Yellow-green Color Research Articles

Physiological and biochemical effects of different expression of acyl-CoA: lysophosphatidylethanolamine acyltransferases encoding genes observed in arabidopsis plants cultivated under low and standard temperatures

BackgroundOne of the most common abiotic stressors for plants is cold temperature and the principal adaptation of plant cells to this stressor is the remodeling of membranes fluidity. In the present studies we investigated the role of acyl-CoA: lysophatidylethanolamine acyltransferases (LPEAT), one of the enzymes involved in phospholipids re-synthesis and remodeling, in Arabidopsis plants adaptation to cold temperature.ResultArabidopsis control plants and mutants with knockout and overexpression of the AtLPEAT1 and AtLPEAT2 were grown under cold and standard temperatures (4 °C and 21 °C respectively) and their development was monitored. Both overexpressors produced higher biomass of the rosettes than control plants (wild-type; WT) and the rosettes of lpeat2 and lpeat1xlpeat2 mutants were much smaller than WT plants. Unexpectedly, lpeat1 mutant developed bigger rosettes than WT plants. All lpeat mutants showed prolonged senescence of rosettes leaves and delayed start of flowering than WT plants. Contrary to growth under standard temperature, the LPEAT1-OE, lpeat2 and lpeat1 x lpeat2 mutants cultivated under low temperature exhibited yellow-green colour, in contrast to dark green colour of leaves of WT, LPEAT2-OE and lpeat1 mutant. Biochemical analyses of photosynthetic pigments showed greater differences in their content and composition in analysed Arabidopsis lines cultivated under cold temperature than under standard temperature. In all lpeat mutants, decrease in the amount of all analysed lipid classes per unit of fresh weight was detected, however, it was the most pronounced in the case of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG). The strong correlation between different expression levels of genes encoding LPEAT enzymes, in the tested plant lines, and the LPEAT and LPGAT activity (lysophoshatidylethanolamine and lysophoshatidylglycerol serve as fatty acid acceptors, respectively) were noted. This type of correlation concerned also remodelling intensity of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and PG.ConclusionsThe study has shown that the previously observed effects of overexpression and knockout of LPEAT genes occur independently of cultivation condition, and that the cold temperature modifies these effects and brings new anomalies. They showed also that LPEAT enzymes are important (in some cases indispensable) in the remodelling of PE and PG and in the re-synthesis of PG.

Improvement of antioxidant phytochemicals and color quality of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) as influenced by cold plasma.

Cold plasma (CP) was investigated as an innovative method to enhance green tea (Camellia sinensis) quality by improving extraction efficiency, bioactive retention. This study optimized dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) CP using air, argon, and nitrogen at 14, 18, and 22 kV for 6, 9, and 12 min to improve extraction and the qualitative and quantitative properties of green tea. CP treatments significantly impacted green tea traits. Argon and air gases, especially at higher voltages (22 kV) and longer durations (12 min), significantly increased hydrophilicity and phytochemical extraction, increasing yields by up to 48% compared to the control. These treatments had the highest total phenol [78.334 and 77.08 mg g-1 dry weight (DW)], total flavonoid (8.09 and 7.72 mg g-1 DW), antioxidant activity (80.74% and 81.93%), and catechins compounds content. Color properties, including brightness (L*) and greenness (a*), were enhanced compared to the control, with argon > air > nitrogen in effectiveness. Some treatments reduced color indices with higher voltage/time, while others increased them. Air and argon plasma (22 kV, 12 min) enhanced brightness, yellow-green color, and color purity in brewed tea. Principal component analysis (PCA) biplot confirmed that argon (18 and 22 kV, 12 min) and air (22 kV, 12 min) improved hydrophilicity, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, catechins, and color quality. While argon and air plasmas were effective for extracting important phytochemicals, successful large-scale commercialization must consider costs, ionization potential, and energy usage, and so forth, of plasmas based on argon versus air. These findings can benefit the tea processing industry in producing higher-quality products for various sectors. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Design and fabrication of 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid incorporated cellulose-derived transparent smart films for amines sensing and safety applications.

Design and fabrication of 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid incorporated cellulose-derived transparent smart films for amines sensing and safety applications.

Kajian Penambahan Tepung Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera L.) Pada Formulasi Flakes Dari Tepung Sagu (Metroxylon sagu)

This study employed a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five formulations of moringa flour (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%), each repeated twice, resulting in a total of 10 experimental units. The analysis included both chemical tests (water content, ash content, fat content, texture, and flavonoid content) and organoleptic tests (aroma, color, taste, texture, and hedonic test). The results showed that the addition of moringa flour significantly affected the physical and chemical properties of the flakes.Flakes formulated with formula 5 (sago flour: moringa flour = 100:12.5) were identified as the best, based on the organoleptic test, with the highest overall liking score of 3.92. The chemical characteristics of Formula 5 flakes included a moisture content of 8.51%, an ash content of 1.35%, a fat content of 8.49%, a flavonoid content of 0.033%, and a texture score of 78.9%. In terms of sensory properties, Formula 5 flakes were preferred due to their distinctive yellowish-green color, flavor that subtly highlights the aroma of moringa, and crunchy texture.

Chromosome-level genome assembly of Parotis chlorochroalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae)

Parotis Hübner, 1831 is a genus within the family Crambidae, which is recognized as one of the most diverse families of Lepidoptera. Species within the genus Parotis can be readily distinguished from other closely related genera by their distinctive green or yellow-green body coloration. However, the genus Parotis has received relatively limited research attention, and the scarcity of genome-wide molecular resources has impeded a more comprehensive understanding of its evolution, adaptation, and phylogenetic relationships. This study reports the first genome assembly for Parotis chlorochroalis (Hampson, 1912), generated through PacBio Hi-Fi and Hi-C sequencing technologies. The assembled genome has a size of 456.23 Mb, comprising 31 chromosomes. Approximately 181.82 Mb, which constitutes 39.85% of the genome, has been identified as repetitive sequences. The genome assembly includes 16,299 protein-coding genes, of which 94.82% have been functionally annotated. This chromosome-level genome assembly not only advance understanding of P. chlorochroalis but also has the potential to facilitate genomic studies of other lepidopteran species.

Carbon quantum dots derived from lignin nanoparticles for dual UV-excited fluorescent anti-counterfeiting materials.

Carbon quantum dots derived from lignin nanoparticles for dual UV-excited fluorescent anti-counterfeiting materials.

The fate of an old Mn–Fe amphibole species: description of clino-ferro-suenoite, □Mn2Fe2+5Si8O22(OH)2

Abstract. Clino-ferro-suenoite, with the ideal formula □Mn2Fe52+Si8O22(OH)2, previously named “dannemorite” or “manganogrunerite”, is formally recognized as a monoclinic member of the amphibole supergroup (IMA-CNMNC 2024-032). It occurs in iron–manganese skarn from the Hilläng mines, Dalarna, Sweden, associated with fayalite, spessartine, ferro-actinolite, calcite, magnetite and pyrite. It formed by partial replacement of manganoan fayalite during retrograde metamorphism. Individual crystals, up to 0.5 mm in length, are subhedral with a pale greenish-yellow colour. The mineral is non-pleochroic and optically biaxial (–), with α=1.670(5), β=1.690(5) and γ=1.705(5); orientation is y||b, z⋀c=14(1)°. Cleavage parallel to {110} and {010} is perfect and good, respectively. The Mohs hardness is about 6, and the mean Vickers hardness number was established as 872. The calculated density value is 3.46(1) g cm−3. The crystal chemical formula of clino-ferro-suenoite is A□B(Mn0.952+Fe0.872+Ca0.16Na0.01)Σ1.99 C(Fe3.572+Mg1.38 Mn0.032+Zn0.01Al0.01)Σ5.00 TSi8.00O22 W[(OH)1.99F0.01]Σ2.00, based on microprobe analyses, spectroscopic data (Mössbauer, infrared, Raman) and a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. Infrared bands originating from O–H vibration modes appear at 3608, 3620, 3638, 3653 and 3668 cm−1, with the first and last ones having weak intensities. The seven strongest reflections in the X-ray powder pattern (d values (in Å), Irel, (hkl)) are the following: 8.33, 100, (110); 3.278, 21, (240); 3.084, 72, (310); 2.784, 18, (330); 2.512, 19, (202¯); 1.526, 16, (0,12,0); 1.412, 19, (661¯). Unit-cell parameters obtained from single-crystal diffraction data (Mo Kα) are a=9.59840(10), b=18.3179(2), c=5.33450(10) Å, β=102.1630(10)° and V=916.87(2) Å3 for Z=2. Refinement of the crystal structure in the space group C2/m yielded R=2.25 % for 1379 reflections with I0>2σ(I). Mg ions show a preference for the octahedrally coordinated C sites in the order M(2)>M(1)>M(3).

Analytical Study of Guduchyadi Rasayana: An Ayurvedic Formulation for Academic Stress

Guduchyadi Medhya Rasayana herb is an Ayurvedic formulation herb that is useful to improve memory. It is utilized for the stress management and improvement of cognitive health in children, advocating for the standardization of the intervention for clinical application in stress reduction among pediatric patients as well as general mental. The formulation is composed of eight herbal ingredients: Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera), Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis), Vacha (Acorus calamus), Haritaki (Terminalia chebula), Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus), Vayvihdanga (Embelia ribes), and Kushtha (Saussurea lappa). This study investigates and validates the pharmacognostic and analytical properties of Guduchyadi Rasayana, with a specific focus on its efficacy in stress reduction for children. Prepared in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), the formulation underwent various analyses, including organoleptic, physicochemical, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Organoleptic testing revealed a greenish-yellow color and a pleasant fragrance. Physicochemical results indicated an alcohol-soluble extractive value of 29.94%, total ash content of 9.54%, and water-soluble extractive of 22.07%. TLC fingerprinting provided distinct Rf values (0.48, 0.51, 0.73, 0.83, 0.90), identifying several active phytochemicals that may contribute to its stress-relieving effects. The study’s findings confirm that a broad spectrum of active ingredients in Guduchyadi Rasayana supports its standardization for clinical use. However, any clinical study can assess its efficacy in pediatric stress reduction and overall mental well-being.

Preliminary Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Floret Color in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L var. italica) Based on Transcriptomics and Targeted Metabolomics.

Floret color is a crucial phenotypic trait in broccoli, serving as an indicator of maturity and determining its market value. However, the mechanisms underlying color variation remain unclear. In this study, six broccoli varieties with different floret colors at harvest were chosen as materials. The color difference and pigment content of florets were measured, and a combined analysis of anthocyanin-targeted metabolome and transcriptome was conducted. Our findings revealed that chlorophyll a primarily influences green, yellow-green, and light green coloration, while the wax content may contribute to gray-green coloration. The blue-green and dark blue-green coloration are regulated by both chlorophyll a and anthocyanins. Targeted metabolomics identified five anthocyanin compounds, with peonidin-3-O-glucoside as a key metabolite for blue-green coloration and delphinidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-galactoside and peonidin-3,5-O-diglucoside for dark blue-green coloration. Transcriptomic analysis identified CHLG as a potential key regulator for yellow-green and light-green floret coloration. The blue-green coloration appears to be coregulated by a combination of genes, including the chlorophyll biosynthesis gene HEMF; anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (PAL, FLS, and UGT); and chlorophyll degradation genes (SGR, PPD, and NYC). Furthermore, upstream genes involved in both chlorophyll metabolism (CHLI, CHLD, CHLM, DVR, and CLH) and anthocyanin biosynthesis (PAL, 4CL, CHS, F3'H, and FLS) play crucial roles in determining the dark blue-green coloration of florets. Meanwhile, transcription factors of the WRKY, NAC, and TCP families are involved in chlorophyll metabolism, while those of the bHLH and MYB families participate in anthocyanin synthesis. The WGCNA identified one Hub gene for chlorophyll metabolism and two for anthocyanin synthesis. In conclusion, 35 candidate genes were identified, including 21 involved in chlorophyll metabolism and 14 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of floret coloration and establishes a foundation for molecular breeding in broccoli.

Innovation in the Production of Coffee Tree Leaf Beverages

Objective: The objective of this study was to process coffee leaves to obtain a product with greater added value. Theoretical Framework: In this study, the processing of coffee leaves was like the processing of yerba mate to produce chimarrão. The enzyme inactivation technique is applied prior to drying, the leaves are exposed to a flame for a short period. The yellowish-green color is more uniform among the group of inactivated leaves and indicates good efficiency at this stage. Method: The coffee leaves were divided into two groups for enzymatic inactivation in times of 60 seconds and 120 seconds. The leaves were dehydrated at a temperature of 60ºC for four hours. After drying, the material was ground, and colorimetric analysis was carried out (12 tasters participated in the sensory analysis). Results and Discussion: Statistical analysis demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the preference of the product served, with or without sugar. The importance of an integrated approach in the processing of coffee leaves is highlighted, considering the physical-chemical, sensorial aspects and including pharmacological effects beneficial to health Research Implications: The growing human search for a more balanced and healthy diet promotes the addition of functional and medicinal beverages to diet, creating a challenge. Originality/Value: The importance of an integrated approach in the processing of coffee leaves is highlighted, considering the physical-chemical, sensorial aspects and including pharmacological effects beneficial to health.

Physicochemical and rheological characteristics of commercial Greek-style yogurt enriched with Polygonum cuspidatum roots or the P. Cuspidatum β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex.

Physicochemical and rheological characteristics of commercial Greek-style yogurt enriched with Polygonum cuspidatum roots or the P. Cuspidatum β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex.

Circularly Polarized Room-Temperature Phosphorescence from Dye-Doped Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Polymer Networks.

Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials have drawn increasing attention for their potential applications in optical displays and chemo/biosensing. Nevertheless, the construction of circularly polarized room-temperature phosphorescence (CPRTP) materials is still a significant challenge. In this work, four liquid crystalline polymer network films with RTP properties have been fabricated via photopolymerization of cholesteric liquid-crystalline mixtures containing different amounts of commercially available dyes. The films show a yellow-green structural color, enhanced RTP, blue CPL, and green CPRTP with phosphorescence dissymmetry factors up to -0.90, quantum yields up to 14.8%, and emission lifetimes up to 607 ms. Furthermore, the prepared film pattern presents different colors in reflective, fluorescent, and phosphorescent modes. This work not only provides a deep understanding of RTP and CPRTP, but also presents a facile strategy to fabricate film patterns for decoration and anticounterfeiting applications.

INOVASI AMPAS KELAPA SEBAGAI TEPUNG KUE SERBAGUNA INNOVATION OF COCONUT DRUGS AS MULTIPURPOSE CAKE FLOUR

Coconut pulp is a by-product of the production of coconut milk. This agricultural waste is available in large quantities and has not been used optimally by the community. Crude fiber contained in young coconut fruit is digested, so it can be used as a food additive. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality characteristics of making cake flour made from coconut dregs with the addition of pandan leaf extract which will be analyzed for moisture content, ash content, color and organoleptic tests. The average value of the water content test in coconut dregs flour without pandan extract is 6,38% and with the addition of pandan extract 6,84% while the ash content of flour without the addition of pandan extract is 7,17% and with the addition of extract. Pandanus 6,71%. While the color test on flour without the addition of extract. Pandan shows a brown color while the addition of pandan extract shows a yellowish green color. Water content and ash content still meet the standard of SNI flour.

Eco-friendly dyestuffs prepared with Curcuma Longa L. extracts and their antimicrobial activities

Eco-friendly dyestuffs prepared with Curcuma Longa L. extracts and their antimicrobial activities

Fasten UV-Resistant Cotton Textiles by Modification with Mixed Metal–Ce–MOF

Nowadays, manufacturing of ultraviolet (UV) protective textiles is quite interesting for the outdoor workers to protect their bodies from harmful radiation. Herein, for the first time, durable UV-protective cotton textiles were produced by modification with the mixed metal–Ce organic framework. Cotton was first interacted with 1,2,4-tricarboxybenzene-2,4-anhydride through benzylation reaction. The benzylated cotton (BTC–C = O@Cotton) was then reacted with two metal salts including Cerium salt to obtain Ce–M–BTC–C = O@Cotton. The estimated contents of Ce and the mixed metal within Ce–M–BTC–C = O@Cotton were 3.3% and 0.4%, respectively. The color of cotton was turned to bluish-green color, greenish-yellow color and reddish color after incorporation with Ce–Cu–BTC, Ce–Ni–BTC and Ce–Co–BTC, respectively. The all-modified fabrics exhibited UV-blocking character from good to excellent, depending on the inserted mixed metal. The measured UV-protection factor (UPF) was 34.7 (very good) for Ce–Cu–BTC–C = O@Cotton, 43.1 (excellent) for Ce–Ni–BTC–C = O@Cotton, 26.4 (good) for Ce–Zn–BTC–C = O@Cotton, and 33.3 (very good) for Ce–Co–BTC–C = O@Cotton. After 5 washing cycles, Ce–Ni–BTC–C = O@Cotton and Ce–Co–BTC–C = O@Cotton showed good UV protection. The mechanical properties of cotton textiles were not significantly affected after modification with Ce–M–BTC.

BoaCRTISO regulates the color and glossiness of Chinese kale through its effects on pigment, abscisic acid, and cuticular wax biosynthesis

BoaCRTISO regulates the color and glossiness of Chinese kale through its effects on pigment, abscisic acid, and cuticular wax biosynthesis

Metallized Sol–Gel coatings on ceramic glazes with photocatalytic activity

Coatings of anatase (TiO2), hematite (Fe2O3), or cobalt spinel (Co3O4) on ceramic glazes with a metallized effect and photocatalytic activity were prepared by depositing Sol–Gel inks made from metal salts dissolved in a polyol medium, applied via conventional screen printing, and fired at temperatures around 800–900°C. A red–yellow color layer (L*a*b*= 84/11/21) was obtained in the case of Fe2O3, a dark greenish-yellow color (L*a*b*= 72/–12/11) for Co3O4, and a metallic gray color for TiO2 (L*a*b*= 97/–1/2) with a metallic luster appearance. Higher gloss was achieved for the TiO2 coatings at the optimal firing temperature. The microstructure of the layers, studied by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), shows that the heterogeneous nucleation of oxides from the inks supposes the formation of many nanocrystals that form clusters, also of nanometric size, growing parallel to each other and normal to the surface, following a film–glaze interaction model of nucleation, growth, and dissolution. The use of photocatalytic layers grown on the glaze facilitates the recovery of the photocatalyst, extending its lifespan and facilitating reuse tasks. The photodegradation test carried out with glazed samples on Orange II solution shows excellent photocatalytic activity in the case of TiO2 samples, with a half-life period (t1/2= 34.53 min for the optimal sample), comparable to P25 from Evonik used as reference powder. Fe2O3 coatings show moderate photocatalytic activity, with a half-life period of 146 minutes for the optimal sample.

Effect of Valipora campylancristrota (Cestoda, Cryporinchidae) on growth parameters of silver carp (Hypophthalmichtys molitrix)

In order to determine the impact of Valipora campylancristrota Wedl, 1855 (Cestoda, Cryporinchidae) plerocercoids on growth, development, and condition factors of juvenile silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes, 1844) (age category 0+), two experimental groups of fish were established and maintained under identical conditions in a pond farm. The first group of silver carp was spontaneously infected with the larvae of the causative agent of valiporosis, while the second group of fish was free from this invasion. Results indicated that in April, weight and length of the infected silver carp were 23.5% and 4.4% lower, compared to the healthy fish, and the Fulton's condition factor in the diseased fish was 8.4% lower compared to the non-infected silver carp. When conducting this research in October, it was determined that the weight, length, and condition factor of the silver carp in the first group were 32.0%, 10.3%, and 35.6% lower, respectively, compared to the fish in the second group that were free from cestode larvae. Clinical examination revealed emaciation, reduced muscle mass in the caudal and anal fin regions of the examined fish. Some individuals with valiporosis exhibited spinal deformities and asymmetrical abdominal cavities due to intestinal distension. Post-mortem examinations revealed a distended gallbladder filled with bile, indicative of acute and chronic catarrhal inflammation of the gallbladder mucosa. Qualitative changes in bile were observed: in silver carp infected with valiporosis, the bile was a yellowish-green color and more viscous.

Fault characterization and its significance on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation of western Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin: Insight from seismic, geochemistry, fluid inclusion and in situ U-Pb dating

Fault characterization and its significance on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation of western Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin: Insight from seismic, geochemistry, fluid inclusion and in situ U-Pb dating

SECONDARY METABOLITES OF CUSCUTA CAMPESTRIS YUNCK

Introduction. In the North Caucasus Cuscuta campestris Yunck. is widespread, which parasitizes crops, vegetable gardens, and flower beds. The main classes of biologically active substances of parasites of the genus Cuscuta L. are polyphenolic compounds. The purpose of this work was to study some secondary metabolites of C. campestris stems collected from different host plants. Material and methods. Objects of study: stems of C. campestris collected in the village. Novkus-Artesian of the Neftekumsky district of the Stavro-pol Territory with Alhagi pseudalhagi (M.Bieb.) Desv., Beta vulgaris L., Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. The determination of the total content of antioxi-dants in the analyzed extracts was carried out using a TsvetYauza-01-AA device with amperometric detection. Determination of the total content of phenolic compounds using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was carried out by the spectrophotometric method on an SF-102 spectrophotometer. Results. In the extracts studied, the Shinoda test using magnesium showed a red color due to the formation of anthocyanidins, and a yellow-green color due to the reaction with iron (III) salts. The maximum content of the sum of phenolic compounds and the sum of flavonoids is observed in the extract from the stems of C. campestris, collected from A. pseudalhagi, during extraction with 70% ethyl alcohol and amounts to 10,18±0,47% and 5,71±0,25%, respectively. When determining the total content of antioxidants, the optimal extractant is purified water: the maximum content in the aqueous extract obtained from the stems of C. campestris collected from A. pseudalhagi is, in terms of quercetin and gallic acid, 2,02±0,08 mg/g, 1,31±0,05 mg/g, respectively. Conclusions. In the analyzed extracts, patterns were revealed between the nature of the extractant, the total content of polyphenolic compounds and host plants. It was found that the extracts obtained by extraction with 70% ethyl alcohol from the stems of C. campestris collected from A. pseudalhagi exhibited the maximum total content of polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids. Comparable results were obtained when determining the total content of antioxidants and flavonoids in extracts from the stems of C. campestris collected from B. vulgaris and L. vulgare