Flower Yield Research Articles

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutations of FANTASTIC FOUR gene family for creating early flowering mutants in tomato.

Flowering time is of great agricultural importance and the timing and extent of flowering usually determines yield and availability of flowers, fruits and seeds. Identification of genes determining flowering has important practical applications for tomato breeding. Here we demonstrate the roles of the FANTASTIC FOUR (FAF) gene family in regulating tomato flowering time. In this plant-specific gene family, SlFAF1/2a shows a constitutive expression pattern during the transition of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) from vegetative to reproductive growth and significantly influences flowering time. Overexpressing SlFAF1/2a causes earlier flowering compared with the transformations of other genes in the FAF family. SlFAF1/2c also positively regulates tomato flowering, although to a lesser extent. The other members of the SlFAF gene family, SlFAF1/2b, SlFAF3/4a and SlFAF3/4b, are negative regulators of tomato flowering and faf1/2b, faf3/4a and faf3/4b single mutants all display early flowering. We generated a series of early flowering mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 editing system, and the faf1/2b faf3/4a faf3/4b triple mutant flowering earliest compared with other mutants. More importantly, these mutants show no adverse effect on yield. Our results have uncovered the role of the FAF gene family in regulating tomato flowering time and generated early flowering germplasms for molecular breeding.

Sustainability, Livelihood Security and Resilience to Climate Variability of Small Holders through Small Onion and Jasmine Cropping in NICRA Village of Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu, India

In Vadavathur & Jambumadai village, small onion is the major vegetable crop cultivated as an annual crop in more than 400 acres and it is the only source of income. In scarce rainfall situations in National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture NICRA village of Vadavathur and Jambumadai, practice of sole cropping (Small onion) is predominant but it is risky and often results in low yields or sometimes even in crop failure due to erratic monsoon rainfall and skewed distribution. To alleviate these problems in such areas of drought villages of Namakkal district crop diversification with perennial crop is a feasible option to minimize risk in crop production, ensure reasonable returns with limited care. Additional crop of onion with Jasmine is more profitable and is a key drought coping strategy especially for small and marginal farmers. Hence jasmine (20 cent) + small onion (80 cent) cultivation model is demonstrated in crop component mode in NICRA village instead of cultivating small onion as a sole crop in an area of 1 acre/ 0.4 ha. Considering the yield, jasmine flower yield was obtained in the range of 545 to 747 kg/ 20 cent and in case of small onion, the bulb yield of 4800 kg was harvested from 80 cent/season. Highest net returns of Rs.134622 / 20 cent was obtained from Jasmine cultivation compared to small onion of Rs.48,810 / 80 cent /season.

Characterization of Lavender Essential Oil and Its Chemical Composition Intercropped with Marigold as Affected by Polyamines and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the yield and biochemical response of lavender to polyamines (PAs) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation under intercropping with marigold. The application of both putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) was found to be effective even at low doses (500 mg/L), with Spd at a dose of 1500 mg/L (Spd3M1) being the most effective in promoting flowering and essential oil (EO) content. However, the highest values of flower yield, EO content, and EO yield were recorded when the plants inoculated with AMF were sprayed with PAs. Chemical compounds analyzed by the GC-MS technique revealed the presence of 40 individual compounds accounting for more than 98.91% of them. We observed a positive response (increase) in the content of linalool, limonene, and geraniol for PAs application and fungal inoculation. The highest increase in these compounds was recorded in 1500 mg/L Put or Spd with AMF treatments.

Modifying the Growing Media and Bio Stimulants Supply for Healthy Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) Flowers

AbstractGerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) cv. Jaguar Yellow is an ornamental plant of the Asteraceae family. Ordinarily, farmers use expensive materials such as peat moss as a media substrate in gerbera production, in addition to application high nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, the current study was designed to assess the yield and quality changes of gerbera flowers owing to utilizing environment-friendly inputs under unheated plastic greenhouse conditions for two seasons of 2017/18 and 2018/19. The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates, each replicate involved 5 pots per treatment. For preparing the soil substrate mixtures, four substances were used which involved peat moss (P), sand (S), vermicompost (V), and compost (C). P + S, P + S + V and P + S + C were assembled whether with or without Azotobacter+Azospirillum as bio stimulant (Bio) addition to obtain six combinations. Results showed that P + S + V + Bio was the effective practice for enhancing gerbera plant height, leaf width, root weight plant plant-1 and leaves weight plant-1. Also, P + S + V + Bio produced the maximum values of leaf chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents. The differences in flowering initiation between P + S and each of P + S + V, P + S + V + Bio, P + S + C and P + S + C + Bio were not significant. P + S + V + Bio (for flowering duration and flower yield), in addition to P + S + V (for flowering duration) recorded the highest values in both seasons.

Optimizing Indoor Hemp Cultivation Efficiency through Differential Day–Night Temperature Treatment

This study was conducted to determine the optimal temperature difference in day–night indoor cultivation conditions to enhance the flower yield and functional component contents of female hemp plants. Hemp clones were cultivated under five distinct day and night temperature differences (DIF) during the reproductive stage. The daytime and nighttime temperature settings were as follows: 18:30 °C (negative 12 DIF), 21:27 °C (negative 6 DIF), 24:24 °C (0 DIF), 27:21 °C (positive 6 DIF), and 30:18 °C (positive 12 DIF). Seven weeks after transplantation, the growth parameters, leaf gas exchange, total phenolic compounds, 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, and cannabinoid contents were analyzed. The total shoot biomass based on dry weight was highest at 21:27, reaching 41.76 g, and lowest at 30:18, measuring 24.46 g. However, the flower biomass, which is the primary production site, was highest at 24:24 and lowest at 18:30, showing a 4.7-fold difference. The photosynthesis-related parameters were temperature-dependent and strongly correlated with biomass production. The cannabinoid content of the hemp leaves increased at 21:27, whereas that of the hemp flowers increased at 27:21. The findings of this study indicate that the optimal temperature condition for female hemp flower production in a limited space is positive 6 DIF treatment, which corresponds to 27:21 °C. These results can contribute to advancements in indoor crop cultivation technology.

Genetic Variability Analysis, Correlation Coefficient and Path Coefficient Analysis of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.) Varieties in Saurashtra Region of Gujarat, India

Identification of genotypes better suited for particular region and their improvement is of immediate task to exploit their full potential. The improvement can be brought out after confirming the association among the most important growth with quality attributes. Hence, varietal evaluation becomes necessary to find out suitable variety for a particular region. Experiment was conducted with 20 different decorative types of dahlia varieties at Jambuvadi Farm, College of Horticulture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh which falls under South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone during 2021-22. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for eleven characters in dahlia viz., plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, stem girth, days taken to first bud initiation, diameter of flower, stalk length, vase life, anthocyanin content, chlorophyll content and flower yield which indicated the existence of variability in the experimental material. The estimates of genotypic (σ2g) and phenotypic variances (σ2p) of each character were carried out.

Foliar Application of Moringa and Mint Leaf Extracts Enhances Carnation Growth and Flower Yield Under Saline Conditions by Improving Plant Defense Mechanism

Foliar Application of Moringa and Mint Leaf Extracts Enhances Carnation Growth and Flower Yield Under Saline Conditions by Improving Plant Defense Mechanism

Maximization of flower yield in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

A study was carried out on a non-spiny hybrid safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) NARI-NH-1 for maximization of flower yield by altering the agronomic practices viz., dates of sowing, fertilizer levels and plant spacings. The study showed that the differences due to sowing dates, fertilizer levels and plant spacings were significant for flower and seed yield in safflower. Delayed sowing beyond first fortnight of October resulted in a decrease in both flower and seed yield. Significantly highest flower yield (199 kg/ha) and seed yield (2014 kg/ha) were recorded with an application of 150% recommended dose (RD) of fertilizers, with flower yield being 26.85% higher and seed yield 28.89% higher than the control. However, if the net returns are considered, there is noadvantage in applying more than 100% RD of fertilizer to the crop. The spacing of 45 cm x 10 cm gave significantly higher flower and seed yield over the recommended spacing of 45 cm x 20 cm. The interaction effects between dates of sowing, spacings and fertilizer levels suggested that sowing of safflower in the first week of October either with a spacing of 45 cm x 10 cm and an application of 100% or 150% RD of fertilizer or with a spacing of 45 cm x 20 cm with an application of 150% RD of fertilizer can be recommended for obtaining maximum flower and seed yield in safflower.

The Effects of Light Treatments on Growth and Flowering Characteristics of Oncidesa Gower Ramsey ‘Honey Angel’ at Different Growth Stages

In our previous work, we observed that Oncidesa Gower Ramsey ‘Honey Angel’ (HA) plants became stunned on hot summer afternoons, and the seasonal trend in solar radiation affected its production schedule by limiting flower yield and quality. The objective of this work was to study the growth and flowering characteristics of HA pseudobulbs at three stages of growth (G2–G4) in response to three types of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting treatments, including full spectrum (FS), deep red/white-medium blue (DR/W-MB), and deep red/white-low blue (DR/W-LB), for two additional time intervals. The supplementary LED lighting time intervals (S) applied daily were carried out for 1 h (4:00~5:00 a.m., as S-1) or 2 h (4:00~6:00 a.m., as S-2) from March to September, 2022. Natural light without supplemental lighting was the control. The length of pseudobulb (PL), width of pseudobulb (PW), thickness of pseudobulb (PT), length of inflorescence (FL), number of branches (FB), number of florets (FN), and days to flowering (FD) per plant were recorded andcalculated when 80% of florets became mature. Light treatments significantly affected all pseudobulb growth and flower quality traits at different Gs, especially pseudobulb length (PL) and flower number (FN) under different LED types and lighting time intervals. MB-1 treatment promoted PT at both G3 and G4, whereas MB-2 treatment increased PW at both G2 and G4. Both MB-1 and LB-1 treatments had augmented effects on PL, respectively, at G2 and G3. The PW, FL, FB, and FN increased with additional light time and reached maxima under MB-2 treatment at G4 compared to other treatments and controls. Early flowering and an increased number of flowers at G4 were observed in plants grown under MB-2 treatment. Controlling light quality and supplementary light time intervals enables the production of HA plants with the desired growth and flowering quality characteristics of the pseudobulbs.

Evaluating the Effects of Bacillus subtilis Treatment and Planting Depth on Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Production in a Green Roof System

Given the current urbanization context and rising interest in green roof systems, growing a high-value crop such as saffron crocus in green roof medium could be an opportunity to use the benefits of both the crop and the green roof system; the drainage, aeration, and sand-like texture of green roof media make it suited for saffron production, and the saffron market price could make green roof production commercially viable. Various factors, including plant diseases and planting depth, could affect saffron production. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the effects of planting depth and biofungicide treatments using Bacillus subtilis on saffron production in a green roof system. A completely randomized factorial block design was used with planting depth (10 cm and 15 cm) and B. subtilis strain QST 713 biofungicide treatments (an untreated control, 15.6 × 109 cfu/L, and 31.2 × 109 cfu/L) as independent variables. In 2019, fresh flower yield, fresh stigma yield, and dry stigma yield were calculated during harvesting, and additional data on flower number, tepal length and width, stigma length, and harvest time were collected in 2020. All variables were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with planting depth and biofungicide treatments as fixed effects using R. Fresh stigma yield and dry stigma yield were higher in the 10-cm planting depth in 2019. Results were opposite in 2020: flower number, fresh flower yield, fresh stigma yield, dry stigma yield, and harvest time were higher in the 15-cm planting depth than the 10-cm planting depth. B. subtilis treatments did not affect any studied variable in 2020, but in 2019, the higher level of fungicide treatment resulted in lower fresh flower yield and dry stigma yield. There was no effect of biofungicide treatment and planting depth on tepal length, tepal width, and stigma length in both years. This study showed that growing saffron crocus on green roofs is feasible and even resulted in higher yield than field production in many saffron-producing regions and countries. In addition, results indicated that shallow planting might be suitable for annual production, whereas deeper planting could be ideal for perennial production based on the objective. Our findings demonstrated the feasibility of saffron production in the green roof system and suggest further research to develop best management practices.

COMPOSITION, MANUFACTURE AND APPLICATION PROCEDURES FOR COMPOST, VERMICOMPOST AND VERMIWASH IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC CROP PRODUCTION

Modern horticulture as well as agriculture involves usage of pesticides and chemical fertilizers with an Essence of increasing the worlds food production. But they also cause several health hazard, Researchers have found and suggested bio-fertilizers as an excellent alternative to chemical fertilizers.Vermicompost is considered as a high nutrient bio-fertilizer with diverse microbial communities. It plays a vital role in improving growth and yield of different field crops, vegetables, and flower and fruit crops. Vermiwash is rich in enzymes, plant growth hormones, and vitamins along with micro- and macro-nutrients. Vermicompost maintains the soil in a proper homeostatic state. Organic farming does not allow the use of synthetic chemical fertilizer, antibiotic, herbicides or pesticides. Thus the objective of organic farming is agriculture production of fibers, grains, vegetables, flowers, fruits, foods, and animal products such as milk, egg, and meat is the best natural way. Organic farming is a specific type of farming where no chemicals were added to the soil unless they are natural. The farmer must grow their crops naturally. India ranks 33 in world in terms of area under organic farming.

Induced mutations in chrysanthemum through gamma rays

The research was conducted to induce variations in the chrysanthemum variety ‘Mother Teresa’ in 2020-21. The purpose was to generate and detect the desirable variants concerning altered flower colour, formand flower yield from the treated population. The terminal rooted cuttings were irradiated with different γ-raydoses (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Gy) using Cobalt 60 (60Co) as the source and evaluated further along with the controlpopulation, i.e. without irradiations. The observations on various morphological and floral parameters wererecorded and compared with the control population (non-irradiated). Marked floral changes about altered flowercolour, shape, form and changes in leaf shape, colour and sizes were observed with higher doses of gammairradiations. Percent flower colour variations were recorded as 4.10% at 10 Gy, 1.56% at 15 Gy and 4.25% at 20Gy dose. The present study, 11 variants were detected with altered flower colour and form with 10 to 20 Gy-raydoses. The study developed an efficient protocol for the induction of mutations using γ-rays in chrysanthemum.

Estimation of Genetic Variability and Character Association Analysis of Underutilized Ornamental Canna Lily (Canna indica L.)

Background: Canna lily (Canna indica L.) is an edible herbaceous perennial plant in which flowers and rhizomes were commonly used as a food additive and its potentiality was not fully utilized in India. To stun these hindrances, morphological characterizations are needed to determine the genetic variability to improve flower quality and rhizome yield in canna lily. Methods: In the present research, a field experiment was conducted during 2022-2023 in Botanical Garden, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Twelve accessions were investigated by using a randomized block design with 3 replications. All the observations for 23 quantitative traits were carried out at 0.05 and 0.01 probability. Results: The wide range of genetic variability was observed, a high genetic coefficient of variation ranged from 8.49 to 75.62 % and a phenotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 8.83 to 76.50 % was observed in 20 traits except in time taken for first flowering, rhizome diameter, number of nodes per rhizome. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as a percent of mean was observed for 21 traits except in time taken for flowering and number of nodes per rhizome. Character association analysis revealed that stem diameter and inflorescence length showed highly significant and positively correlated with flower yield and rhizome yield per plant. Path analysis specified that the number of leaves per clump had a very high and positive direct effect on fresh flower yield per plant.

Effect of Seaweed Extracts on the Growth, Flower Yield and Quality of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) C.V. Aditya Birla

An experiment entitled “Effect of seaweed extracts on the growth, flower yield and quality of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) c.v. Aditya Birla” was conducted to evaluate the response of dahlia to different growth regulators, Kelp @ 2ml and 4 ml and Biovita @ 2ml and 4 ml. Thirteen different treatment combinations were replicated thrice in a Randomized Completely Block Design. The investigation revealed that Biovita was very effective and recorded maximum days to seed germination, plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, secondary branch number. Leaf area Significant influence of growth regulators was observed on various vegetative parameters. Flower diameter, flower number, diameter and fresh weight increased Significant influence of growth regulators was observed on various foral parameters. Highest flower numbers per plant and flower yield per ha was recorded treatment T11 (4 ml L-1Biovita, 5 days interval). Treatment T11 recorded higher net realization Rs. 506700 which was followed by treatment cost of cultivation with of Rs.170500.. Furthermore, highest Cost benefit ratio was recorded under treatment T11 (1:2.97).

Flower yield potential of Pyrethrum (<em>Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium</em> L.) under various NPK Levels in the Lower Hills of Uttarakhand, India

Purpose: A favorable environment is available for the cultivation of Pyrethrum in the hilly regions of India, as well as in some mountainous areas of India. In view of the demand for Pyrethrin, it is very necessary to promote the huge cultivation of Pyrethrum. There is no misconception that research work has not been done to promote Pyrethrum, but the data related to the assessment of the right amount of nutrients required for the crop is not available in research related to agrotechnology. If the crop is to be taken as a ratoon crop, then it is very important to estimate the amount of nutrients for single recommendation of crop cultivation. Research Method: A research experiment was conducted in the year 2021 at the CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Research, Centre Purara, Bageshwar (Uttarakhand) to study the flower yield potential of Pyrethrum under various NPK levels in the lower hills of Uttarakhand. The experiment was carried out in Complete Randomized Block Design. The six different levels of NPK (kg ha-1) were taken as treatments, i.e., control, 60:60:20, 80:70:30, 100:80:40, 120:90:50, and 150:100:60. Various plant growth and yield parameters considered in the study include plant height (cm), plant diameter (cm), number of flower heads, fresh flower weight plant-1 (g), dry flower weight plant-1(g), fresh flower yield (kg ha-1), dry flower yield (kg ha-1), Pyrethrin concentration (%) and yield (kg ha-1). Findings: Based on the research findings, it seems that the NPK level of 120:90:50 is the best combination to obtain the highest dry flower yield (310.49 kg ha-1) in the lower hills of Uttarakhand. However, the fresh flower weight obtained was the highest under the NPK level of 100:80:40 i.e., 840.47 kg ha-1, but it’s dry flower yield estimated was 301.93 kg ha-1 which was the second highest yield after 310.49 kg ha-1. This could be due to the difference in moisture levels in fresh flowers at the time of harvesting.Research Limitation: Considering the climate of the hilly regions of Uttarakhand, not much work has been done to assess and standardize the proper amount of nutrients required for Pyrethrum crop cultivation, which needs to be done.Originality/ Value: In the hilly areas of Uttarakhand, farmers are interested in the cultivation of Pyrethrum, but if farmers will adopt this crop cultivation as a ratoon crop, then in such a situation it is absolutely necessary to assess the proper amount of nutrients. This research will prove helpful in promoting the cultivation of Pyrethrum in the hilly areas of Uttarakhand.

Varietal Evaluation in Marigold (Tagetes spp.) Under Prayagraj Agro Climatic Conditions

A field experiment was carried out in the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj. During rabi season (2021-2023). The aim of this study was to determine to find out the most suitable variety of marigold in terms of growth, yield and quality under Prayagraj Agro climatic conditions and to work out the economics of different varieties of marigold. The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design (RBD) with 10 varieties and each replicated thrice. The variety Inca (m) Orange reported significantly better Performance compared to other varieties, in terms of Growth parameters like plant height (67.67 cm), Number of branches per plant (11.17), Leaf length (9.47), Plant spread (35.70) and Yield parameters like Flower yield per plant (272.08 g), Flower yield per plot (1632.50), Flower yield per ha (14.41 t).

Effect of Different Sowing Dates and Planting Distance on Growth, Yield and Quality of China Aster (Callistephus chinensis L.)

The present investigation was carried out to find out the best planting time and spacing in terms of growth and flower yield and quality of China aster during Rabi season 2022. The research was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design, which had nine treatments replicated thrice. The dates of sowing were kept in the month of October at an interval of one week i.e., 2nd, 9th and 16th having different planting distance (30x20 cm, 30x30 cm, 30x40 cm). This experiment reviled that that Treatment T1 in which seed were sown in 1st week of October having planting distance of 30 x 20 cm performed best in with respect to growth, flower yield and quality of China aster.

Effect of Drip Irrigation and Fertigation Levels on Yield Attributes and Yield of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) during Rabi

A field experiment was carried out at College farm, College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, Telangana during rabi season 2022 to study the effect of drip irrigation and fertigation levels on yield attributes and yield of marigold. The results revealed that the drip irrigation scheduled at 1.2 Epan recorded significantly higher number of flowers per plant (55.3), flower diameter (5.8 cm), flower fresh weight per plant (557.2 g), flower dry weight per plant (101.9 g) and flower yield (12.11 t ha-1) than 1.0 Epan and 0.8 Epan. Whereas among the fertigation levels, 125% recommended dose of NK recorded significantly higher number of flowers per plant (53.7), flower diameter (5.6 cm), flower fresh weight per plant (538.4 g), flower dry weight per plant (92.8 g) and flower yield (11.48 t ha-1) than 100%RDF and 125%RDF.

Impact of Controlling Treatment on African Marigold (Tagetus erecta L.) with Special Reference to Economic Parameters

The present investigation “Impact of controlling treatment on African marigold (Tagetus erecta L.) with special reference to Economic parameters” was carried out at the Department of Horticulture, Gochar Mahavidhyalaya, Rampur Maniharan, Saharanpur affiliated by CCSU, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh during 2017-18. During the study period various treatments were given to accelerate the growth of flowering and vegetative parameters of the selected species. All the vegetative and flowering parameters like plant spreading, diameter of plant, number of primary and secondary branches and in the flowering parameters i.e. bud initiation, number of flowers per plant, total flower yield was recorded maximum under T6 (75% RDF + vermicompost + azotobacter) treatment, while all the values were found minimum under control treatment and there was a big difference between the output of said treatment. Economic parameters were found very close to the studied vegetative and flowering parameters as given treatment played a pivotal role to enhance the economic gain from selected flowering plant and the maximum CBR was also recorded under T6 (75% RDF + vermicompost + azotobacter) treatment while the minimum CBR was recorded under control treatment.

Diversity of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora T.) Varieties under Open Field Condition in Prayagraj

The field experiment entitled “Varietal evaluation of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora T.) under open field condition in Prayagraj” was carried out during September 2022 to January 2023, in Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agriculture Institute, SHUATS. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The experiment comprised of fifteen varieties of chrysanthemum viz. Kanadee, Flood, Winter Queen, Basanti, White Bonsai, Local Yellow, Ravi Kiran, Button Type, Rani, UBC 12, Wall Street, Bidhan Rajat, Bidhan Antara, British gold and Vijay. It is clear from the experimental analysis that all characters were significantly affected by different varietal treatments. From the experimental findings, it was found that maximum height was found in the variety Bidhan Antara (40.79 cm),plant spread (30.55 cm), primary branches (6), whereas earliness in flowering was found in the variety Bidhan Rajat, flower yield per plant (176.76 g) was found maximum in the variety Bidhan Rajat, average flower weight was recorded more in the variety Rani (7.19 g),duration of flowering (71.2 days) and benefit-cost ratio(4.32:1) was found maximum in the variety Bidhan Rajat.