and high price. In this study, in vitro multiplication of Sidikalang variety of Acehnese patchouli shoots was done on solid and liquid Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium. This study aimed to determine the effect of cytokinins in various combinations of shoot multiplication and to compare the patchouli oil yield of in vitro and ex vitro culture. In vitro multiplication of Acehnese patchouli shoots by using solid MS medium with addition of 0.2 ppm benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and 0.2 ppm Kinetin resulted in shoot explants with an average growth index of 82.198 ± 0.690. Patchouli oil extraction was done on 7 weeks old in vitro shoot explants cultured on solid MS medium + 0.2 ppm BAP + 0.2 ppm Kinetin using water distillation method. In vitro shoots yielded 2.5% patchouli oil and contained ± 35% patchouli alcohol compound, whereas ex vitro shoots produced 4% patchouli oil and contained ± 25% patchouli alcohol compound. The qualitative analysis by using thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed that there were similarities in the number of spot and Rf value for each spot of ex vitro and in vitro patchouli oil.

Comparison of bentonite and zeolite as adsorbent purification process of patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin)

Many attempts to distill of patchouli oil from patchouli plants (Pogostemon cablin) are used the simple method, therefore the patchouli oil that produced does not have the best quality. The yield of patchouli oil is dark because it contains Fe metal. The content of patchouli alcohol compound is still low whereas patchouli alcohol is the main component of patchouli oil. Various ways can be done to purify patchouli oil, one of them is adsorption process. This study aimed to compare the advantages and disadvantages of bentonite and zeolite as adsorbent purification process of patchouli oil. Bentonite and Zeolite can be utilised as adsorbents because their properties and absorbency are influenced by the presence of pore spaces between the clay mineral bonds and the imbalance of electrical charges in their ions. After adsorption, there was a decrease in Fe content and increase in patchouli alcohol level. However, significant increases occur in bentonite adsorption, this is due to several influencing factors including activating acid type, cation type, Si/Al ratio, and pore geometry including inner surface area, pore size distribution, and pore shape. It can be concluded that in purification process of patchouli oil, bentonite has higher adsorption power than zeolite.

RETRACTED: Microwave hydrodistillation for extraction of essential oil from Pogostemon cablin Benth: Analysis and modelling of extraction kinetics

Abstract In this study the extraction of essential oil from Pogostemon cablin Benth done by using microwave hydrodistillation. In the patchouli oil extraction with microwave hydrodistillation method is studied the effect of the size of the material (intact and chopped leaves) and the effect of the ratio of raw material to be extracted with a solvent to the yield of patchouli oil. Besides it also studied the effect of microwave power to the yield of patchouli oil and kinetics during the extraction process. Then, a microwave hydrodistillation model based on the assumption of a second-order mechanism was developed to predict the rate constant of extraction, the saturated extraction capacity and the initial extraction rate with various temperatures in two microwave powers, 400 and 600 W. Furthermore, the activation energies were determined as based on the second-order rate constants of extraction used for the model building. The values resulting from these calculations and experiments were compared and discussed.

Influence of Sample Preparation and Extraction Time on Chemical Composition of Steam Distillation Derived Patchouli Oil

Patchouli or Pogostemon Cablin (Blanco) Benth is one of the species of essential oil plant. In Malaysia, patchouli is commonly known as’nilam’. It is widely appreciated because of its value in medicine, toiletries, perfumery and insecticides. Aromatic oils and their compounds have very good demand in national and international markets. In order to gain the optimum production from patchouli oil yield and quality, the best selection of sample preparation must be identified to prevent the chemical composition in the aromatic oils. This study investigates the effect of sample preparation on the yield and quality of patchouli oil, namely the chemical composition. Three different size of sample was prepared. Dried Patchouli plant (Pogostemon Cablin Benth) with an average length of 10-20 cm, 2-4 cm and 0-4 mm was used as the sample in the study. The production of patchouli oil can be obtained using steam distillation. The yield extracted from patchouli plant was collected every 2 hour until 10 hours of extraction time. This study examined the chemical composition of patchouli oil as a function of extraction time during steam distillation. Capillary gas chromatography - mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) was used to determine the chemical composition of the extracted essential oil. The major composition to determine the patchou oil are β-patchoulene, α-guaiene, α-patchoulene, Patchouli alcohol, and α-bulnesene. The chemical percentage increased gradually with time up till 10 hours, in which exceeding this duration no increase in the yield was observed. Patchouli alcohol, the major component and characterized the patchouli oil, accounted for 47% in the extracted oil, from grind sample which complies with the commercial grade patchouli oil, 30%.

PENGARUH LAMA PENYULINGAN DAN KOMPOSISI BAHAN BAKU TERHADAP RENDEMEN DAN MUTU MINYAK ATSIRI DARI DAUN DAN BATANG NILAM (Pogostemon cablin Benth)

The research of Distillation And Raw Material Composition Effect of Yield And Quality EssentialOil of Leaves And Stem Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth). This study aimed to examine the influence of the length of distillation and composition of raw materials to the yield and quality of essential oil of patchouli leaves and stems to produce essential oils that have a high quality and yield. The time required to obtain the highest yield of patchouli oil is 8 hours, by composition of 100% leaf (1:0), that is equal to 3.631%, while the lowest yield of patchouli oil are produced from 100% stem (1:0) by distillation of 4 hours, in the amount of 0.10%. Composition that produces patchouli oil with the best quality is 100% stems (0:1) but that yield is lower, while the quality of patchouli oil produced by 100% leaf (1:0) and a mixture of leaf-stem (1:1) quality is still lower than the patchouli oil from the stem, but its yield is better than the yield of oil patchouli by 100% composition of the stem (0:1).Keywords: essential oil, pogostemon cablin benth, yield

Application of gibberellin toPogostemon cablin plants: growth, photosynthetic pigment content and oil yield

Foliar application of gibberellin (GA3) to patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) increased the plant height, number of nodes per plant, leaf fresh mass and photosynthetic pigment contents. The content of chlorophyll (Chl)b increased faster than that of carotenoids (Car), Chl (a+b) and Chla. This was reflected in a decline in Chla/b and Chl (a+b)/Car ratios. There was a GA3 concentration dependent variation in the number of branches, leaves, total leaf area, and leaf area index. These growth parameters decreased over control values up to 250 g(GA3) m−3 and increased at 500 g(GA3) m−3 concentration. The patchouli oil yield varied from 2.4 to 2.6% of the leaf dry mass.

Growth, photosynthetic pigment content and oil yield ofPogostemon cablin grown under sun and shade conditions

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) plants grown under shade (LI) showed an increased height due to internodal elongation, leaf area, leaf area index, and chlorophyll (Chl)b, Chl (a+b) and carotenoid (Car) contents compared to the plants grown in sunlight (HI). The number of branches and green leaves decreased under LI treatment, with a marginal variation in the patchouli oil yield. A comparison between the relative contents of photosynthetic pigments indicated that Chlb and Car accumuled preferentially over Chla in the LI grown plants.