Dry Grain Yield Research Articles

Pengaruh Dosis Sekam terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Padi (Oryza sativa L.) Varietas Inpari 32

The research aims to determine; (1) the response of growth and yield of rice plants to various doses of roasted husks, and (2) doses of roasted husks that have a positive effect on the growth and yield of rice plants of the Inpari 32 variety. The study was carried out for 3 (months) months, starting from January to March 2022. This research was carried out with an experimental approach using a Randomized Block Design (RBD), 6 doses of burnt husk treatment and repeated five times, so that there were 30 experimental units. The variables observed were plant height, number of tillers per clump, number of productive tillers per clump, number of shoots per clump, panicle length, number of pithy grain per panicle, weight of 1000 grains of grain, yield of dry grain harvested per clump and per plot. The data obtained in the study were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) if there was a significant effect, then Duncan's multiple-distance further test was carried out at a significance level of 5 percent. The results showed: (1) Burned husk treatment had a significant effect on plant height, number of tillers per clump, number of productive tillers per clump, number of panicles per clump, number of pithy grain per panicle, weight of 1000 grains of grain, yield of dry grain harvested per clump. and per plot, but had no significant effect on panicle length. and (2) The highest harvested dry grain yields were obtained at doses of roasted husks of 4 and 5 tons/ha, namely 6.65 kg and 7.70 kg per plot or equivalent to 7.39 tonnes per hectare and 8.56 tonnes per hectare.

Senyawa Bioaktif Bioinsektisida Daun Sirsak (Annona mucirata) dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Keanekaragaman Artropoda pada Tanaman Padi (Oryza sativa L.)

The aim of the study was to determine the content of bioactive compounds in soursop leaf bioinsecticides and their effect on the diversity of arthropods in rice. This research began from July to October 2022 at the Plant Protection Laboratory and Bioscience Laboratory of the Jember State Polytechnic and Rice Cultivation Land in Balung Lor Village, Balung District, Jember Regency. Arthropod samples were observed visually using Sweep Net Trap, Yellow Pan Trap, Sticky Trap and Pitfall Trap. The GCMS test results detected 29 compounds in soursop leaves. The highest compounds as repellent and antifeedant detected were palmitic acid, oleic acid and acetic acid at 18.39%, 17.40%, 13.83%. The result of probit analysis of LC95 toxicity was 28.92%. The number of individuals in the bioinsecticide treatment was 2036 individuals, 32 species consisting of: 10 herbivores, 13 predators, 3 parasitoids, 4 pollinators, and 3 detrivores. Fipronil numbered 1198 individuals, 26 species consisting of: 10 herbivores, 10 predators, 2 parasitoids, 3 pollinators, and 1 detrivore. Diversity index (H`) shows moderate category in both treatments, dominance index (C`) does not show dominance in both treatments, species richness index (R) in both treatments is moderate, species evenness index (E) is evenly distributed in both treatments and Sorensen The Similarity Index (ISS) is classified as the same with a value of 89.66%. The yield of dry grain in the soursop leaf bioinsecticide treatment was higher (38.25 g per clump) than Fipronil 33.29 gr per clump.

Якість насіння гібридів кукурудзи залежно від способів їх збирання та сушіння

Goal. To establish the peculiarities of the formation of the quality of the seeds of corn hybrids, to determine the optimal harvesting dates and drying methods, which can be used to obtain high-quality seed material and reduce energy costs for its processing. Methods. Laboratory — to determine indicators of the sowing quality of seeds (weight of 1000 seeds, germination, moisture); field — to study yield properties of hybrids (yield of dry grain); mathematical-statistical — for dispersion analysis and statistical processing of data to establish reliable differences between them. Harvesting and drying experiments were carried out by simulation on laboratory equipment and in production conditions with the involvement of industrial harvesters and dryers. Results. Abnormalities and indicators of seed quality formation of corn hybrids at the stages of ripening, harvesting, and drying were revealed. At the stage of ripening, the mass of 1000 seeds increased, both actual and in terms of dry matter, which occurred when the grain dried to a moisture content of 28–30%, depending on the maturity group of the hybrids and weather and climate conditions. At the stages of harvesting and drying, the germination of seeds was formed depending on the group of ripeness, humidity, and heat resistance of hybrids, the condition level (not lower than 92%) of germination was reached at a humidity of 32–40%. In the drying process, the optimal ratio between the heating temperature and the moisture of the seeds was established, during which the germination increased by 2–8% compared to the control (ventilation of the cobs). Conclusions. To obtain high-quality corn seeds, it is recommended to start harvesting at a humidity of 28–32%, at which the physiological maturity of hybrids occurs. For drying cobs with humidity up to 32%, the temperature regime should be within 35–40 °C, with lower humidity, the temperature can be increased to 40–45 °C. To reduce energy consumption, it is allowed to dry seed corn in grain, but at a humidity not higher than 22%, with the control of several indicators — injury, growth strength, and varietal purity of the seed material.

Economic nitrogen doses via fertigation for corn cultivation in a semiarid environment

Producers in the northeastern semiarid region of Brazil have been cultivating irrigated corn. The commercialized product comprises mainly green ears and silage. However, the irrigation of crops for dry grain has been questioned regarding costs and price competitiveness in relation to the same non-irrigated product cultivated in other regions. In recent years, the use of drip tapes and fertigation has spread among corn producers in the region. The aim of this study was to determine the N dose, via fertigation, which provides the maximum economic production of corn for dry grain, in two crop seasons (summer and winter), in the semiarid region of Brazil. The experimental design was performed in randomized blocks, with four replications. In both crops, the treatments consisted of four doses of N (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg ha-1) applied in the form of urea. In the hybrid corn (Bt Feroz), the N content was evaluated in terms of leaves, grain yield, gross and net incomes, the rate of return, and the profitability index. Independent of the crop season, the yield of dry grain (5,441.03 kg ha-1) was highest when the corn was fertigated with a dose of 104.05 kg ha-1 N. The highest net incomes of the dry grain were obtained with 80 kg ha-1 N in summer (R$ 1,190.78 ha-1) and 160 kg ha-1 N in winter (R$ 2,757.54 ha-1). The winter crop was more favorable to the economic production of dry grain.

KAJIAN KEBUTUHAN ENERGI SPESIFIK DAN KAPASITAS KERJA MESIN PENGERING GABAH BERBAHAN BAKAR KAYU (Studi Kasus di Kelompok Tani Wargi Mekar, Desa Tegal, Kecamatan Karawang Timur, Kabupaten Karawang, Provinsi Jawa Barat)

Grain (Oryza sativa L) drying process is generally still done traditionally by direct sunlight. The drying process has several disadvantages such as it can only be done when sunlight is available, a longer drying time, a large area, requirement. An alternative that could be done to dry the grain in addition to using traditional drying was to use a grain dryer machines with do Wargi Mekar Farmer at Kerawang. There are several fuels that are used as heat sources for rice drying machines, one of them is firewood. This study aimed to measure the actual capacity of the wood-fired grain dryer, and also to analyzed the efficiency of drying and specific energy consumption to dry the grain. The research method used is descriptive analysis research method, namely data collection, data processing and data analysis. Research resulted that grain drying using a grain dryer as much as 761 kg.hr-1 . The yield of dry grain is 89.77%, and the value of weight loss is 10.33%. The moisture content of the material after drying is 13.06% wet basis. The drying efficiency in the process was 17.19% and the specific energy consumption was 15,318.24 KJ / Kg water vapor. Keywords: efficiency energy, grain drying, specific energy consumption

RESPON PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL PADI (Oriza sativa L.) VARIETAS INPARI 42, CIHERANG DAN MEKONGGA TERHADAP BERBAGAI METODE TANAM JAJAR LEGOWO

This study aims to determine: (1) The response to growth and yield of rice in Inpari 42, Ciherang and Mekongga varieties to various planting methods of Jajar Legowo, and (2) Varieties and planting methods of legowo row which have a good effect on rice growth and yield. The research was carried out in a rice field area belonging to the UPTD of the Food and Agriculture Security Service in Cirahayu Village, Luragung District, Kuningan Regency, from April to June 2020. The method used in this study was an experimental method, using a randomized block design (RBD), which consisted of 15 treatments of combination of rice varieties and the legowo row planting method and was repeated three times. To determine the effect of the treatments tested, analysis of variance was used through the F test, with further tests using Scott Knott's Cluster Test at the 5 percent real level. The results showed that: (1) The treatment of three rice varieties on various planting methods had significant effects on the growth and yield of rice plants. The 2 : 1 legowo row planting method on three rice varieties affected the plant height of harvested dry grain and milled dry grain per plot, while the 4 : 1 legowo row planting method in three rice varieties had an effect on the number of tillers per hill, the number of productive tillers per hill, leaf area index, number of panicles per clump, number of grains per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, weight of 1000 grains of grain. The Ciherang variety has a good effect on the weight of 1000 grain grains, while the Inpari 42 variety has a good effect on the yield of dry grain harvested and the yield of milled dry grain per plot, and (2) the combination of Inpari 42 variety with the 2: 1 legowo row planting method gives good effect on yields of harvested dry unhulled rice and yields of milled dry unhulled rice per plot, which is 9.27 kg or equivalent to 10.30 tons of dry unhulled rice per hectare, and 7.81 kg of dry unhulled rice per plot or equivalent to 8.68 tons of unhulled rice dry milled oer acres.

Crop productivity and financial feasibility of corn farming with various diverse fertilizer treatments on dry land

In order to improve growth and increase the crop yield, the balanced fertilizer application of Nitrogen (N), Phosphor (P), and Potassium (K) is highly required. The objective research was to study effectiveness of inorganic fertilizer NPK – MgO “Ecobion” on growth and yield of maize. The research was performed on dry land, Dengkol Village, Singosari Subdistrict, Malang Regency. The research applied Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 replications. Combined inorganic fertilizing management of NPK –MgO “Ecobion” consisted of 8 levels, such as A = without fertilization, B = 350 kg Urea/ha + 50 kg SP-36 + 450 kg NPK “Phonska”/ha, C = 350 kg Urea/ha + 50 kg SP-36/ha + 200 kg NPK – MgO “Ecobion”/ha, D = 300 kg Urea/ha + 25 kg SP-36/ha + 300 kg NPK – MgO “Ecobion”/ha, E = 250 kg Urea/ha + 400 kg NPK – MgO “Ecobion”/ha, and F = 200 kg Urea/ha + 500 kg NPK – MgO “Ecobion”/ha. Data analysis used ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and followed by DMRT test 5%. Result of analysis on inorganic nutrient NPK-MgO “Ecobion” including NPK, due to N = 13.91%, P2O5 total = 12.73%, and K2O = 18.54%, so that cumulative contents of N, P and K > 30% that is 45.18% and each content of N, P, and K is higher than 8.0%. The study also revealed that fertilizing management F= 200 kg Urea/ha + 500 kg NPK – MgO “Ecobion”/ha had the best growth (plant height, number of leaf per plant, stem diameter, Leaf Area (LA), Leaf Area Index (LAI), yield components (diameter of ear, ear length, weight of 100 grains, ear weight per plant, and yield of dry grains) in comparison with other fertilizations and produced the highest dry grains of maize, 8.72 ton/ha, with the gross weight IDR. 33,855,000 and the highest net income (profit) (IDR. 21,657,500; R/C-ratio = 2.77. Fertilizing management F = 200 kg Urea/ha + 500 kg NPK – MgO “Ecobion” showed 189.6% effectiveness (RAE > 100%).

Evaluation of Fresh Ear Yield And Quality Performance In Super Sweet Corn

Aim of this study is determine to fresh ear yield and quality characters of sweet corn varieties which Vega, Challenger, Sentinel, HYRIX 39, and HYRIX 53 in two location in Turkey. The research was conducted on randomised blocks design with four replication in Bafra and Tekkekoy location. The experiment was caried out evaluate the yield and quality performance of some sweet corn genotypes as well as demonstrate unfamiliar supersweet corn concept in Turkey. In the research were obserwed some yield component and quality characters such as flowering time, plant length, first cob length, grain yield, cob diameter, cob length, number of rows in the cob, amount of grains in row, number of marketable cobs per plant, wet cob harvest time, wet cob yield, grain cob ratio, grain moisture, dry grain yield. It was found that sweet corn genotype are significantly different in terms of yield and quality characteristics. The highest wet cob yield was 24.238 t ha-1 in Hybrix 39 super sweet. Super sweet corn has an important potential in sweet corn cultivation due to high yield of dry grains and its high maintenance rate of sugar raito in the long term after harvesting. Statistical analysis showed that the effect of genotype and the environment, as well as their interactions, had a significant impact on the yield of sweet corn hybrids. The presented results have demonstrated the poerformance of some sweet corn in Turkey. This work is intended to inspire similar studies using other sweet corn varieties and also to encourage the wide-scale production sweet corn in Turkey.

Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Raised- and Sunken-Bed System as Affected by Saline Irrigation in Baros, Bantul, Yogyakarta

It is expected that by utilizing marginal land (e.g. saline field) is able to increase rice production under saline condition. One of integrated approaches that can be applied is a raised- and sunken-bed system. This experiment aimed to investigate the growth and yield of rice under raised- and sunken-bed system as affected by saline irrigation. The field experiment was conducted at Baros Helmet, Bantul District, Yogyakarta from October 2016 to February 2017. The experiment was arranged in a multi-location (oversite) design, consisted of saline irrigation (S1) and nonsaline irrigation (S0) in a raised-bed (A1) and sunken-bed (A0) planting system. The observations were done on leaf area index, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate, total dry weight, root length, leaf Na+ and K+ concentration, proline concentration, maturity and dry grain yield (DGY). The results showed that saline irrigation negatively affected leaf area index, photosynthetic rate and root length of rice grown at sunken-bed. However, leaf Na+ concentration and leaf proline concentrations of rice grown at sunken-bed were higher. The leaf K+ concentration decreased with increasing Na+ concentration. Although saline irrigation could accelerate harvesting age of rice grown at sunken-bed, the dry grain yield of rice grown at sunken-bed did not significantly different with that of rice grown at raised-bed.

Método del Cenirrómetro como alternativa de programación de riego por aspersión en el cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao)

En una finca cacaotera de la costa ecuatoriana se evalúo la metodología del Cenirrómetro desarrollada por el Centro de Investigación de la Caña de Azúcar de Colombia (Cenicaña) como una alternativa de programación del riego en el cultivo de cacao y se comparó con una programación a partir del tanque de evaporación clase A y tensiómetros. Para el efecto se utilizó una plantación de cacao CCN – 51 con instalación de riego por aspersión subfoliar. Se evaluaron dos módulos de riego seleccionando 16 aspersores en cada uno, para establecer la precipitación promedio. En el suelo se determinaron los componentes texturales y los contenidos de materia orgánica para obtener indirectamente las constantes físicas de capacidad de campo, punto de marchitez permanente y densidad aparente, utilizando para ello el modelo Soil Water Characteristics del USDA. Para las mediciones de evaporación se utilizaron dos recipientes plásticos, uno para la metodología del Cenirrómetro y el otro, para cumplir la función del tanque clase A. Se consideraron una profundidad radicular efectiva de 300 mm y un umbral de riego de 0.25, lo que junto a un coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) de 1.10, permitió establecer una lámina constante para el Cenirrómetro de 16 mm (marca en el recipiente). Se midieron el número de frutos/planta, el diámetro y la longitud de frutos, y el rendimiento de granos secos seleccionando 15 plantas en cada metodología. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando la prueba ‘t’ de Student. Los resultados de producción avalan la metodología del Cenirrómetro, por tanto, puede considerarse como una alternativa de programación de riego por aspersión en el cultivo de cacao.

Morpho-physiological and productive biometry in semi-erect cultivars of the cowpea under different plant populations

The aim of this study was to evaluate morpho-physiological and productive characteristics in four semi-erect cultivars of the cowpea under five plant populations. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of Embrapa Meio-Norte in Teresina in the State of Piaui, Brazil (PI). The experimental design was of randomised complete blocks with four replications, in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme, for evaluating four cultivars (BRS Guariba, BRS Novaera, BRS Potengi and BRS Tumucumaque) and five plant populations (105, 2x105, 3x105, 4x105 and 5x105 plants ha-1). There were significant differences between cultivars for primary branch length (PBL), number of lateral branches (NLB), 100-grain weight (HGW), and dry-grain yield (GY). The maximum PBL of 58.5 cm was obtained with 300 thousand plants ha-1, corresponding to an increase of 11.5% when compared to 100 thousand plants ha-1. However, there was a reduction of 91.2% in NLB when compared to the populations of 100 and 500 thousand plants ha-1. The increases of 188% obtained in the leaf area index (LAI) in the range of 100 to 500 thousand plants ha-1 explain the linear increase in the crop growth rate (CGR) as being due to the greater production of leaf area; also, the decreases seen in the net assimilation rate (NAR), especially in the range of 100 to 300 thousand plants ha-1, are explained as due to the consequent self-shading, which was intensified in the larger populations. LAI, light interception, and CGR in the cultivars increase in response to higher densities. HGW and GY are not significantly affected by the different populations.

Evaluation of yield and its components in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes differentiated for spike and kernel types

In order to avoid no desired crosses to combine four types of barley, the differential effect of spike type and grain on final yield and its components was studied in twelve genotypes at Duitama and Samaca (Boyaca, Colombia) in a split-plot design with four replications. An analysis of variance was practiced, locally, for each variable taking the mean genotype groups as a treatment and not an individual genotype. Differences among treatments were determined by a Least Significance Difference. Two-rowed barley genotypes gave a higher number of effective tillers (Samaca) and heavier kernels (Duitama, Samaca); while, six-rowed barley genotypes had a greater number of kernels/spike (Duitama, Samaca). Additionally, in Duitama, hull absent kernel barley genotypes produced a greater number of kernels/spike; but, hulled kernel barley genotypes gave heavier kernels. The row number x hull prevalence interaction only affected the kernels/spike number (Duitama). As for the yield of dry grain in Duitama, none of the sources of variation presented significant effects. With regard to the row number, this may be due to compensation between the yield components, some higher than others in one or another type, between the two-rowed and six-rowed barleys evaluated.

The Genetic Architecture of Grain Yield and Related Traits in Zea maize L. Revealed by Comparing Intermated and Conventional Populations

Using advanced intermated populations has been proposed as a way to increase the accuracy of mapping experiments. An F(3) population of 300 lines and an advanced intermated F(3) population of 322 lines, both derived from the same parental maize inbred lines, were jointly evaluated for dry grain yield (DGY), grain moisture (GM), and silking date (SD). Genetic variance for dry grain yield was significantly lower in the intermated population compared to the F(3) population. The confidence interval around a QTL was on average 2.31 times smaller in the intermated population compared to the F(3) population. One controversy surrounding QTL mapping is whether QTL identified in fact represent single loci. This study identifies two distinct loci for dry grain yield in the intermated population in coupling phase, while the F(3) identifies only a single locus. Surprisingly, fewer QTL were detected in the intermated population than the F(3) (21 vs. 30) and <50% of the detected QTL were shared among the two populations. Cross-validation showed that selection bias was more important in the intermated population than in the F(3) and that each detected QTL explained a lower percentage of the variance. This finding supports the hypothesis that QTL detected in conventional populations correspond mainly to clusters of linked QTL. The actual number of QTL involved in the genetic architecture of complex traits may be substantially larger, with effect sizes substantially smaller than in conventional populations.

Lima beans production and economic revenue as function of organic and mineral fertilization

Lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.) are alternative food and income sources for the population of Northeastern Brazil. In this region, lima beans are consumed either as green or dry grains. However, low yields have been observed, a challenge that could be overcome by adequate organic and mineral fertilization. This work intended to assess lima beans yield, cultivar Raio de Sol, as affected by doses of cattle manure in the presence and absence of mineral NPK fertilization. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil, from September, 2004 to May, 2005. The experimental design was of randomized blocks, with four replications, 40-plant plots, spaces of 1.00 x 0.50 between and within rows, respectively. Treatments were displayed in a 6 x 2 factorial, corresponding to manure doses (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 t ha-1) and presence and absence of NPK. Green and dry grain, and pod yields were analysed, as well as the economic revenue for pods and dry grains. To measure the economic efficiency, pods and dry grains were employed as the exchange units. Maximum pod yields (12.6 and 11.2 t ha-1) were achieved with 21.4 and 23 t ha-1 of manure, with and without NPK, respectively. Highest green grain yields (11.1 and 9.9 t ha-1) were obtained with 21.3 and 22.9 t ha-1 of manure, with and without NPK, respectively. The highest yield of dry grains (3.5 t ha-1) was obtained with 26.6 t ha-1 of manure combined with NPK. In the absence of NPK, the use of cattle manure resulted in an average dry grain yield of 2.0 t ha-1. The maximum economic efficiency for pod production was reached with 17 and 18.6 t ha-1 of manure, with predicted net incomes of 2.88 and 3.36 t ha-1 of pods, in the presence and absence of NPK, respectively. For dry grains, the maximum economic efficiency was achieved with 23 t ha-1 of manure, in the presence of NPK, which produced a net revenue of 2.12 t ha-1 of dry grains.

Evaluasi Aplikasi Biofertilizer EMAS pada Tanaman Jagung di Pelaihari, Kalimantan Selatan

Implementation of national food safety program to increase food production still faces some constraints. The intensification program has resulted the marginal land to be fully dependent on chemical fertilizers, where leveling-off production has occurred. Low organic matter content as a source of microbial feed and energy decreased the activity of soil microbes. Efficiency of fertilization on marginally suitable soils might be achieved by the application of biofertilizer. Enhancing Microbial Activities in the Soils (EMAS) is a biofertilizer consisting of non-symbiotic N-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing microbes, and aggregate stabilizing microbes. This experiment was initiated to evaluate the effectiveness of EMAS bio-fertilizer in reducing the dosage of conventional fertilizers used in corn at Pelaihari, South Kalimantan. Based on the current production value and total of cost production, reducing 25, 50 and 75% conventional fertilizer provided the planters with 1.44, 1.13, and 1.12 revenue cost ratio. Yield of dry grain of corn was higher (+41.8%) by application of 75% standard dosage and 1 gram EMAS biofertilizer/plant (53.3 kg/ha) than by standard dosage of conventional fertilizer. Key words: bio-fertilizer EMAS , corn, evaluation, pelaihari

Use of trial clustering to study QTL�נenvironment effects for grain yield and related traits in maize

A population of 300 F(3:4) lines derived from the cross between maize inbred lines F2 and F252 was evaluated for testcross value in a large range of environmental conditions (11 different locations in 2 years: 1995 and 1996) in order to study (1) the magnitude of genotype x environment and (2) the stability of quantitative trait loci (QTL) effects. Several agronomic traits were measured: dry grain yield (DGY), kernel weight, average number of kernels per plant, silking date (SD) and grain moisture at harvest. A large genotype x environment interaction was found, particularly for DGY. A hierarchical classification of trials and an additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model were carried out. Both methods led to the conclusion that trials could be partitioned into three groups consistent with (1) the year of experiment and (2) the water availability (irrigated vs non-irrigated) for the trials sown in 1995. QTL detection was carried out for all the traits in the different groups of trials. Between 9 and 15 QTL were detected for each trait. QTL x group and QTL x trial effects were tested and proved significant for a large proportion of QTL. QTL detection was also performed on coordinates on the first two principal components (PC) of the AMMI model. PC QTL were generally detected in areas where QTL x group and QTL x trial interactions were significant. A region located on chromosome 8 near an SD QTL seemed to play a key role in DGY stability. Our results confirm the key role of water availability and flowering earliness on grain yield stability in maize.

Rendimento de feijão-caupi cultivado com esterco bovino e adubo mineral

O feijão-caupi, conhecido no Nordeste Brasileiro por feijão-macassar ou feijão-de-corda é uma das principais culturas desta região, consumido sob a forma de grãos secos ou grãos verdes, tipo ervilha. Na Paraíba detém 75% das áreas de cultivo com feijão, sendo que o baixo rendimento é atribuído à falta de estudos sobre nutrição mineral. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de esterco bovino, na presença ou ausência de adubo mineral, sobre o rendimento de vagens, de grãos verdes e secos do feijão-caupi, cultivar IPA 206. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal da Paraíba, em Areia, de setembro/1998 a janeiro/1999, em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, onde o primeiro fator correspondeu às doses de esterco bovino (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 t/ha) e, o segundo fator à presença e ausência de adubo mineral, em quatro repetições. O rendimento máximo estimado de vagens (9,64 t/ha) foi obtido com 25 t/ha de esterco bovino na presença do adubo mineral, enquanto que na ausência de adubo mineral o rendimento de vagens aumentou com a elevação das doses de esterco bovino, na ordem de 49,3 kg/ha para cada tonelada de esterco bovino adicionado ao solo. O rendimento de grãos verdes na presença de adubo mineral atingiu valor máximo estimado (6,8 t/ha) na dose ótima estimada de 17 t/ha de esterco bovino. Na ausência de adubo mineral, o rendimento de grãos verdes, aumentou com a elevação das doses de esterco bovino, na ordem de 47,9 kg/ha para cada tonelada de esterco bovino adicionado ao solo. O rendimento de grãos secos na presença de adubo mineral atingiu valor máximo estimado (3,03 t/ha) na dose de 21 t/ha de esterco bovino, enquanto na ausência de adubo mineral a dose de 25 t/ha de esterco bovino foi responsável pelo rendimento máximo de grãos secos (2,00 t/ha).

Corn Yields, Soil Temperature, and Water Use with Four Tillage Methods in the Western Corn Belt1

AbstractCorn grown with four systems of tillage (conventional, wheeltrack planting, till planting, and listing) was compared for yield and several growth characteristics. Yields from the three reduced‐tillage systems in 1965, 1966, 1967, and 1968 were at least as good as those from the conventional system. The four tillage methods created a wide range of soil conditions, so that differences in growth and yield indicate the range of response that can be expected from tillage for the seasons experienced. Because of below normal rainfall, corn was under stress during flowering and ear formation in each of the four years. Soil temperature at seed depth was lowest in the listed plots where corn was planted in the bottom of the furrow. Although this resulted in slower plant growth, the delayed maturity was not correlated with final yield of dry grain or total dry matter. No significant difference among tillage systems in either total water use or in the pattern of water use was detected.

Notes on the importance of proper husbandry in some tropical crops.

Trials were carried out to determine the relative effects of weed competition and fertilizer application on plant growth and crop yield; the crop was weeded frequently, once only or not at all. Cocoa seedlings were grown in boxes and dry weights of seedlings and weeds determined 22 weeks after planting. Fertilizers increased the weight of cocoa plants by 20% and clean weeding increased it by 500%. Groundnuts, also grown in boxes, were harvested 17 weeks after sowing and dry weights of nuts and weeds determined. Fertilizers increased yield by 30 % and clean weeding by 65%. In two field trials with maize, fertilizers increased the yields of dry grain by 13 and 47% whereas clean weeding gave increases of 43 and 265%. In groundnuts, an outlay of 10/ha on weeding yielded a net increment of 70/ha compared with only l9/ha for an outlay on fertilizers of 34/ha. In the maize trials, the cost of fertilizers reduced the net income, whereas weeding proved a lucrative investment. In conclusion, weeding is recommended as an alternative to radical modernization for farmers on a low income.-P.K. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)