Yagi-Uda Antenna Research Articles

A dual-band graphene-based Yagi-Uda antenna with evaluation of transverse magnetic mode for THz applications

This paper describes a graphene-based Yagi-Uda antenna with a dual-band response. The proposed antenna consists of four parasitic elements and one driven element are made up of graphene material. The driven element is excited by a 50 Ω pec microstrip feedline connected through a PEC vias. The proposed antenna operates at a lower band and upper band of 7.7 THz and 8.3 THz respectively. The antenna provides a dual-band response as well as high directivity of 7.89 dBi at 7.6 THz. The maximum efficiency and high front to back ratio (FBR) have been obtained as 84 % and 15.4 dB respectively. Furthermore, the resonant frequency can be tuned by varying the external bias voltage of graphene elements. The configuration of antenna is generated higher order mode such as TM22, TM24 and TM26 for lower band and TM42, TM44 and TM46 for the upper band of the proposed antenna. The antenna has been obtained dual-band which can be useful for different applications simultaneously in both the band. Moreover, the proposed antenna has potential application in THz communication systems such as biomedical application: spectroscopy, endoscope, and cancer imaging, screening for weapons, explosive as well as nano communication networks, etc.

A Comprehensive Review of Different Feeding Techniques for Quasi Yagi Antenna

Yagi Uda antenna is a directional antenna but has limited bandwidth. To improve the bandwidth, various Quasi Yagi antennas can be designed by using different feeding techniques and different element shapes. In this paper, three different types of feeding techniques are reviewed i.e. microstrip-to-coplanar stripline transition (MS-to-CPS), coplanar waveguide feed (CPW) and Tapereded balun, which convert unbalance input to balance output. From the study it is found that MS- to- CPS transition provides higher bandwidth at the cost of low gain and lower frontto-back ratio. CPW is simple feed structure having compact size but lower gain. Tapered balun provides higher bandwidth but requires larger size.

A −28.5-dB EVM 64-QAM 45-GHz Transceiver for IEEE 802.11aj

This article presents a fully integrated IEEE 802.11aj direct-conversion transceiver system in a 120-nm SiGe:C BiCMOS technology. The system includes a transmitter, a receiver, and two onboard substrates integrated waveguide-fed Yagi-Uda antennas. In the millimeter-wave frequency band, the common-mode (CM) signal in a transformer-based balun is a limiting factor for the linearity of differential devices. In this work, we analyze the cause of the CM effect and provide fast impedance equalization with a passive component compensation method to resolve this problem, which improves the linearity of the transmitter. A <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -type second-order harmonic termination method is applied at the power amplifier (PA) output to further improve the linearity of the transmitter. The self-mixing method-based power detector is adopted at the output of the transmitter to have an accurate image signal and local oscillator (LO) leakage calibration. The transmitter reaches an output 1-dB compression point (OP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1dB</sub> ) of 14.6–16.4 dBm and a conversion gain (CG) higher than 24 dB in the IEEE 802.11aj frequency band, operating from 42.3 to 48.4 GHz. The receiver achieves a 3.8–4.1-dB noise figure, −18.7- to −22-dBm input 1-dB compression point, and a CG better than 43.8 dB in the IEEE 802.11aj frequency band. In the system wireless data transmission test, the transceiver is fully compliant with the error vector magnitude (EVM) requirement of the IEEE 802.11aj standard up to the 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) operating mode, and the measured transmitter-to-receiver EVM is better than −28.5 dB at a 1-m distance over the IEEE 802.11aj frequency band. Compared to other states of the art, the transmitter’s OP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1dB</sub> is the highest, and the demonstrated transceiver system delivers the highest performance in the IEEE 802.11aj wireless link.

A pattern reconfigurable graphene-based Yagi-Uda antenna with TM01δ mode generation for THz applications

A pattern reconfigurable graphene-based Yagi-Uda antenna with TM01δ mode generation for THz applications

Pattern-Reconfigurable Yagi–Uda Antenna Based on Liquid Metal

A pattern-reconfigurable Yagi–Uda antenna based on liquid metal is presented. The antenna consists of a balun-fed active dipole and a pair of stretchable passive parasitic dipoles, which are implemented by eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) alloy embedded in microfluidic channels. The parasitic dipoles are driven at each end by two low-cost, three-dimensional printed media rods. Afterward, spinning the rods at different angles leads to varying degrees of stretching upon the stretchable dipoles. Note the length of passive parasitic dipoles is a vital factor for antenna radiation reconfiguration. The antenna exhibits bidirectional radiation if the parasitic dipoles are equal in length. Otherwise, directional radiation toward the shorter parasitic dipole direction can be obtained. Based on the above-mentioned working principle, a pattern-reconfigurable antenna working in wireless local area network (WLAN) band is fabricated and measured. Apart from the reconfigurable capability, the proposed antenna keeps operating in the WLAN band of 2.4–2.48 GHz during the whole shape deformation.

Broadband RF Phased Array Design with MEEP: Comparisons to Array Theory in Two and Three Dimensions

Phased array radar systems have a wide variety of applications in engineering and physics research. Phased array design usually requires numerical modeling with expensive commercial computational packages. Using the open-source MIT Electrogmagnetic Equation Propagation (MEEP) package, a set of phased array designs is presented. Specifically, one and two-dimensional arrays of Yagi-Uda and horn antennas were modeled in the bandwidth [0.1–5] GHz, and compared to theoretical expectations in the far-field. Precise matches between MEEP simulation and radiation pattern predictions at different frequencies and beam angles are demonstrated. Given that the computations match the theory, the effect of embedding a phased array within a medium of varying index of refraction is then computed. Understanding the effect of varying index on phased arrays is critical for proposed ultra-high energy neutrino observatories which rely on phased array detectors embedded in natural ice. Future work will develop the phased array concepts with parallel MEEP, in order to increase the detail, complexity, and speed of the computations.

Modelling and optimization of the linear tapered slot antenna

A key component of any phased array or radar sensor is its antenna. For ultra wide band systems usually four types of antenna are being used: microstrip, tapered slot, sinuous and Yagi-Uda. The microstrip antenna generates two main lobes, which makes it a bidirectional antenna, like the tapered slot, sinuous, or Yagi-Uda antennae. Several efforts had been made to shift the bidirectional character of the microstrip antenna into unidirectional by placing a ground plate to absorb the undesirable main lobe. These efforts successfully eliminated the undesirable main lobe; however, side effects were introduced along the way, such as the remaining main lobe’s direction became frequency dependent. On the other hand, the sinuous antenna design is very complex when compared with the tapered slot antenna, involving multiple curvatures and angles. The Yagi–Uda antenna design, although less complex than the sinuous, still requires multiple segments and is more complicated than the tapered slot antenna. This study examined and analyzed primary parameters regarding their individual impact on linear tapered slot antenna design. The result is a set of recommendations for linear tapered slot antenna design to operate within the UWB frequency range. Unlike previous studies, which only focused on a certain set of these parameters, this paper provides a comprehensive recommendation for the parameters, which should result in a functional tapered slot antenna design. This set of recommendation can also serve as a base for further optimization, if desired. When used for optimization, the results from this study can guide the direction of changes when multiple parameters need to be adjusted simultaneously. Furthermore, this set of recommendations can be applied to other tapered slot antenna designs, as they all share, although are not defined completely, by these investigated parameters.

Dual-Resonant High-Gain Wideband Yagi-Uda Antenna Using Full-Wavelength Sectorial Dipoles

A novel design approach to high-gain, wideband, dual-resonant, closely-spaced, three-element Yagi-Uda antenna is advanced. The antenna is comprised by a full-wavelength, principal sectorial dipole, a circular metallic flat reflector, and a sectorial director. At first, a multi-source model is developed to predict the initial values of the key antenna parameters, e.g., the flared angle/radius of the director, and the separation between them. Then, as theoretically predicted, numerically simulated and experimentally validated, the flared angles of the principal radiator and the director are eventually determined as 270° and 180°, respectively. They are further tightly coupled at a close separation of 0.024-wavelength to yield relatively compact size and high gain simultaneously. Prototype antenna with a circular metallic reflector successfully exhibits an impedance bandwidth up to about 40%, with in-band maximum gain up to 10.4 dBi and gain fluctuation less than 3 dB. Finally, the antenna is comparatively studied with other Yagi-Uda antennas to highlight its unique wideband and high gain characteristics.

Compact Super-Directive Yagi-Uda Antenna Based on Parabolic-Shaped Reflector for Wireless Communications

This paper was undertaken to study the influence upon gain and directional characteristics caused by numerous array of elements when used in conjunction with the Yagi antenna. Antennas are beneficial for a wide range of applications such as point to point communication, radio broadcasting, radar, and wireless LAN. However, maximum gain and maximum directivity with low losses are the desired characteristics that are sought.

Fabrication of Horn Antenna for Microwave Application

This paper contains a novel design of a horn antenna control system for microwave applications. Using “Fermat’s principle” the horn antenna is designed and fabricated. For microwave applications, high gain and low voltage standing wave ratio(VSWR) is needed, so for that purpose horn antenna is fabricated. In a previous paper, they designed the Yagi Uda antenna which is used for multiple driven elements by the method called maximum power transmission efficiency. For multiple driven elements, the horn antenna cannot be fabricated. If suppose yagi uda is fabricated using the principle called Fermat's, the system can't achieve more gain and low voltage standing wave ratio. Yagi uda antenna can achieve only a high voltage standing wave ratio. To reduce the problems in the existing paper, our paper designs a horn antenna to achieve high gain and low voltage standing wave ratio( VSWR) which is used for microwave applications to transmit microwaves from a waveguide out into space or collect microwaves into a waveguide for the reception.

Dynamic beam-steering of graphene-based terahertz cross Yagi–Uda antenna with a theoretical approach

In this paper, for the first time, a dynamic tunable graphene-based cross Yagi–Uda antenna in the terahertz region has been investigated comprehensively by two numerical methods and analytical analysis. To verify the accuracy of the analytical solution based on the coupled dipole method to obtain the directivity pattern, two numerical methods of finite-element and finite-difference time-domain have been used. Numerical results are well matched with the theoretical ones. By introducing the tunable cross Yagi–Uda antenna with graphene-coated spheres, different directivity radiation patterns such as omni-, vertical and horizontal bi- and quad-directional have been obtained with the maximum directivities of 2.42, 12.4, 12.3, and 10.5 dBi, respectively. Moreover, the effect of different element shapes including cube and cylinder on the directivity and radiation efficiency has been studied. Also, the new idea of multiple-access and controlling the user’s access to the radiated optical electromagnetic waves from the transmitting antenna has been studied as an optical wireless on-chip link. Finally, the effect of structural parameters on the directivity of the proposed antenna has been surveyed with the tolerance of ±5% to investigate the imperfections that may appear in the fabrication process.

High gain switched beam Yagi-Uda antenna for millimeter wave communications

PurposeThe suggested antenna has a switched mechanism among the successive elements of the radiating patch. The purpose of this paper is to develop high gain and less interference at higher frequencies.Design/methodology/approachThe design geometry of the suggested high gain switched beam Yagi-Uda antennas. The constructed antenna has been developed with Rogers Substrate, relative permittivity (εr) of 4.4, tangent of loss 0.0009 and with height of 1.6 mm. The proposed antenna has an input impedance of 50, and it is connected to input feed line with 2 mm.FindingsIn forthcoming life, the antennas play key role in all the wireless devices, because these devices perform with high gain and high efficacy.Originality/valueThe pivotal principle of this paper is to accomplish the gain as high, high directivity and interference is low at higher frequencies. Therefore, it is more applicable to 5G mobile communications and millimeter wave communications.

Beam reconfigurable graphene-based Yagi–Uda antenna with higher-order TM mode generation for THz applications

This paper presents a beam reconfigurable graphene-based Yagi–Uda antenna consisting of five iterations of the driven elements. These iterations are aligned with each other at different angles. Each iteration of the antenna can be individually biased for controlling the chemical potential. Thus, chemical potential can be effectively controlled using the external biasing to use a single iteration at a time, and the others are maintained at zero potential. The antenna provides the resonant frequency at 7.83 THz for each iteration due to similar aspect ratio. However, the radiation pattern of the antenna can be reconfigured depending upon the alignment at particular angle. This provides the beam reconfiguration in the antenna with the deflection ranging from −65 ° to 65° using different iterations. The antenna with the proposed dimensions excites the higher-order TM14 mode inside the driven element. In addition, the resonant frequency of the antenna can be tuned by varying the physical parameters of driven elements.

Gain Enhancement of Low-Profile Omnidirectional Antenna Using Annular Magnetic Dipole Directors

An annular array antenna is proposed in this letter. The proposed low-profile antenna produces an enhanced gain with omnidirectional vertically polarized radiation patterns. Center-fed via-shorted circular patch antenna with omnidirectional radiation pattern can be low profile and wide bandwidth but suffers from tilted beam leading to a low gain in the azimuth plane. To improve the azimuth gain, instead of the traditional way of increasing the profile, a low-profile omnidirectional director is exploited, which is basically a passive magnetic dipole consisting of an annular side-coupling open-cavity. Several directors cooperating with the driven element form the proposed antenna, whose working principle is similar to the Yagi–Uda antenna. A prototype with a low profile of 0.11 ${\lambda _0}$ is designed and fabricated. Measured results show that the prototype can realize −10-dB impedance bandwidth of 13% (4.72–5.42 GHz) and gain of 3.72 dBi at 5.34 GHz with good omnidirectivity. Compared with that of the driven element only, the omnidirectional azimuth gain is significantly improved within the bandwidth, with the maximum gain being enhanced from −4.2 to 3.72 dBi at 5.34 GHz. The proposed antenna is designed for a portable 5G sub-6 GHz wireless channel measurement application.

Optimization of Log-Periodic TV Reception Antenna with UHF Mobile Communications Band Rejection

The coexistence of TV broadcasting and mobile services causes interference that leads to poor quality-of-service for TV consumers. Solutions usually found in the market involve external band-stop filters along with TV reception log-periodic and Yagi-Uda antennas. This paper presents a log-periodic antenna design without additional filtering that serves as a lower cost alternative to avoid interference from mobile services into the UHF TV. The proposed antenna operates in the UHF TV band (470–790 MHz-passband) and rejects the 800 MHz and 900 MHz bands (stopband) of 4G/LTE-800 and GSM900 services, respectively. Matching to 50 Ohms is very satisfactory in the passband with values of S11 below −12 dB. Furthermore, the antenna is highly directive with a realized gain of approximately 8 dBi and a front-to-back ratio greater than 20 dB.

Design of reduced dipole yagi – Uda antenna

This work provides design and analysis of a dipole antenna whose height is reduced. Any Dipole antenna can be designed with λ/2 height. A half wave dipole is formed with ‘λ/2’ height to get desirable characteristics of dipole antenna. Minimizing antenna height is always a desirable in antenna design. Hence, an attempt is made in this work to reduce the height of a dipole and as an application, Yagi-Uda antenna is constructed using this reduced dipole and optimized for better gain. The results are discussed in detail.

PCB-Based Design of a Beamsteerable Array With High-Gain Antennas and a Rotman Lens at 28 GHz

This letter presents a low-cost single-layer printed circuit board (PCB) design of a Rotman lens and an eight-element Yagi–Uda antenna array suitable for radio frequency (RF) beamsteering at 28 GHz. The antenna array realizes 19 dBi gain due to the guiding parasitic elements of each antenna element and a shaped ground plane surrounding the array. The array radiates in a direction parallel to the PCB enabling the possibility for two-dimensional beamsteering by stacking the PCBs. Integrated with an RF switch network, the design has seven switchable beams to the directions $-\text{30}^\circ$ , $-\text{20}^\circ$ , $-\text{10}^\circ$ , 0 $^\circ$ , 10 $^\circ$ , 20 $^\circ$ , and 30 $^\circ$ . The measured realized gain is still as high as 4–10 dBi including losses of the Rotman lens and the RF switches, thanks to the high-gain antenna array design. The array works wideband across 25.5–28.5 GHz where broadside beam gains are better than 8 dBi. This is the first letter in the literature introducing an experimentally verified design of a PCB endfire antenna array at 28 GHz including all necessary components for RF beamsteering, i.e., a Rotman lens and a switch network.

Beam switchable radiosonde receiver antennas

In this paper, radiosonde receiver antennas are investigated as one of the most important parts of meteorological variables sounding. The specifications of the antenna is studied for receiving radiosonde signals from all directions and from different distances. The Final structure of the proposed antennas is omnidirectional antennas, which have both gains higher than 6.5 dBi and circular polarization in specific directions. Based on the polarization analysis performed, it is recommended to divide the antenna into two parts, the upper antenna elements with circular polarization (CP) and the side antennas with linear polarization (LP). By analyzing the antenna radiation pattern, we show that it is necessary to employ multiple antenna elements to implement the side antenna. For the upper antenna, two structures, namely cross-dipole antenna, and circular polarization patch antenna, are proposed. As side antennas, the patch antenna, the 3D reflector antenna, and the printed Yagi-Uda antenna are investigated at 403 MHz. The effect of various upper antennas on the side antennas is also presented. The results show that the combination of each upper antenna with the side antenna can be selected for the ground station receiver antenna. Finally, the proposed 3D reflector antenna is employed as the receiver in the practical radiosonde test to evaluate its performance. The measured received signal level confirms the appropriate performance of the proposed antenna.

Package-Integrated, Wideband Power Dividing Networks and Antenna Arrays for 28-GHz 5G New Radio Bands

Package-integrated and ultrathin power dividers with footprint smaller than unit $\lambda ~_{0}~^{\mathrm{ 2}}$ at the operating frequency of 28-GHz 5G new radio (NR) n257 and n258 bands are presented for the first time for small-cell applications. These power dividers are also configured as antenna arrays using endfire Yagi–Uda antenna elements. Utilizing minimal matching techniques, two-, three-, and four-element antenna arrays are designed without compromising on the bandwidth of operation or electrical performance. These thin-film power dividers exhibit a cross-sectional height of $147~\mu \text{m}$ and can be implemented in the top metal layer of front-end module packages. Panel-compatible semiadditive patterning (SAP) process is utilized to realize these structures, which yields precise line space dimensions required for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications. This results in power dividers with low added insertion loss, low VSWR, and minimal phase difference between output ports. The added insertion loss is 25% less than similar structures reported on integrated fan-out architectures. The antenna arrays exhibit high gain and efficiency. Excellent model-to-hardware correlation is observed with multiple coupons of the same structure. Package-integrated power dividers and antenna arrays based on ultrathin laminated glass substrate represent a major step toward realizing compact mm-wave antenna-in-package for 5G small-cell applications.

Design of Yagi-Uda Antenna for CDMA Modems at 800 MHz

Nowadays CDMA and GSM modem technology are still widely used by the community, especially in rural areas and small towns that are quite far from the BTS location. This paper designs the Yagi-Uda antenna for CDMA modems on the 800 MHz frequency. The number of elements used is 1 driven, 1 reflector and 16 directors. The antenna design simulation uses NEC-Win Pro 1.6 and Ansoft HFSS 13.0 software. Simulations using NEC-Win get VSWR values 1.59 and S11 -13 dB (uses Matlab). Next, the simulation using Ansoft HFSS obtained the results of VSWR 200000 and S11 -9 dB. The simulation results also show that antenna design already has a directional radiation pattern.